William Sawrey Gilpin

Coast Scene

William Sawrey Gilpin (4 October 1762 [source?] – 4 April 1843) was an English artist, drawing master and, in later life, landscape designer.

Biography

William Sawrey Gilpin was born on 4 October 1762, the son of the animal painter [[Sawrey GilpHe attended the school of his uncle, William Gilpin, at Cheam in Surrey.

Gilpin married Elizabeth Paddock; they had two (or possibly three) sons, one of whom seems to have remained dependent on his father.

William Sawrey Gilpin died at Sedbury Hall, North Yorkshire, the house of his cousin the Reverend John Gilpin, and is buried nearby in the churchyard at Gilling West.

Artist

In the 1780s Gilpin taught himself the relatively new aquatint process of printmaking, in order to produce plates to illustrate his uncle's books on picturesque scenery. Gilpin specialised in watercolours; and in 1804 was elected first President of the Society of Painters in Water-Colours. He was patronised by Sir George Beaumont, through whom he met the picturesque theorist Uvedale Price.

Drawing master

In 1806 Gilpin took a post as drawing master at the Royal Military College (at Sandhurst from 1812), teaching cadets to make accurate records of the landscape and the lie of enemy positions. This apparently secure employment came to a sudden end in 1820 when, in a round of post-Napoleonic war cutbacks, he was made redundant at the age of nearly 60.

Landscape gardener

In order to support his family, Gilpin turned to a career as a landscape gardener, for which he had little qualification or experience beyond an artist's eye. He was helped and encouraged in this by Uvedale Price, whose theories on picturesque landscaping clearly accorded well with his own ideas. Gilpin's work also shows the influence of the later work of Price's old adversary Humphry Repton, who had died in 1818.

Gilpin seems to have been remarkably successful. In his short landscape design career he reputedly worked at "some hundreds" of sites. Relatively few designs survive on paper or unaltered on the ground. Features employed by Gilpin included amoeba-shaped flower beds, gently curving paths through irregular shrubberies, and raised terrace walks.

Sites where he is known to have worked include:

• Scotney Castle in Kent
• Nuneham House in Oxfordshire, where he laid out the Pinetum which now forms the core of the Harcourt Arboretum attached to the Oxford Botanic Garden.
• Shaw Hill in Lancashire
• Audley End House in Essex
• Marston Bigot Park, Marston Bigot, Somerset.

Author

In 1832, Gilpin published Practical Hints upon Landscape Gardening: with some remarks on Domestic Architecture, as connected with scenery, which ran to a second edition in 1835.

Further reading

• Amherst, Alicia (2006) [1910]. A History of Gardening in England (3rd ed.). Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing.
• Blomfield, Sir F. Reginald; Thomas, Inigo, Illustrator (1972) [1901]. The Formal Garden in England, 3rd ed. New York: McMillan and Co.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Clifford, Derek (1967). A History of Garden Design (2nd ed.). New York: Praeger.
• Gothein, Marie-Luise Schröeter (1863-1931); Wright, Walter P. (1864-1940); Archer-Hind, Laura; Alden Hopkins Collection (1928) [1910]. History of Garden Art. Vol. 2. London & Toronto, New York: J. M. Dent; 1928 Dutton. ISBN 978-3-424-00935-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) 945 pages Publisher: Hacker Art Books; Facsimile edition (June 1972) ISBN 0878170081; ISBN 978-0878170081.
• Gothein, Marie. Geschichte der Gartenkunst. München: Diederichs, 1988 ISBN 978-3-424-00935-4.
• Hadfield, Miles (1960). Gardening in Britain. Newton, Mass: C. T. Branford.
• Heath, Gerald; White, Kathy, Editor; Heath, Joan. Editor (2000). Hampton Court: The Story of a Village. The Hampton Court Association. ISBN 0-9538700-0-6. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hussey, Christopher (1967). English Gardens and Landscapes, 1700–1750. Country Life.
• Hyams, Edward S.; Smith, Edwin, photos (1964). New York: H.N. Abrams. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Thurley, Simon (2003). Hampton Court, A Social and Architectural History. Yale University Press.

• Sophieke Piebenga, 'William Sawrey Gilpin (1762–1843): picturesque improver' in Garden History 22:2 (Garden History Society, 1994)
• Sophieke Piebenga, 'William Sawrey Gilpin, artist and landscape designer' in 'The Picturesque No. 48, (The Picturesque Society, 2004)