Far-right politics in Australia
Part of a series on |
Far-right politics in Australia |
---|
![]() |
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Australia |
---|
![]() |
Constitution |
![]() |
Far-right politics in Australia describes authoritarian ideologies, including fascism and White supremacy as they manifest in Australia.
In Australia the far-right first came to public attention with the formation in 1931 of the New Guard in Sydney and its offshoot, the Centre Party in 1933. These proto-fascist groups were monarchist, anti-communist and authoritarian in outlook. These early far-right groups were followed by the explicitly fascist Australia First Movement (1941). Far-right groups and individuals in Australia went on to adopt more explicitly racial positions during the 1960s and 1970s, morphing into self-proclaimed Nazi, fascist and anti-Semitic movements, organisations that opposed non-white and non-Christian immigration, such as the neo-Nazi National Socialist Party of Australia (1967) and the militant white supremacist group National Action (1982).
Since the 1980s, the term has mainly been used to describe those who advocate for preservation of what they perceive to be Christian Anglo-Australian culture, and those who campaign against Aboriginal land rights, multiculturalism, immigration and asylum seekers. Since 2001, Australia has seen the formation of several neo-Nazi, neo-Fascist or alt-right groups such as the True Blue Crew, the United Patriots Front, Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party and the Antipodean Resistance, and others.
Australian nationalism was a 19th-century movement, mostly concerned with establishing an Australian national identity, but more recently, some far-right groups have also dubbed themselves Australian nationalists.
20th century
[edit]An early exponent of fascist ideology in Australia was the writer and poet William Baylebridge, who was later associated with P. R. Stephensen and the Australia First Movement in the 1930s and early 1940s.[1]
1930s to 1960s
[edit]The New Guard (1930s)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg/300px-De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg)
The Australian far right rose out of the monarchist and anti-communist movements. Formed in Sydney on 16 February 1931, the New Guard was the first and largest fascist organisation in Australia. It was formed by World War I veteran, Australian monarchist and anti-communist, Eric Campbell. The group comprised mostly returned servicemen and claimed a membership of 50,000 at its peak, including prominent members of society such as aviator Sir Charles Kingsford Smith[2] and former Mayor of North Sydney Hubert Primrose.[3][4]
The New Guard was a paramilitary organisation with its members being well armed and receiving military training. The New Guard under Campbell orchestrated a number of operations, including strike breaking, attacking Labor Party members and "Communist" meetings; they also demanded the deportation of Communists.[5][6][7] During the initial growth of the movement, Campbell was able to attract many ex-soldiers and ex-commanders to the movement.[8]
The New Guard saw the Premier of New South Wales Jack Lang as an immediate threat. The organisation attracted attention when member Francis de Groot, on horseback and at Campbell's direction, upstaged Lang in cutting the ribbon at the opening ceremony of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in protest at Lang's anti-monarchist sentiments.[9][10]
After Lang's dismissal in May 1932 the New Guard's membership declined rapidly.
White Army
[edit]The White Army (so named after the Russian White Army[11]), also known as the League of National Security (LNS), was formed in Victoria around 1931, headed by the Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police, Thomas Blamey and described as a fascist paramilitary group.[12] The group, which existed for about eight years from 1931, comprised several senior army officers, including Col. Francis Derham, a Melbourne lawyer, and Lt. Col. Edmund Herring, later Chief Justice of Victoria. Some members had been members of the New Guard, and both groups were involved in street fights with leftist groups. This was reportedly a response to the rise of communism in Australia. Its members stood ready to take up arms to stop a Catholic or communist revolution.[13][11]
The Centre Party (1933-1935)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Colonel_Eric_Campbell%2C_1931.jpg/220px-Colonel_Eric_Campbell%2C_1931.jpg)
The Centre Party was a fascist political party formed in December 1933, following Lang's dismissal and the demise of the New Guard. Eric Campbell established the party after he had met with European fascists and National Socialists such as Sir Oswald Mosley and Joachim von Ribbentrop. Campbell repositioned the remnants of the New Guard away from paramilitary activities and into electoral politics.[14]
The Centre Party contested the May 1935 New South Wales state election, polling 0.60% of the total vote.[15] Following the party's poor showing at the election Campbell withdrew from public life and the party disbanded.
Australia First Movement
[edit]The Australia First Movement was a short-lived Australian fascist movement founded in October 1941. The group was anti-Semitic and national socialist, advocating the corporate state and a political alliance with the Axis powers of Germany,[16] Italy and Japan.
The group was disbanded in March 1942, when a number of its members were secretly interned by the Australian government on suspicion that they might attempt to provide help to Japanese invaders.[17] Two members were convicted of treason. Australia First Movement member and former member of the Centre Party Adela Pankhurst, of the famous suffragette family, was arrested and interned in 1942 for her advocacy of peace with Japan.[18]
Australian League of Rights
[edit]The Australian League of Rights is a fascist and anti-Semitic political organisation. It was founded in Adelaide, South Australia by Eric Butler in 1946, and organised nationally in 1960. The party's ideology was based on the economic theory of Social Credit expounded by C. H. Douglas.[19] The League describes itself as upholding the values of "loyalty to God, Queen and Country".
The group inspired groups like the British League of Rights, Canadian League of Rights and the New Zealand League of Rights. In 1972 Butler created an umbrella group, the Crown Commonwealth League of Rights, to represent the four groups; it also served as a chapter of the World League for Freedom and Democracy.[20]
1960s to 2000s
[edit]Australian National Socialist Party (1962-1968)
[edit]The Australian National Socialist Party (ANSP) was a minor Australian neo-Nazi party. The party was founded in 1962 by University of Adelaide physics student Ted Cawthron and Sydney council worker Don Lindsay. The group was anti-communist, and supported the White Australia policy and the total annexation of New Guinea.[21][22]
On 26 June 1964, the party's headquarters were raided by police. Party leader Athur Smith and four party members were arrested and convicted of possessing unlicensed firearms and explosives and possession of stolen goods. By 1967 the remnants of the party had joined the newly formed National Socialist Party of Australia.[22]
National Socialist Party of Australia (1967-1970s)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jim_Saleam_Australian_nationalist.png/220px-Jim_Saleam_Australian_nationalist.png)
The National Socialist Party of Australia (NSPA) was a minor Australian neo-Nazi party formed in 1967 by former ANSP leader Ted Cawthron. In May 1968, the ANSP merged into the NSPA, and Cawthron and Frank Molnar attempted to distance themselves and the party from the "jackbooted 'Nazi' image" associated with the ANSP.[23]
In early 1970, Cawthron contested the May 1970 ACT by-election, making him the first National Socialist in Australia to run for public office. The party also made a number of unsuccessful runs for the Senate.[24][25]
Jim Saleam was made deputy leader of the party between 1972 and 1975. Saleam became a prominent figure in far-right politics, going on to found National Action in 1982 and the Australia First Party 1996.[22]
National Action (1982-1991)
[edit]National Action was a militant white supremacist group founded on Anzac Day 1982 by the former deputy leader of the National Socialist Party of Australia, Jim Saleam and former neo-Nazi David Greason.[26][27]
In 1989, Saleam was convicted of being an accessory before the fact in regard to organising the attempted assassination of African National Congress representative Eddie Funde. Saleam claimed to have been set up by police.[26][28]
In 1991, the group was disbanded following the murder of a member, Wayne "Bovver" Smith, in the group's headquarters in the Sydney suburb of Tempe.[26] Following the murder of Smith, Saleam became NSW chairman of Australia First Party.[26]
Australian National Alliance (1978-1981)
[edit]Progressive Conservative Party (Australia) (1980)
[edit]Australian Nationalist Movement (1985-2007)
[edit]The Australian Nationalist Movement (ANM), also known as the Australian Nationalist Worker's Union (ANWU), was a Western Australian neo-Nazi, extreme right-wing group founded and led by Peter Joseph "Jack" van Tongeren.
In 1987, Van Tongeren distributed 400,000 racist posters around Perth. The posters bore phrases such as "No Asians", "White Revolution The Only Solution", "Coloured Immigration: Trickle Is Now A Flood" and "Asians Out Or Racial War". Van Tongeren is a holocaust denier.[29][30]
In 1989, Van Tongeren staged a series of racially motivated arson attacks, targeting businesses owned by Asian Australians. Van Tongeren served thirteen years in prison for his crimes. In the late 1980s it was revealed that his father was Javanese, making him of Indonesian ancestry. He resumed anti-Asian activities upon his release in 2002 leading to further convictions in 2006.[31]
In 1989, two ANM members murdered police informant David Locke. The murder trial of the two men eventually led to Van Tongeren being found guilty of 53 crimes and sentenced to 18 years. The two men who murdered David Locke received life sentences.[32][33][34][35][36]
On being released from jail in 2002, Van Tongeren expressed no remorse. In February 2004 three Chinese restaurants, synagogues and Asian-owned businesses were firebombed, plastered with posters and daubed with swastikas. Western Australian police launched "Operation Atlantic" in response to the attacks, leading to the arrest of five men involved in the attacks. The police also identified a plot to harm WA Attorney-General Jim McGinty and his family, among others.[37][38][39]
In August 2004, Van Tongeren and his co-accused Matthew Billing were found and arrested in the Boddington area south-east of Perth. Both men once again faced the courts over the 2004 arson plots.[40] During a hearing on 2 November, Van Tongeren collapsed, was taken to hospital, and later used a wheelchair. Van Tongeren was released from jail on the condition that he leave Western Australia.[41] In 2007 the ANM/ANWU was reported to have been disbanded.[42] Van Tongeren has been a member of a number of far-right extremist groups including National Action (Australia) and the Australia First Movement.[29][43][44][45]
Australian Citizens Party
[edit]Founded in 1988, The Australian Citizens Party (formerly known as "Citizens Electoral Council of Australia" or CEC) is a minor political party in Australia affiliated with the international LaRouche Movement which was led by American political activist Lyndon LaRouche. The group has been accused, by B'nai B'rith, of being anti-Semitic, anti-gay, anti-Aboriginal and racist. The document cites CEC publications and quotes former CEC members.[46][47]
The group has been accused of "brainwashing" members and engaging in campaigns involving "dirty tricks".[48]
Australians Against Further Immigration (1989-2008)
[edit]Australians Against Further Immigration (AAFI) was an Australian far-right anti-immigration political party which described itself as "eco-nationalist" and was against positive net immigration. The party was founded in 1989 and dissolved in 2008. The party was deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission in December 2005, because it was lacking the minimum 500 members required to be registered as a political party.[49]
Confederate Action Party of Australia (1992-1993)
[edit]Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration (1996-1999)
[edit]21st-century groups
[edit]Antipodean Resistance
[edit]Antipodean Resistance (AR) is an Australian neo-Nazi group. Formed in October 2016, the group's flag features a swastika. The group's logo features the black sun and Totenkopf (skull head) with an Akubra hat, a laurel wreath and a swastika.[50] Antipodean Resistance promotes and incites hatred and violence, as illustrated in its anti-Jewish and anti-homosexual posters, with graphic images of shooting Jews and homosexuals in the head. One poster called to "Legalise the execution of Jews."[51][52][53]
In 2017, it was reported that ASIO, the Australian national security organisation, was monitoring the group, who were "willing to use violence to further their own interests".[54]
Members of the Antipodean Resistance and Lads Society organised the creation of a new group, the National Socialist Network, in 2020.[55]
Australian Defence League
[edit]The Australian Defence League (ADL) is a neo-Nazi street gang. The gang is anti-Islam, and has been involved in making terrorist threats, abusing, stalking and doxxing Muslim Australians. The gang was founded in Sydney in 2009 by recidivist criminal Ralph Cerminara. Cerminara has a significant criminal record, including convictions for assault, high-range drink-driving and breaching apprehended violence orders.[56][57]
Australian Protectionist Party
[edit]The Australian Protectionist Party (also known as the Party For Freedom) is a minor far-right anti-immigration party, focused on economic protectionism and white nationalism. The Australian Protectionist Party has been active in protesting against the presence of asylum seekers and Muslims, and has also organised several protests against Sharia law being implemented in Australia. The party has unsuccessfully contested a number of elections, failing to secure more than 1% of the vote in any election it has contested.[58]
Australia First Party
[edit]The Australia First Party (AFP) is a militant white supremacist political party founded in 1996 by Graeme Campbell and currently led by Jim Saleam. The party stands on a nationalist, anti-multicultural and economic protectionist platform. The Party's current platform includes the reintroduction of the White Australia policy and opposition to Chinese immigration.[27][59][60][61][62]
Campbell was Australia First's leader until June 2001, when he left the party to stand as a One Nation Senate candidate in Western Australia. After serving time in jail for organising the failed attempted assassination of Eddie Funde, Saleam took control of the party and ran as an its candidate for a seat on Marrickville council, New South Wales, claiming "to oppose Marrickville being a Refugee Welcome Zone". Later that year the party formed its youth wing, the Patriotic Youth League. The party contested the 2010 federal election, the 2013 federal election, the 2016 federal election, the 2017 Cootamundra state by-election, the 2018 Longman by-election, and the 2019 New South Wales state election, but failed to poll at more than 2% on any occasion.[63] Saleam's platform included the reintroduction of the White Australia policy and opposition to Chinese immigration.[62]
On 20 March 2019, Australia First member Nathan Sykes was charged with at least eight offences relating to threats he made to a number of journalists.[64]
Australian Liberty Alliance (2015-2020)
[edit]The Australian Liberty Alliance (ALA), created in 2015, was rebranded as Yellow Vest Australia in 2019. It was a minor political party in Australia, with Debbie Robinson as party president. The party was the political wing of the Q Society. Founded in 2015, the party was anti-Islamic, with policies focusing on Muslim immigration such as enforcing "integration over separation", replacing multiculturalism with an integrated multi-ethnic society and stopping public funding for "associations formed around foreign nationalities". They vowed to "stop the Islamisation of Australia".[65] The party was deregistered in 2020.[66]
Creativity Movement/Alliance
[edit]The Creativity Movement, self-described as a "church" but in reality an anti-Christian,[67] white supremacist, neo-Nazi organisation, was founded in the United States in 1997 as an offshoot of the 1973 Church of the Creator, and had adherents in Australia until 2010.[68] The group ceased to exist elsewhere in the world by 2020, and the police seized the Creativity Movement website in 2021. The domain name creativitymovement.org is now held by the Creativity Alliance. Founded in 2003 after the arrest of the American Creativity Movement leader, Matt Hale, the Creativity Alliance is an Adelaide-based offshoot of the Church of the Creator, run by Cailen Cambeul.[69][70]
The Creativity Alliance includes numerous Church of Creativity groups, such as the "Church of Creativity – Victoria", with its now-defunct website stating that it is "A Creativity Alliance website", was operational from at least 2004 until 2017 and has since been blended into the main Creativity Alliance website along with all other regional Church of Creativity websites. The Victorian website stated that it "objects to... Christianity, multiculturalism and Marxism".[67] A 2010 version of the website listed its five core beliefs, including "our Race is our Religion;... the White Race is Nature's Finest; ... Racial Loyalty is the greatest of all honors, and racial treason is the worst of all crimes; ...what is good for the White Race is the highest virtue, and what is bad for the White Race is the ultimate sin; ...[and] that the one and only, true and revolutionary White Racial Religion -Creativity- is the only salvation for the White Race".[71]
A Liberal Party campaigner who had been a leading member of the Young Liberals in Geelong, Scott Harrison, was revealed to have been a member of this organisation for six years prior to 2010, but had turned his back on those beliefs. He resigned from the Liberal Party after anti-Semitic articles written by him emerged, including airing a theory that the Port Arthur massacre was master-minded by Jews, as well as a photo of him gesturing with a Nazi salute in front of a swastika.[68][72]
Some activity by members were reported in Melbourne and the Surf Coast in 2015. In 2011, after stickers advocating "White Power" were found in Victoria, the group was investigated by the state's Multicultural Affairs Minister. The group says it is committed to achieving its aims by non-violent means.[28]
The Dingoes
[edit]In 2016 the Dingoes were described in a 2016 news report as "young, educated and alternative right", comparing the group to the Identitarian movement in Europe. The group self-described themselves as "politically incorrect larrikins", and one member praised Donald Trump for embodying "white values".[73] Members do not reveal their identity.[74]
The Dingoes were mentioned as one of the groups involved in the 2018 infiltration to the NSW Young Nationals (see below).[75] National Party MP George Christensen and One Nation candidate Mark Latham were both was interviewed on the Dingoes podcast, called The Convict Report,[74] but Christensen later said that he would not have done it if he had known about their extremist views. The podcast also featured a New Zealand man who ran the Dominion Movement, who was later arrested for sharing information that threatened NZ security.[76] The group planned a 2018 conference in Sydney, dubbed DingoCon, at which US alt-right figure Mike Enoch of The Right Stuff was invited to speak.[77]
The group posts anti-Semitic and other racist commentary on Twitter, and have used the same meme character as the perpetrator of the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings.[74] The podcast was shut down after the attack.[76]
Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party (2019-2020)
[edit]Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party was a populist, far-right, white nationalist party[78] founded by Fraser Anning in April 2019, when he was a senator for Queensland. Anning had previously been a senator for Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Katter's Australian Party, and sat as an independent before founding the new party. The party contested the 2019 federal election, but failed to win a seat.[79] The party was deregistered on 23 September 2020.[80]
Lads Society
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ashfield_Antifascist_Lads_Society.jpg/220px-Ashfield_Antifascist_Lads_Society.jpg)
The Lads Society is a far-right white nationalist extremist group founded by several former members of the United Patriots Front in late 2017, with club houses in Sydney and Melbourne.[81] The Lads Society came to national prominence after it staged a rally in St Kilda, Victoria, targeting the local African Australian community. Attendees were seen making the Nazi salute and one was photographed brandishing an SS helmet.[81] In 2017, the group's leader Thomas Sewell approached the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings, Brenton Harrison Tarrant, asking him to join the Lads Society, but Tarrant refused.[82] The group's members and allies attempted to infiltrate the Young Nationals in NSW, and engaged in branch stacking at the May 2018 conference. Lads Society members attained leadership positions in the Young Nationals, but were later forced out of the party.[83] Canadian alt-right activist Lauren Southern and white nationalist Stefan Molyneux met with Lads Society members during their visit to Australia.[when?][citation needed]
Undated videos leaked to the press in November 2019 revealed Lads Society leader Sewell's aim to attract and recruit members from mainstream society under the guise of a men's fitness club. His white supremacist agenda was clearly shown as he outlined plans which included the creation of "Anglo-European" enclaves in Australian cities, encouraging the "speed and ferocity of the decay" of society to help foment a "race war" by such tactics as exploiting the "African gangs" trope used by Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton and other mainstream politicians.[84]
Members of the Lads Society and Antipodean Resistance organised the creation of a new group, the National Socialist Network, in late 2020, and Sewell was one of the organisers of a 2021 group trip to the Grampians in January 2021 (see below).[55]
Love Australia or Leave
[edit]Love Australia or Leave is a far-right, nationalist political party based in Queensland. It has been registered for federal elections since October 2016,[85] after being founded by Kim Vuga, who is still the head. The party platform includes opposition to mass immigration and Islam in Australia, and support of Australia leaving the United Nations. The party ran candidates at the 2019 Australian federal election in Queensland, New South Wales and Tasmania, but failed to win any seats.[86]
National Socialist Network
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NSN_Flag.svg/220px-NSN_Flag.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Socialist_Network_protest%2C_March_2023.png/250px-National_Socialist_Network_protest%2C_March_2023.png)
The National Socialist Network (NSN) was formed by members of the Lads Society and Antipodean Resistance in late 2020.[55] It is a Melbourne-based neo-Nazi group that claims to be active in Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Canberra, Perth and several regional cities, but which would not reveal how many members or associates the group has. It has vowed to bring about a "white revolution" and has openly described Indigenous Australians as "subhuman and monkeys".[87] They also engage in anti-Semitic and other racist behaviour. Its leader is Thomas Sewell, an ex-Australian army soldier turned neo-Nazi,[88] who is also leader of the Lads Society.[55]
The group helped to organise a group of about 38 young white men who paraded Nazi symbolism and shouted offensive slogans in the Grampians region over the Australia Day weekend in January 2021 (see below).[55]
In March 2021, Victoria Police's counter-terrorism command charged Sewell with affray, recklessly causing injury, and unlawful assault after he allegedly punched a security guard working for the Nine Network in Melbourne's Docklands. The alleged assault took place prior to the broadcast of an A Current Affair report about Sewell's organisation.[89]
New Guard (2015–2018)
[edit]The New Guard (not to be confused with the 1930s New Guard mentioned above) was a group with a presence on Facebook between 2015 and 2018. Self-described as fascists, the group's aim was to influence mainstream politics. Their tactics included spreading propaganda about protecting Australia's European identity as well as opening businesses and buying property to create wealth, using this to try to influence the election of state and federal parliamentarians. Part of the group's plans was to create a kind of "pioneer Europa", where people subscribing to such views would live, governed by a sympathetic mayor. The men-only group was revealed to have infiltrated the Young Nationals in New South Wales in late 2018, leading to its demise.[90][91]
Patriotic Youth League/Eureka Youth League
[edit]The Patriotic Youth League (PLY) was a neo-Nazi micro group and the youth wing of the Australia First Party, founded in 2002 by former One Nation activist Stuart McBeth.[92][93][94] The Patriotic Youth League was mainly active in the northern suburbs of Sydney and Melbourne, and played a large role in the 2005 Cronulla riots. It disbanded in 2006, but was reincarnated as the Eureka Youth League in 2010.[28]
Q Society of Australia (2010-2020)
[edit]The Q Society of Australia was a far-right, homophobic and Islamophobic organisation that opposed Muslim immigration and the presence of Muslims in Australian society. Founded in 2010, Q Society referred to itself as "Australia's leading Islam-critical organisation" and stated that its purpose was to fight against the "Islamisation of Australia". The group's events featured extreme homophobia and Islamophobia.[95] Its president was Debbie Robinson, who was also president of the Australian Liberty Alliance (later Yellow Vest Australia).[96] On 13 February 2020, the Q Society stated that it would deregister itself due to lack of financial support, effective from 30 June 2020.[97][98]
Reclaim Australia (2015-2017?)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg/220px-Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg)
Formed in 2015, Reclaim Australia is a loosely associated far-right Australian nationalist protest group which draws support from nationalists, white supremacists, neo-Nazis and other far-right groups, which is primarily focused on opposing Islam. The group held street rallies between 2015 and 2017, and often faced counter-protests from trade unions, human rights and anti-racism activists.[99][100][101][102] After observing many Reclaim Australia rallies and interviewing participants, author John Safran described it as a loose collective of different groups such as the United Patriots Front and Danny Nalliah's Catch the Fire Ministries.[103]
The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), says that it monitors the group because of its potential for violence.[104]
Rise Up Australia Party (2011-2019)
[edit]The Rise Up Australia Party was a far-right, Christian political party launched in June 2011.[105][106][107] The party's policy platform was focused on nationalist and fundamentalist Christian values.[108] It was opposed to Islam in Australia and opposes same-sex marriage. Its slogan was "Keep Australia Australian". The party was founded and was led by Pentecostal minister Danny Nalliah, who is also the president of Catch the Fire Ministries. Dr. Daniel Nalliah is originally from Sri Lanka, and has worked and lived in Saudi Arabia with his family. [109] The Rise up Australia party opposed multiculturalism, wanted to preserve Australia's "Judeo-Christian heritage", called for cuts to Muslim immigration, and advocated freedom of speech and freedom of religion.[110] In the 2013 federal election the party contested seats in most territories and states, and lobbied for changing the name of the immigration department under the Abbott government from immigration and cultural affairs to immigration and border protection. [109] After the 2019 Australian federal election, on 26 June 2019, the party was voluntarily deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission.[111]
Soldiers of Odin Australia
[edit]Soldiers of Odin (SOO) is an anti-immigrant group founded in Kemi, Finland, in October 2015, in the midst of the European migrant crisis.[112] The Soldiers of Odin Australia arose out of the Reclaim Australia group,[113] and was registered as a non-profit association with the Victorian government in June 2016.[114] That same year the group ran racially-driven vigilante "safety patrols" around Federation Square, Birrarung Marr and Bourke Street Mall[115] and outside city train stations at night to counteract what it claims was the inability of police to protect the public from rising street crime and gangs such as the so-called Apex gang.[114] They also distributed food to homeless people in the city.[116]
Their recruitment rhetoric included exaggerating illegal entry to the country, crime perpetrated by immigrants and the threat of Islamic terrorism, targeting mainly Anglo-Australian men; they also used the "exotic Norse mythology" to attract far-right sympathisers who were willing to take public action.[116]
While they attracted significant press coverage in the second half of 2016,[114][117][118] [119] their presence seemed to have faded fairly quickly, and by 2020 they were no longer deemed a significant far-right group.[113]
True Blue Crew
[edit]The True Blue Crew (TBC) is an Australian militant white supremacist group.[120] Members and supporters have been linked to right-wing terrorism and vigilantism, and members have been arrested with weapons and on terrorism-related charges. Experts who have studied the group say it appears to be "committed to violence".[121] The True Blue Crew was formed in 2015 as a splinter group from the anti-Islamic Reclaim Australia group, along with a number of small far-right nationalist groups such as the United Patriots Front.[122]
In December 2019 a member of True Blue Crew, Phillip Galea, was convicted of terrorism charges relating to planned bombings of the Victorian Trades Hall and other left wing organisations in Melbourne.[123]
United Patriots Front (2015-2017)
[edit]The United Patriots Front (UPF) was a far-right extremist group whose membership was composed of neo-Nazis and fundamentalist Christians.[124][125] Based in the state of Victoria, UPF was a nationalist anti-Islam organisation that stood in opposition to immigration, opposition to multiculturalism and Islam by demonstrations. It was a splinter group from Reclaim Australia group, formed after a dispute between Shermon Burgess and Reclaim Australia organisers. The group has been described by a number of media outlets and journalists as a hate group, and has claimed solidarity with Golden Dawn.[126] The group was disbanded in 2017. The UPF's leaders went on to form a new, more explicitly White nationalist group, the Lads Society, later that same year.
Others
[edit]Another extremist group mentioned in connection with infiltration to the NSW Young Nationals in 2018 (see below) is Squadron 88.[75]
There was a small group called Identity Australia that was formed around March 2019,[127] which described itself as "a youth-focused identitiarian organisation dedicated to giving European Australians a voice and restoring Australia's European character", and published a manifesto detailing its beliefs, but its website is as of April 2021[update] non-operational.[128][129]
Other potentially violent groups active in Australia include the Southern Cross Hammerskins and the Crazy Whiteboys. The latter is a violent anti-Asian, anti-Semitic and anti-African Australian group (also described as skinhead[130]) founded in 2009 in Melbourne.[28] Two of their members were given jail sentences after a particularly vicious and brutal attack on an Asian student in 2012.[130][131]
Other far-right groups whose profiles have varied include the Nationalist Australian Alternative, Australian Traditionalism, and the New National Action.[94]
There is some cross-over between the two groups which call themselves Freemen on the Land (FOTL[132]) and Sovereign Citizens (and some others), but both have their roots in the American farm crisis and the US/Canadian financial crisis of the 1980s, and their core beliefs may be broadly defined as "see[ing] the state as a corporation with no authority over free citizens".[133][132] In 2011, Malcolm Roberts wrote a letter to then Prime Minister Julia Gillard filled with characteristic sovereign citizen ideas, but denied that he was a "sovereign citizen".[134][135] There have been several court cases testing this concept, none successful for the "freemen".[136] In 2015, the New South Wales Police Force identified "sovereign citizens" as a potential terrorist threat, estimating that there were about 300 sovereign citizens in the state at the time.[137] There have been a few minor cases where parties have invoked arguments surrounding the "sovereign man", but the arguments have failed.[138] Sovereign Citizens from the US have undertaken speaking tours to New Zealand and Australia, with some support among farmers struggling with drought and other hardships. A group called United Rights Australia (U R Australia[139]) has a Facebook presence, and there are other websites promulgating Freemen/Sovereign Citizen ideas.[133][140] From the 2010s, there has been a growing number of Freemen targeting Indigenous Australians, with groups with names like Tribal Sovereign Parliament of Gondwana Land, the Original Sovereign Tribal Federation (OSTF)[141] and the Original Sovereign Confederation. Some proponents have conflated sovereign state beliefs with the land rights movement.[142]
Incidents
[edit]Bendigo mosque protests (2014–5)
[edit]In 2014 the City of Greater Bendigo announced the construction of a A$3m mosque and Islamic community centre in Bendigo, Victoria. Some residents created a "Stop the Mosque in Bendigo" group, and certain far-right organisations, in particular the Q Society, mobilised residents and brought in outsiders to oppose the construction by conducting extensive protests.[143] In October 2015, around 1,000 people turned up for a protest organised by the United Patriots Front. Members of the extremist group Right Wing Resistance Australia travelled from interstate, and the Rise Up Australia Party was also represented.[144]
Infiltration of the Young Nationals (2018)
[edit]In 2018, it was revealed that the NSW Young Nationals had been infiltrated by a significant number of neo-Nazis and other far-right extremists. Party leader Michael McCormack denounced these attempts, and the leader of the NSW Nationals, John Barilaro, also denounced racism and fascism within the party.[75][145][146][147] The suspected neo-Nazis were expelled from the party and its youth wing.[75] Several of the men who infiltrated the organisation were from the New Guard (see above).[90][91] The 19 members expelled from the party also included members of the Lads Society, Antipodean Resistance, Squadron 88, and the Dingoes.[75]
Christchurch mosque shootings (2019)
[edit]Australian far-right terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant committed the March 2019 mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, killing 51 people and injuring 50 more. Tarrant had expressed support for two Australian far-right organizations, the United Patriots Front and the True Blue Crew online, and repeatedly praised Blair Cottrell, a neo-Nazi and former leader of the UPF, affectionately calling him "Emperor Blair Cottrell" during a celebration of Donald Trump being elected as President of the United States in 2016; he also donated money to the UPF.[148][149][150]
Grampians neo-Nazi trip (2021)
[edit]On the Australia Day weekend in January 2021, the National Socialist Network, a new group created by members of the Antipodean Resistance and the Lads Society under Lads leader Thomas Sewell, were observed parading Nazi paraphernalia and harassing bystanders at several locations around the Grampians in Victoria. One Halls Gap resident said: "There were 40 white males, many with skinheads, some chanting 'white power'".[55] They were reported to have chanted "sieg heil" and "white power", burnt a cross, and posted stickers saying "Australia For The White Man".[151]
Concerned citizens reported them to police, who confronted the group and later collected video evidence from security videos. Victoria Police's Counter Terrorism Command and ASIO were notified, and the incident was widely covered in the media.[55] One anti-Semitism expert called for the group to be branded a terrorist group, saying "We know that there is a direct link between incitement, between vilification ... and shooting rampages that we saw not just in Christchurch, but in other places".[151]
Australian far-right figures
[edit]- Fraser Anning (born 1949) , former Queensland Senator (2017-2019) and One Nation member, founder of Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party
- William Baylebridge, writer and poet, later associated with Stephensen's Australia First Movement
- Eric Butler, founder of the Australian League of Rights
- Cailen Cambeul, co-founder of the Creativity Alliance related to the Creativity Movement
- Eric Campbell (political activist) Chief Commander of the New Guard, Leader of the Centre Party
- Graeme Campbell (born 1939) , MP (1980-1998) former Labor and One Nation member, founder of Australia First Party
- Ralph Cerminara, founder of Australian Defence League
- Blair Cottrell (born 1989) , founding member of United Patriots Front, Lads Society
- Neil Erikson (born 1985) , founding member of United Patriots Front, Lads Society
- Phillip Galea, former member of the True Blue Crew, convicted of planning a terrorist attack in 2019
- Pauline Hanson (born 1954) , founder of One Nation, Senator for Queensland (2016–present).[152]
- Jacob Hersant (born 1998/1999) , co-founder of the National Socialist Network.
- George Hodges Knox, former Nationalist Party, United Australia Party and Liberal Party member, Deputy Chief Commander of the New Guard
- Danny Nalliah, founder and leader of Rise Up Australia
- Adela Pankhurst, former communist and suffragette turned fascist, co-founder of the fascist Australia First Movement
- Debbie Robinson, founder and leader of Yellow Vest Australia and director of Q Society
- Jim Saleam (born 1955) , founder of National Action, former National Socialist Party of Australia and One Nation member, leader of Australia First Party
- Thomas Sewell (born 1993) , leader of the National Socialist Network
- P. R. Stephensen, co-founder of the fascist Australia First Movement
- Brenton Harrison Tarrant (born 1990) , white nationalist neo-fascist far-right terrorist responsible for the Christchurch mosque shootings in Christchurch, New Zealand
- Jack van Tongeren (born 1947) , founder of the Australian Nationalist Movement
- Bernard Gaynor, anti-gay activist and Iraq war veteran.[153]
Election results
[edit]Year | Candidate(s) | Votes | % | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | National Socialist Party of Australia | 24,017 | 0.43 | 9th |
Total | 24,017 | 0.43 | Lost | |
1974 | National Socialist Party of Australia | 1,810 | 0.03 | 10th |
Total | 1,810 | 0.03 | Lost | |
Progressive Conservative Party (Australia) | 6,247 | 0.07 | 11th | |
National Front of Australia | 1,467 | 0.01 | 12 | |
Total | 7,714 | 0.08 | Lost | |
1990 | Australians Against Further Immigration | 19,439 | 0.20 | 11th |
Total | 19,439 | 0.20 | Lost | |
Confederate Action Party of Australia | 59,875 | 0.56 | 6th | |
Australians Against Further Immigration | 46,857 | 0.44 | 7th | |
Total | 106,732 | 1.0 | Lost | |
Australians Against Further Immigration | 137,604 | 1.26 | 5th | |
Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration | 44,545 | 0.41 | 9th | |
Total | 182,149 | 1.67 | Lost | |
Pauline Hanson's One Nation | 1,007,439 | 8.99 | 3rd | |
Australia First Party | 46,765 | 0.41 | 8th | |
Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration | 8,019 | 0.07 | 19th | |
Total | 1,062,223 | 9.47 | Lost | |
Pauline Hanson's One Nation | 644,364 | 5.54 | 4th | |
Australians Against Further Immigration | 21,012 | 0.18 | 15th | |
Total | 665,376 | 5.72 | Lost | |
Pauline Hanson's One Nation | 206,455 | 1.73 | 6th | |
Australians Against Further Immigration | 11,508 | 0.10 | 21 | |
Total | 217,963 | 1.83 | Lost | |
Pauline's United Australia Party | 141,268 | 1.12 | 6th | |
One Nation | 52,708 | 0.42 | 12th | |
Total | 193,976 | 1.54 | Lost | |
One Nation | 70,672 | 0.56 | 11th | |
Australia First Party | 9,680 | 0.08 | 22th | |
Total | 80,352 | 0.64 | Lost | |
One Nation | 70,851 | 0.53 | 16th | |
Rise Up Australia Party | 49,341 | 0.37 | 20th | |
Australia First Party | 10,157 | 0.08 | 32 | |
Australian Protectionist Party | 3,379 | 0.03 | 42 | |
Total | 133,728 | 1.01 | Lost | |
One Nation | 593,013 | 4.29 | 4th | |
Australian Liberty Alliance | 102,982 | 0.74 | 12th | |
Rise Up Australia Party | 36,424 | 0.26 | 25 | |
Australia First Party | 3,005 | 0.02 | 47 | |
Total | 735,424 | 5.31 | Lost | |
One Nation | 788,203 | 5.40 | 4th | |
Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party | 94,130 | 0.64 | 14th | |
Rise Up Australia Party | 64,344 | 0.44 | 15th | |
Love Australia or Leave | 10,099 | 0.07 | 38 | |
Total | 956,907 | 6.55 | Lost |
See also
[edit]- Australian nationalism
- Depends What You Mean by Extremist, a 2017 book by John Safran
- Far-right politics
- Far-right terrorism in Australia
- Islamophobia in Australia
- List of white nationalist organizations
- Politics in Australia
- Racism in Australia
- Romper Stomper, a 1992 film about neo-Nazi skinheads in Australia
- Romper Stomper (TV series), a 2018 sequel to the film
- Ustaše in Australia
- Far-right politics in New Zealand
References
[edit]- ^ Bird, David (15 February 2014). Nazi Dreamtime: Australian Enthusiasts for Hitler's Germany. Australian Scholarly Publishing. pp. 145–156. ISBN 9781783081240.
- ^ Howard, Frederick. "Kingsford Smith, Sir Charles Edward (1897–1935)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ Moore, Andrew. "Primrose, Hubert Leslie (1880–1942)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ "New Guard Movement, 1931–35". National Archives of Australia. Federal Australian Government. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ^ Sparrow, Jeff. "If you oppose Reclaim Australia, remember fascism wasn't always a freakshow". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ Cathcart, Michael (25 August 1988). Defending the National Tuckshop: Australia's Secret Army Intrigue of 1931 (Second ed.). Melbourne: McPhee Gribble Publishers. pp. 32, 38, 56, 59, 68, 154, 175, 176, 179, 180. ISBN 978-0869140772.
- ^ Abridged list of sources that describe the New Guard as a paramilitary organisation:
- Campbell, Nerida (16 August 2018). "Unfurling Sydney's radical past". Justice & Police Museum. NSW State Government. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- Sparrow, Jeff. "If you oppose Reclaim Australia, remember fascism wasn't always a freakshow". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- Nicastri, Danielle (30 June 2014). "Sydney Harbour Bridge and New Guard play starring role in history of heritage-listed Pymble home Lanosa". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- "1932 Starvation Debenture". The NSW Migration Heritage Centre at the Powerhouse Museum. New South Wales Government. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World Fascism: A-K – Volume 1 of World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California, United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1576079409.
- "The New Zealand Legion Page 3 – The desire to 'do something'". New Zealand History. New Zealand Government (Ministry for Culture and Heritage). Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- Rhodes, Campbell. "A fascist sex symbol?". The Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. NSW State Government. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- "A Year to Remember 1932: Harbour Bridge opening controversy". National Film and Sound Archive of Australia. Australian Federal Government. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- "Jack Lang, 1970". National Portrait Gallery. Federal Australian Government. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ "1932 Starvation Debenture". The NSW Migration Heritage Centre at the Powerhouse Museum. New South Wales Government. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ Campbell, Nerida (16 August 2018). "Unfurling Sydney's radical past". Justice & Police Museum. NSW State Government. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ Howard, Frederick. "Kingsford Smith, Sir Charles Edward (1897–1935)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ a b Cathcart, Michael (June 1985). The White Army of 1931: Origins and legitimations: The League of National Security in Victoria in 1931, and the means by which it was legitimated (Thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5d74e695b15b4. Retrieved 30 March 2021 – via Open Research.
- ^ Cathcart, Michael (1988). Defending the National Tuckshop. Fitzroy, Victoria: McPhee Gribble Publishers. pp. 56–57. ISBN 014011629X. OCLC 27485309.
- ^ —— (1998). Blamey: The Commander-in-Chief. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. pp. 93–97. ISBN 1-86448-734-8. OCLC 39291537.
- ^ (5 December 1933). "NEW PARTY: ADJUNCT OF NEW GUARD" – The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ Green, Antony. "1935 Election Totals: Overall Election Results". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ "Australia First Movement". Trove. 20 June 1944. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ "Australia First Movement – Fact sheet 28". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ Hogan, Susan. "Pankhurst, Adela Constantia (1885–1961)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Campbell, Andrew (1978). The Australian League of Rights: a study in political extremism and subversion. Collingwood: Outback Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-868-88222-2.
- ^ Moore, Andrew (1995). The Right Road: A history of Right-wing Politics in Australia. Oxford University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-195-53512-9.
- ^ "A brief history of Nazism in Australia - ABC News". www.abc.net.au. 16 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Harcourt, David (1972). Everyone Wants to be Fuehrer: National Socialism in Australia and New Zealand. Angus and Robertson. pp. 4–31. ISBN 0207124159.
- ^ Henderson, Peter (November 2005). "Frank Browne and the Neo-Nazis". Labour History (89): 73–86. doi:10.2307/27516076. JSTOR 27516076.
- ^ "Historic Glebe mansion Lyndhurst, once Australia's Nazi Party headquarters, on market for $7.5m". NewsComAu. 9 May 2016.
- ^ Harcourt, David (2007). "An assault on the jew-democratic nut-mad house". Politics. 8: 111–112. doi:10.1080/00323267308401333.
- ^ a b c d West, Andrew (29 February 2004). "No Apology For White Australia Policy". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
- ^ a b Greason, David (1994), I was a teenage fascist, pp.283,284,289, McPhee Gribble
- ^ a b c d White, Alex (7 October 2015). "The pro-white gangs spreading race hate across Australia". The Herald Sun. News International. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- ^ a b Saleam, James (1999). The Other Radicalism: An Inquiry into Contemporary Australian Extreme Right Ideology, Politics and Organization 1975–1995 (PDF) (Thesis). Sydney: University of Sydney.
- ^ "Hill Calls For Report on Anti-Racism Law". The West Australian. 5 August 1987.
- ^ "Anti-Asian Crusader on Dole". The West Australian. 12 August 1987. p. 1.
- ^ "WA judge aborts alleged neo-Nazi trial over public prejudice fears". The Canberra Times. 13 June 1990. p. 3.
- ^ Judge D. Hammond, Sentencing of Jack Van Tongeren, 20 September 1990, p. 68
- ^ "Skinhead Jailed for Gang Raid on House". The West Australian. 13 July 1989.
- ^ Gibson, Roy (22 September 1990). "Operation Jackhammer". The West Australian.
- ^ "Publicity should not affect verdict, jury told". The Canberra Times. 15 June 1990. p. 12.
- ^ Van Tongeren's crimes:
- Weber, David (20 September 2002). "Racist arsonist released from jail". ABC (Transcript from PM radio program).
- Holland, Ian (24 March 2003). "Current Issues Brief No 22 2002–03: Crime and Candidacy". Parliament of Australia (Current Issues Brief).
- "Australia faces up to race violence – again". IOL. 1 August 2004.
- ^ Nolan, Tanya (2 February 2004). "Racist attacks against Perth restaurants". ABC (Transcript from AM radio program).
- Weber, David (24 May 2007). "ANM leaders guilty of bomb plans". ABC (Transcript from The World Today radio program).
- ^ "White supremacist appears in court". The Age. 8 August 2004.
- "Police not ready to talk to van Tongeren". The Age. 4 August 2004.
- "Threat to kill WA attorney". The Age. 31 July 2004.
- ^ David, Weber (6 August 2004). "WA police arrest white supremacist leader". ABC (Transcript from PM radio program).
- ^ "Supremacist leader in court" The Age. AAP. 7 August 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015
- ^ "Notorious anti-Asian hate movement bites the dust". Crikey. 28 May 2007.
- ^ van Tongeren, Stella (20 October 1990). "The Making of a Racist". The Age Saturday Extra. pp. 1, 6.
- ^ Greason, David (1997). "Australia's racist far-Right". Faces of Hate: Hate Crime in Australia. Sydney: Hawkins Press. p. 198. ISBN 1876067055.
- ^ van Tongeren, Jack. The ANM Story. True Blue Aussie Underground. pp. 67–72.
- ^ The LaRouche Cult: The Citizens Electoral Council (PDF), B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation Commission Inc., 2001
- ^ "AJN | Latest Nicotine News". www.ajn.com.au. Archived from the original on 3 October 2007.
- ^ Jana Wendt (3 October 2004). "On the fringe". nineMSN. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- ^ "Media Release 2006: Deregistration of Australians Against Further Immigration". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ^ Martinich, Rex (6 October 2017). "Neo-Nazi Grampians camp used for recruitment". The Stawell Times-News. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
- ^ Nathan, Julie. "Antipodean Resistance: The Rise and Goals of Australia's New Nazis". ABC News=.
- ^ Faithfull, Eden (20 April 2017). "White Supremacist Neo-Nazi Propaganda Found on Sydney University Campus". usu.edu.au. University of Sydney Union. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ Staff (17 August 2017). "Hatred on our doorsteps". Australian Jewish News. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ Houghton, Jack (7 September 2017). "ASIO tracking Neo-Nazi group 'willing to use violence'". The Northern Star. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g McKenzie, Nick; Tozer, Joel (27 January 2021). "The Australian Neo-Nazi movements going bush: Grampians cross burning spurs call for action". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ White, Alex (7 October 2014). "The pro-white gangs spreading race hate across Australia". Herald Sun. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Thompson, Angus (20 March 2019). "Ex-head of Australian right-wing group posted anti-Islamic material online in breach of court order". The Sydney Morning Herals. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Australian Protectionist Party:
- Purtill, James (9 December 2015). "Meet the man who wants to celebrate the Cronulla riots". Triple J Hack. ABC. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- Sally, By (5 July 2010). "Islamist leader Burhan Hanif tells Aussie Muslims to 'shun democracy'". News.com.au. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- Vollmer, Tim (3 July 2011). "Muslim radical: Diggers are 'fair game'". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
- Gibson, Jano (26 September 2008). "Locals oppose Muslim school". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "2012 NSW Local Council Elections – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- "Senate Results: New South Wales – Australia Votes | Federal Election 2013 (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". ABC News. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
- ^ "Racist pamphlet targets Africans – National". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 August 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ "The Programme of the Australia First Party". Australia First Party. Retrieved 16 February 2006. [dead link]
- ^ "The Eight Core Policies of the Australia First Party". Australia First Party. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ a b Fellner, Carrie (22 March 2019). "Right wing extremist makes election bid in sleepy NSW 'cherry capital'". Retrieved 23 June 2019.
- ^ Election results:
- West, Andrew (29 February 2004). "White separatist takes on Marrickville". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
- "Party Formation". Australia First Party. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- Jensen, Erik (9 July 2009). "Right-wing genie out of the bottle". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
- AEC redirection page – Australian Electoral Commission
- Bitter dispute erupts over Senate preferences in Queensland: ABC 5 September 2013
- Alliance of micro parties boosts odds for likes of One Nation or Shooters and Fishers gaining Senate spot through preferences: Daily Telegraph 5 September 2013
- Murray, Oliver (26 April 2016). "Far-right-wing parties after your vote on election day". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- Pollard, Krystyna (19 May 2016). "Controversial Saleam to stand for Australia First in Lindsay". Penrith City Gazette. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- "House of Representatives division information". Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- Grey, Lachlan (27 August 2017). "Australia First leader Jim Saleam to contest Cootamundra by-election in November". Cootamundra Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ^ McKenzie, Nick; Baker, Richard (22 March 2019). "Police swoop on right-wing troll over alleged violent threats". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ^ "australianlibertyalliance". australianlibertyalliance.org.au. Retrieved 8 November 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Yellow Vest Australia Voluntary Deregistration" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission.
- ^ a b "Home page". Church of Creativity Victoria. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017.
- ^ a b McKenzie, Nick; Baker, Richard; Willingham, Richard (12 November 2014). "Liberal Party campaigner Scott Harrison a former neo-Nazi". The Age. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Cambeul, Cailen (17 April 2012). "2. Rev. Cailen Cambeul". The Creativity Alliance – Incorporating Your Church of Creativity. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- ^ Cambeul, Cailen (1 December 2017). "Modern White Racial Loyalists have Moved on from Fascism". The Creativity Alliance – Incorporating Your Church of Creativity. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
Updated: 18 September 2018.
- ^ "Home page". Church of Creativity Victoria. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017.
- ^ Coleman, Michelle (13 November 2014). "Liberal campaigner resigns over neo-Nazi revelations". J-Wire. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Craw, Victoria (5 December 2016). "The Dingoes are Australia's latest white nationalist movement". News.com.au. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Begley, Patrick (15 March 2019). "Alleged mosque shooter's meme popular with Australian far-right group". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "'These guys are crazy': Barnaby Joyce backs 'Nazi' expulsions after backtrack". Guardian Australia. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- ^ a b "Soldier alleged to have traded military information was leader of white nationalist group". Stuff. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ Davey, Melissa (14 May 2017). "US far-right figure Mike Enoch says he will visit Australia for nationalist conference". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ Anning far-right:
- Henriques-Gomez, Luke (10 May 2019). "Australian election 2019: how to avoid voting for a terrible micro party in the Senate". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- "Far-right Australian senator Fraser Anning attacks boy after being egged by him – video". The Guardian. 16 March 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- "Peter Dutton claims Greens 'just as bad' as Fraser Anning on Christchurch attack". MSN News. 17 March 2019.
- "Fraser Anning spent most taxpayers' money on family travel last year". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- "Far-right Australian lawmaker finds himself – literally – with egg on his face". CNN. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- "The rise and rise of Australia's right". Asia Times. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Registration of a political party Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ Web notice to deregister Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party
- ^ a b Campion, Kristy (April 2019). "A 'Lunatic Fringe'? The Persistence of Right Wing Extremism in Australia". Perspectives on Terrorism. 13 (2): 12–13. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- ^ Begley, Patrick (May 2019). "Threats from white extremist group that 'tried to recruit Tarrant'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Nine. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
- ^ Koziol, Michael (31 October 2018). "Nationals members resign en masse amid investigation into neo-Nazi ties". The Sydney Morning Herald. Nine. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- ^ McGowan, Michael (11 November 2019). "Australian white nationalists reveal plans to recruit 'disgruntled, white male population'". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ "Love Australia or Leave". Australian Electoral Commission. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^ "House of Representatives and Senate candidates". 2019 Federal Election. Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ^ Paynter, Jack (13 October 2020). "Alarm at neo-Nazi group expansion across country". News.com.au. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ McKenzie, Nick; Tozer, Joel (28 January 2021). "National Socialist Network cross burning in Grampians sparks calls for group to be added to terror list". The Age. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "Neo-Nazi group leader charged with assault of Channel Nine security guard". The Age. Melbourne. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b Mann, Alex; Nguyen, Kevin (2 April 2021). "Former New Guard insider reveals neo-Nazi group's recruitment tactics". ABC News. Background Briefing. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ a b Mann, Alex (12 October 2018). "Manifesto reveals alt-right's plans to go mainstream after 'infiltration' of NSW Young Nationals". ABC News. Background Briefing. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ "Neo-Nazi link to campus anti-foreigner campaign". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2 December 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ Adam Bennett (19 December 2004). "Race hate group unstuck". Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ a b Campion, Kristy (April 2019). "A "Lunatic Fringe"? The Persistence of Right Wing Extremism in Australia" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 13 (2). ISSN 2334-3745. Retrieved 31 March 2021. Also available via JSTOR here.
- ^ Q-Society:
- "Inside the far-right Q Society's explosive dinner, where Muslims are fair game". The Age. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
- "The Australian Liberty Alliance and the politics of Islamophobia". theconversation.com. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
- Piotrowski, Daniel (26 June 2014). "Revealed: The secretive Q Society's battle against Islam". News.com.au. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ "Australian Liberty Alliance: Geert Wilders unveils Senate candidates amid warnings over 'blatant racism'". Australia: ABC News. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ^ Maley, Jacqueline (13 February 2020). "Anti-Islam group Q Society deregisters, fearing lawsuits under religious freedom legislation". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "Australia's Premier Islam-critical Organisation". Q Society of Australia Inc. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ Judith Bessant; Rys Farthing; Rob Watts (2017). The Precarious Generation: A Political Economy of Young People. Taylor & Francis. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-317-28917-3.
- ^ Salim Farrar; Ghena Krayem (2016). Accommodating Muslims Under Common Law: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-317-96422-3.
- ^ Oldham, Sam (24 November 2015). "Reclaim Australia Pins Working Class People Against Each Other. The Only Winners Are Conservative Elites". No. Daily. New Matilda. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^ Watson, Meg (8 April 2015). "Junk Explained: Who Are Reclaim Australia, What Are They Protesting, And Should We Even Care?". Junkee. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Safran, John (2017). Depends What You Mean By Extremist: Going Rogue with Australian Deplorables. Penguin Random House Australia. pp. 2–4. ISBN 9781926428772.
- ^ Lewis, Duncan (19 October 2016). "Reclaim Australia in Asio's sights, intelligence chief tells senators". The Guardian Australia. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ^ Hutchinson, Jade (15 July 2019). "The New-Far-Right Movement in Australia". Terrorism and Political Violence. 33 (7): 1424–1446. doi:10.1080/09546553.2019.1629909. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 199182383.
- ^ Peucker, Mario; Smith, Debra (2019), Peucker, Mario; Smith, Debra (eds.), "Far-Right Movements in Contemporary Australia: An Introduction", The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–17, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8351-9_1, ISBN 978-981-13-8351-9, S2CID 199313325, retrieved 28 April 2021
- ^ "Rise Up Australia". Riseupaustraliaparty.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
- ^ Layt, Stuart (24 April 2019). "'Confronting' Queensland Senate ticket sees far-right on far-left". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Rise Up Australia » About RUA". riseupaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
- ^ "Rise Up Australia » Manifesto". Riseupaustraliaparty.com. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
- ^ "Rise Up Australia Party Voluntary Deregistration" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ Jussi Rosendahl and Tuomas Forsell (13 January 2016). "Anti-immigrant 'Soldiers of Odin' raise concern in Finland". Reuters.
- ^ a b "Reclaim Australia, Five Years Later: Where Are They Now?". slackbastard. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Vedelago, Chris; Houston, Cameron (10 October 2016). "Vigilante-style group Soldiers of Odin patrolling Melbourne CBD". The Age. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ^ "Soldiers of Odin's secret Facebook group: Weapons, Nazi symbols and links to MV Lehti". YLE. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017.
- ^ a b Nilan, Pam (2019). "Far-Right Contestation in Australia: Soldiers of Odin and True Blue Crew". In Peucker, Mario; Smith, Debra (eds.). The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia. Springer Singapore. pp. 101–125. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8351-9_5. ISBN 978-981-13-8350-2. S2CID 199297174 – via ResearchGate (Full article by request; abstract freely available.).
- ^ Elliott, Khiara (22 October 2016). "Soldiers of Odin: heroes or vigilantes?". CBD News. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Wilson, Jason (28 October 2016). "Fear and loathing on the streets: the Soldiers of Odin and the rise of anti-refugee vigilantes". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "Melbourne patriot group "Soldiers of Odin" walk streets: Protectors or thugs?". The Big Smoke. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Smee, Ben (3 May 2019). "'Quite frightening': the far-right fringe of the election campaign is mobilising". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- ^ Liam Mannix; Nino Bucci. "Dutton Turnbull Legitimising Anti Immigrant Vigilantes Say Experts". The Age. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ Judith Bessant; Rys Farthing; Rob Watts (2017). The Precarious Generation: A Political Economy of Young People. Taylor & Francis. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-317-28917-3.
- ^ Percy, court reporter Karen; staff (5 December 2019). "Far-right Australian terror conviction 'a canary in the coalmine', union leader warns". ABC News. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ Rydgren, Jens (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right (First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 661. ISBN 978-0190274573.
- ^ Neo Nazi refs:
- Judith Bessant; Rys Farthing; Rob Watts (2017). The Precarious Generation: A Political Economy of Young People. Taylor & Francis. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-317-28917-3.
- Salim Farrar; Ghena Krayem (2016). Accommodating Muslims Under Common Law: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-317-96422-3.
- "Inside the United Patriots Front, Australia's growing far-right anti-Islam movement". ABC News. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^
- Younger, Emma; Oaten, James (4 September 2017). "Far-right nationalists face court over dummy beheading, claim they're on 'political trial'". ABC News. ABC. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- "Fears rallies could lead to clashes". News.com.au. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- "Anti-Islam protesters and anti-racism activists clash in Melbourne". The Australian. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- Hall, Bianca (17 October 2015). "Street fights and 'internet vigilantes': Inside Australia's anti-Islam movement". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- McPherson, Tahlia (20 September 2015). "Albury mosque the next stop for protestors". The Border Mail. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- Patrick Hatch, Far-right anti-Islam group to rally at Victorian Parliament House, The Age (12 June 2016).
- ^ Wilson, Jason (28 March 2019). "With links to the Christchurch attacker, what is the Identitarian movement". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
Identity Australia appears little more than a grouplet for now
- ^ "Manifesto Identity Australia". Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ^ "Identity Australia". Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Skinheads jailed for brutal Asian bashing". 9News. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Russell, Mark (20 August 2013). "Judges cut jail time for neo-Nazi who attacked Vietnamese student". The Age. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ a b Stocken, Shelley (8 July 2016). "The seriously weird beliefs of Freemen on the land". News.com.au. Australia: Nationwide News Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ a b Kent, Stephen A. (2015). "Freemen, Sovereign Citizens, and the Challenge to Public Order in British Heritage Countries" (PDF). International Journal of Cultic Studies. 6. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Vincent, Sam (November 2016), "Eyes wide open", The Monthly, archived from the original on 23 July 2019, retrieved 8 January 2020
- ^ Koziol, Michael (6 August 2016), "One Nation senator Malcolm Roberts wrote bizarre 'sovereign citizen' letter to Julia Gillard", The Sydney Morning Herald, archived from the original on 13 March 2018, retrieved 8 January 2020
- ^ "Freeman on the land (sovereign citizens)". You've entered law land. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2021. Note: This is a blog, but it contains useful links to the cases on Austlii, and summaries written by a lawyer.
- ^ Thomas, James; McGregor, Jeanavive (30 November 2015). "Sovereign citizens: Terrorism assessment warns of rising threat from anti-government extremists". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Agapis v Birmingham DCJ [2013] WASC 329, Supreme Court (WA, Australia).
- ^ "U R Australia". Facebook. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Hutchinson, Jade (3 October 2018). "The 'Right' Kind of Dogma". VOX - Pol. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "Home page". Original Sovereign Tribal Federation. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ Glazov, Ramon (6–12 September 2014). "Freemen movement targets Indigenous Australia". The Saturday Paper (28). Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ Patrick, Hatch. "Q Society spreading anti-mosque message in Bendigo". The Age. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- ^ Morris, Madeleine (12 October 2015). "Bendigo's anti-mosque protest: United Patriots Front nationalist group behind demonstration". ABC News. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ "Nationals clear man accused of leading alleged neo-Nazi branch stacking". Guardian Australia. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- ^ Hutchins, Gareth (29 October 2018). "Far right extremists 'not welcome' in Nationals, leader says amid investigation". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- ^ Michael, McGowen (15 October 2018). "NSW Young Nationals expel and suspend members over far-right links". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- ^ Begley, Patrick (2 May 2019). "Threats from white extremist group that 'tried to recruit Tarrant'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Nine. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
- ^ Mann, Alex; Nguyen, Kevin; Gregory (23 March 2019). "Christchurch shooting accused Brenton Tarrant supports Australian far-right figure Blair Cottrell". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ Nguyen, Kevin (9 April 2019). "Christchurch shooter Brenton Tarrant sent death threat two years before attack". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ a b Darling, Alexander (28 January 2021). "Calls for cross-burning neo-Nazis camped in The Grampians to be classified as terrorist group". ABC News. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Hanson and One Nation described as far-right:
- Marr, David (March 2017). "The White Queen: One Nation and the Politics of Race". Quartely Essay (65): 1–95. ISBN 9781863959070. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- Crowe, David (18 March 2019). "Political forces unite to reject far right and deny One Nation preferences". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- Wilson, Jason. "There's no breakout of rightwing populists in Australia because the government already accommodates them". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- Murphy, Katharine (May 2019). "The Coalition is normalising the far right with its pursuit of One Nation and Palmer". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- Phillips, Keri (14 September 2016). "Pauline Hanson and the global rise of the extreme right". ABC RN. ABC. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ "Far-right campaigner Bernard Gaynor fails to overturn dismissal from army". the Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
Further reading
[edit]- Amos, Keith (1976). The New Guard Movement 1931–1935. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84092-6.
- Campbell, Andrew (1978). The Australian League of Rights: a study in political extremism and subversion. Collingwood: Outback Press. ISBN 978-0-868-88222-2.
- Cathcart, Michael (1988). Defending the National Tuckshop: Australia's Secret Army Intrigue of 1931. Melbourne: McPhee Gribble Publishers. ISBN 978-0869140772.
- Cathcart, Michael (16 March 2017). "The White Army: Fascism in Australia in the 1930s" (Audio). ABC Radio (Interview). Nightlife. Interviewed by Clark, Philip.
- Clune, David (2009). The Governors of New South Wales 1788-2010. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. ISBN 978-1-86287-743-6.
- Dean, Geoff; Bell, Peter; Vakhitova, Zarina (October 2016). "Right-wing extremism in Australia: the rise of the new radical right". Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism. 11 (2): 121–142. doi:10.1080/18335330.2016.1231414. S2CID 151616050.
- Fleming, Andy; Mondon, Aurelien (2018). "The Radical Right in Australia". In Rydgren, Jens (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford University Press.
- Greason, David (1994). I was a teenage fascist. McPhee Gribble. ISBN 978-0-869-14285-1.
- Hagan, Jim (1991). A History of the Labor Party in New South Wales, 1891-1991. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. ISBN 978-0-582-86969-1.
- Moore, Andrew (1989). The Secret Army and the Premier: Conservative Paramilitary Organisations in New South Wales 1930-32. Kensington, NSW: New South Wales University Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-283-3.
- Moore, Andrew (1995). The Right Road: A history of Right-wing Politics in Australia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-53512-9.
- Muirden, Bruce (1968). The Puzzled Patriots: The Story of the Australia First Movement. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522839074.
- Nairn, Bede (1986). The "Big Fella": Jack Lang and the Australian Labor Party 1891–1949. Carlton, VIC: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84406-1.
- Nilan, Pam (2019). "Far-Right Contestation in Australia: Soldiers of Odin and True Blue Crew". In Peucker, Mario; Smith, Debra (eds.). The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia. Springer Singapore. pp. 101–125. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8351-9_5. ISBN 978-981-13-8350-2. S2CID 199297174 – via ResearchGate (by request).
- Peucker, Mario; Smith, Debra, eds. (2019). The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia. Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8351-9. ISBN 978-981-13-8350-2. S2CID 211346468.
- Strømmen, Øyvind (20 October 2015). "Fear, loathing and factions". Hate Speech International.
- Winter, Barbara (January 2005). The Australia First Movement. Interactive Publications. ISBN 978-1-876819-91-0.