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Norfolk Militia
Officer of the Norfolk Militia, 1759
Active1558–1953
Country England (1558–1707)  Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
 United Kingdom (1801–1953)
Branch Militia
TypeInfantry
FacingsBlack
Commanders
Notable
commanders		George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford
George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend

The Norfolk Militia was an auxiliary military force in the English county of Norfolk in East Anglia. From their formal organisation as Trained Bands in 1558 until their final service as the Special Reserve, the Militia regiments of the county carried out internal security and home defence duties in all of Britain's major wars. They saw active service during the Bishops' Wars, the English Civil Wars and the Second Boer War, and finally trained thousands of reinforcements during World War I. After a shadowy postwar existence they were formally disbanded in 1953.

Early History[edit]

The English militia was descended from the Anglo-Saxon Fyrd, the military force raised from the freemen of the shires under command of their Sheriff. It continued under the Norman kings, and was reorganised under the Assizes of Arms of 1181 and 1252, and again by King Edward I's Statute of Winchester of 1285.[1][2][3][4]

Norfolk was too far distant for its levies to play a role in the Plantagenet kings' Welsh and Scottish campaigns, but they were at times called upon to defend their coastline (for example during Edward III's 1335 offensive in Scotland when the coast was threatened by the French).[5] In 1539 King Henry VIII held a Great Muster of all the counties, recording the number of armed men available in each Hundred, but the lists are incomplete for Norfolk, the totals for the county being 202 archers (foot and mounted) and 519 billmen (foot and mounted), of whom 163 archers and 246 billmen were 'sufficiently harnessed' (ie armoured).[3][6][7][8]

Norfolk Trained Bands[edit]

Main article: Norfolk Trained Bands

The legal basis of the militia was updated by two acts of 1557 covering musters (4 & 5 Ph. & M. c. 3) and the maintenance of horses and armour (4 & 5 Ph. & M. c. 2). The county militia was now under the Lord Lieutenant, assisted by the Deputy Lieutenants and Justices of the Peace (JPs). The entry into force of these Acts in 1558 is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. Although the militia obligation was universal, it was impractical to train and equip every able-bodied man, so after 1572 the practice was to select a proportion of men for the Trained Bands, who were mustered for regular training.[4][8][9][10][11][12] During the Armada Crisis of 1588 Norfolk furnished 2200 trained and 2100 untrained armed foot (out of 6340 able-bodied men), together with 80 lancers, 321 light horse and 377 'petronels' (the petronel was an early cavalry firearm).[8][13]

With the passing of the threat of invasion, the trained bands declined in the early 17th Century. Later, King Charles I attempted to reform them into a national force or 'Perfect Militia' answering to the king rather than local control.[14][15] The Norfolk Trained Bands of 1638 consisted of over 5100 footmen in four regiments and a 400-strong regiment of horse, while the City of Norwich had it own regiment.[16][17] The Norfolk TBs were ordered to send contingents for the First and Second Bishops' Wars of 1639–40. However, many of those sent on this unpopular service would have been untrained replacements and conscripts: like many other contingents, the Norfolk men were disorderly, and many officers were corrupt or inefficient.[16][18]

Control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War.[19] When open war broke out between the King and Parliament, Norfolk was part of the Eastern Association and firmly under Parliamentarian control, so the TBs were hardly used.[16][8] As Parliament tightened its grip on the country after winning the First Civil War it passed new Militia Acts in 1648 and 1650 that replaced lords lieutenant with county commissioners appointed by Parliament or the Council of State. The establishment of The Protectorate saw Oliver Cromwell take control of the militia as a paid force under politically-selected officers to support his Rule by Major-Generals. From now on the term 'Trained Band' began to be replaced by 'Militia'.[20][21] The resignation of Richard Cromwell from the Protectorate in 1659 plunged the regime into crisis, and the militia was reorganised under officers deemed politically reliable.[22]

Restoration Militia[edit]

Main article: Militia (English)

After the Restoration of the Monarchy, the English Militia was re-established by the Militia Act of 1661 under the control of the king's lords-lieutenant, the men to be selected by ballot. This was popularly seen as the 'Constitutional Force' to counterbalance a 'Standing Army' tainted by association with the New Model Army that had supported Cromwell's military dictatorship, and almost the whole burden of home defence and internal security was entrusted to the militia under politically reliable local landowners.[20][23][24]

The 4th Earl of Southampton was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk in September 1660 and he began appointing his deputies and militia officers. None of the officers of the Norfolk Militia in 1659 was reappointed in 1660. Sir Horatio Townshend, 3rd Baronet, who took command of the regiment of horse, had been a Militia Commissioner under the previous regime, but had secretly been one of the county's leading pro-Restoration conspirators. Many of the other officers now appointed had held commissions at the end of the First Civil War in 1646 but had afterwards been purged as politically unreliable, such as Sir William D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, who was once again a colonel of foot, or Sir John Holland, 1st Baronet, who had commanded a county foot regiment before the civil war. Others came from families who traditionally provided the company officers in their hundreds:[25]

The militia were frequently called out during the reign of King Charles II; for example, the Norfolks were alerted in 1666 because of a French and Dutch invasion threat, and in 1673 were sent to guard Yarmouth against a possible Dutch attack. However, the deputy lieutenants and justices were reported to have used the militia to intimidate Norfolk voters during elections in the 1670s.[8][26][27]

In 1690 the 7th Duke of Norfolk, as Lord Lieutenant, reported the organisation of the county militia, and a national muster was also held in 1697, listing the Hundreds from which the companies were recruited:[28][29][30]

Total 4532 foot in 40 companies, 335 horse in six troops

However, the Militia passed into virtual abeyance during the long peace after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, and few units were called out during the Jacobite Risings of 1715 and 1745.[31][32]

1757 reforms[edit]

The Norfolk Militia was reformed under the Militia Act of 1757. In 1758 the Earl of Orford put the "Act for the better regulating of the Militia" into execution. This set the number of men to serve in the militia in Norfolk at 960, with the city of Norwich providing 151. The Norfolk Militia was divided into the 1st Battalion Western Regiment of the Norfolk Militia (West Norfolk Militia) and the 2nd Battalion Eastern Regiment of the Norfolk Militia (East Norfolk Militia).[33] Between 1797 and 1798 there was also a 3rd Battalion of the Norfolk Militia, but this was not re-raised in 1803.[34]

The Norfolk Militia was the second regiment formed under the Act of 1757, and was also recognised as the first to offer to "march wherever they might be most serviceable to the public defence." Consideration was given by King George II "that every mark of his Royal Favour should be shown to this Corps" and that they "should be distinguished by the title of Militia Royal".[33]: 289 

On 4 June 1759 the Eastern Battalion was reviewed by the Earl of Orford on Magdalen Fairstead, just outside Norwich.[35] The event was reported in the press, with the conduct of the men being praised and a statement that the unit could now be ready to march given four days notice.[36] The establishment of the unit was given as 1 Colonel, 1 Lt. Colonel, 1 Major, 11 Captains, 11 Lieutenants, 8 Ensigns, 1 Adjutant, 24 Sergeants, 24 drummers and 466 rank and file.[33]: 23 

On Wednesday 4 July 1759 both battalions began a march from Norwich to Portsmouth barracks, to accept orders from Major General Holmes.[37] Marching via Beccles, Ipswich, Colchester, Islington, and Petersfield, they arrived at Portsmouth on Tuesday 24 July. During the march, they were reviewed by King George II at Kensington Palace.[33]: 27  Due to the heat, they set off soon after midnight,[38] but were described as being in good spirits.[39] By August the divisions[battalions?] were alternately guarding prisoners of war and undergoing training exercises.[40]

The Militia moved around the country from this point; they were quartered in Cirencester on 5 July 1760, but moved back to guard prisoners in Norfolk in July.[41] On 28 May 1761 King George awarded the two battalions of the Norfolk Militia a "Warrant for Colours".[42] In November the East Norfolk Militia was ordered to Fakenham, then to remain at Wells and Walsingham for the duration of the Fakenham Fair.[43]

In 1759, "A Plan of Discipline Composed for the Use of the Militia of the County of Norfolk" was published by William Windham & George Townshend. This text, written for the use of officers in this English rural militia unit, went on to become one of the most important drill manuals employed during the American Revolution.[44]

George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend, first Colonel of the West Norfolk Militia.

Irish service[edit]

In September 1798[45] all of the officers and most of the rank and file volunteered for service in Ireland during the Rebellion.[46]

Eight hundred men of the West Norfolk Militia were serving in Ireland in 1815 and 1816, and aspects of this were dramatised in the writings of George Borrow's book Lavengro, with Borrow's father having served as a Captain in the unit.[47][48]

Prisoner shooting[edit]

In 1799 the East Norfolk Militia was escorting French prisoners of war from Yarmouth to Norman Cross. The bell tower of Dereham church was employed as a makeshift overnight cell for these prisoners. Jean De Narde, a 28-year lieutenant and son of a notary from St. Malo, escaped from the tower, but could not leave the churchyard due to posted sentries.

Being unable to escape, De Narde chose to hide in a tree; but his absence was noted and he was soon discovered by a sergeant. De Narde ignored orders to surrender and the sergeant shot him dead. The local people of Dereham were ashamed of this killing and a monument was built by public subscription.[49]

A memorial service for Jean De Narde was held at Dereham church on 23 July 2016, including a re-enactment of the shooting and a minute's silence. A short documentary on the subject of the shooting was released in 2017.[50]

1805 invasion scare[edit]

A musician of the West Norfolk Militia, and the only known image of a West Norfolk Militia uniform in the public domain.
Members of the Norfolk Militia undertaking musket training.
Members of the original Norfolk Militia conduct training in front of tourists at Cromer, a similar role to that of the modern re-enactment unit.

In 1805, after Britain had declared war on France on 18 May 1803, Napoleon turned his attention to invading England, and started to assemble an expeditionary force at Boulogne. With the British Isles threatened with invasion, the Norfolk Militia were ordered to join the Southern District (Sussex), which covered Kent east of the River Cray and Holwood Hill; Sussex; and Tilbury Fort in Essex. The GOC was Gen Sir David Dundas, Lt Gen The Earl of Chatham. Headquarters were in Canterbury.

The East and West Norfolk Militia regiments were placed, along with the Nottinghamshire Militia, into the Infantry Brigade of Maj Gen Alexander Mackenzie Fraser, headquartered in Winchelsea, with the 712 men of the West Norfolk Militia (under Lt Col George Nelthorpe) and 698 men of the East Norfolk Militia (under Lt Col George Berney Brograve, Bt.) being barracked at Clifford Camp.[51]

POW duties and Norman Cross Depot[edit]

A purpose-built prisoner of war camp, the first of its type, was provided at Norman Cross, near Peterborough. The Norfolk Militia became heavily involved in the transit of prisoners from Yarmouth to the camp, and in the operation of the latter. Lieutenant Thomas Borrow of the West Norfolk Militia, father of author George Borrow, was quartered at Norman Cross from July 1811 to April 1813 and George spent his ninth and tenth years in the barracks there.[52]

The Militia was disembodied at Great Yarmouth in 1814, and was not called out again until 1820.

1852 Reforms[edit]

The West and East Norfolk Regiments were resuscitated under the Militia Act 1852 (15 & 16 Vict. c. 50), which introduced Artillery Militia units in addition to the traditional infantry regiments. Their role was to man coastal defences and fortifications, relieving the Royal Artillery (RA) for active service.[53][54]

In April 1853 612 men of the West Norfolk Militia, under Col. the Earl of Orford, mustered in Norwich at the Swan Hotel. During this muster they were subjected to verbal attacks by members of the Peace Society and "Liberals". 571 out of the 612 men enrolled in the East Norfolk Militia assembled at Great Yarmouth on the same date under Col. the Hon. Berkeley Wodehouse. It was noted that, “Their appearance was much more respectable than might have been expected, and many of those who were prepared to ridicule them acknowledged that they were a much better class than they expected.”[55]

The East Norfolk Militia was presented with new colours on 16 May 1854, and these were still being carried in 1898.[33]: 108  These were presented at a public ceremony held on South Denes, Great Yarmouth, that was attended by 10,000 persons, including civic dignitaries.[33]: 108  The day concluded with a ball held at Great Yarmouth Town Hall, which had been decorated with the new colours, mirrors and stars formed of bayonets.[33]: 112 

An order for the provision of Militia barracks at Great Yarmouth was made in 1853. Originally it was intended to base all three regiments of the Norfolk Militia at Great Yarmouth, but on February 25 the original resolution was rescinded, and it was agreed “that the present Committee be empowered to receive estimates and tenders for building barracks for one regiment of Militia at Norwich, and for one regiment of Militia and one regiment of artillery at Yarmouth, on such plans as they may think best suited for the purpose.”[56] In 1855 it was noted that the government intended to convert the arsenal at Yarmouth to create Gorleston Barracks, a facility for the two field officers, 15 sergeants and 408 men of the East Norfolk Militia, with the old Great Yarmouth barracks having been converted into an Admiralty hospital.[33]: 121 

In 1856, the East Norfolk Militia left Great Yarmouth by train, travelling to an encampment at Colchester. At Colchester railway station they were met by the band of the Royal Essex Rifles.[57] The strength at this time was recorded as 1 Major, 13 officers, 3 sergeants and 415 men.[33]: 127 

June 1856 saw the left wing of the West Norfolk Militia return to Norwich from Fermoy, County Cork; the right wing reached the city on the 26th.

On April 23 the units at Colchester, including the East Norfolk Militia, were reviewed by Prince Albert, but June 4 saw orders issued for the East Norfolk Militia to return to Great Yarmouth for disembodiment.

On 20 May 1861, the East Norfolk Militia were involved in a serious military riot at Yarmouth, against men of the Royal Artillery. It was reported in the Norfolk Chronicle that this riot included the use of belts and stones, and that 200 Artillerymen, armed with swords and knives issued from the arsenal, had to be prevented from joining the fight by "persuasion and threats". The report says that officers from both corps were involved in ending the riot, and that guards had to be placed on the bridge to keep the Artillery out of Yarmouth and the Militia from crossing into Southtown.[58]

Norfolk Artillery Militia[edit]

Main article: Norfolk Artillery Militia
Period print of the Prince of Wales reviewing the Norfolk Artillery Militia at Great Yarmouth, June 1872.
Period print of the Prince of Wales attending a Mess Dinner at the Yarmouth New Assembly Rooms.

The Norfolk Artillery Militia was formed under a Royal Warrant dated 2 May 1853 and comprised two companies with a total establishment of 183 all ranks. Detachments of men were transferred from the West and East Norfolk regiments (52 from the latter) and the remainder were new recruits. The unit was based at Yarmouth in the former Royal Navy barracks. It was embodied during the Crimean War and Indian Mutiny and had expanded to six companies by 1859.[59][60][61][62] Charles, 5th Lord Suffield, formerly of the 7th Hussars and a friend of [Edward VII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], was appointed Lt-Col Commandant in 1866.[63][64] In May 1872 the Prince of Wales was appointed Honorary Colonel of the corps and in November 1875 it changed its title to the Prince of Wales's Own Norfolk Artillery Militia. In the following years a number of the Prince's connections served in the corps. Number 1 Battery was designated 'The Queen's Battery' in May 1890.[59][62][63]

The Artillery Militia was reorganised into 11 divisions of garrison artillery in 1882, and the Norfolk unit became the 2nd Brigade, Eastern Division, RA. from 1 April 1882. This was changed to Norfolk Artillery, Eastern Division, RA on 1 July 1889.[54][59][62][63]

The Prince of Wales's Norfolk Artillery was embodied for home service from 2 May to 13 October 1900 during the Second Boer War, and also provided a Special Service Company, which saw active service in South Africa from May 1900 to June 1902.[61][62]

In 1902 the Norfolk Artillery Militia became the Prince of Wales's Own Norfolk Royal Garrison Artillery (Militia). Under the Haldane Reforms of 1908 the plan was to convert the RGA (M) into Special Reserve units of the Royal Field Artillery. Although the majority of the officers and men accepted transfer to the PoW Own Norfolk Royal Field Reserve Artillery on 28 April 1908, all these units were disbanded in March 1909.[54][59][62][65][66][67]

Thorpe rail disaster, 1874[edit]

Two serving members of the West Norfolk Militia, Sgt Major Frederick Cassell and Sgt Robert Ward, are recorded to have been killed in the Thorpe rail accident whilst returning from a fishing trip. Their bodies were recovered and they were buried with full military honours. Robert Ward had previously been part of the Coldstream Guards.[68]

Uniform[edit]

The uniform of the East Norfolk Militia was scarlet turned up with black.[69] An early sketch by Lord Townshend, published in "A Plan of Discipline Composed for the Use of the Militia of the County of Norfolk" in 1759, shows a Private wearing a simple uniform of cocked hat, jacket, breeches and shoes worn without gaiters. A cross belt and waist belt, with bayonet, are worn over the single-breasted jacket, with the latter secured by a single button close to the collar, two at the chest and three at the waist.

Long boots were discontinued, except for mounted officers, on 12 April 1814. On 22 June 1820 epaulettes, buttons and ornaments of dress were changed from gold to silver, although serving officers were permitted to retain their old style of uniform unless called on for actual service. In January 1831 the old uniform was finally discontinued, with orders that all uniforms must meet the latest King's Regulations and include black velvet and silver epaulettes.[70]

Gold lace was restored to the East Norfolk Militia on 5 June 1882, at the same time as the badge of the then 4th Battalion Norfolk Regiment was changed from the castle and lion to the figure of Britannia.

The uniform of the Norfolk Artillery Militia was similar to that of the Regular Royal Artillery, in blue with red facings and trouser stripe, but with silver/white lace and piping instead of gold/yellow. The officers' helmet plate incorporated the arms of Norwich until 1860 when busbies replaced the helmets. When helmet plates were reintroduced in 1878 they bore that standard Eastern Division, Royal Artillery pattern.[62]

De Narde's grave at Dereham.

Commanding officers[edit]

1st Battalion, West Norfolk Militia[edit]

The following is a list of the known commanding officers of the West Norfolk Militia up to the 1881 re-organisation.

2nd Battalion, East Norfolk Militia[edit]

The following is a list of the commanding officers of the East Norfolk Militia up to the 1881 re-organisation.[33]

3rd Battalion[edit]

At this time no additional information has been found on this unit.

Notable members[edit]

Successor units[edit]

In 1881, following reorganisation of the British Army as part of the Childers Reforms, the West Norfolk Militia became the 3rd Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment, and the East Norfolk Militia became the 4th Battalion. Later titled the Royal Norfolk Regiment, it was amalgamated with the neighbouring Suffolk Regiment to form the 1st East Anglian Regiment. In 1964, the regiment became part of the Royal Anglian Regiment.

East Norfolk Militia (re-enactment group)[edit]

Re-enactors wearing the later (pre-Waterloo) pattern uniform of the East Norfolk Militia.

The East Norfolk Militia is a Napoleonic era re-enactment group, formed in 2000 to help celebrate the bicentenary of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson being awarded the Freedom of the borough of Great Yarmouth.[75] In 2005 they took part in events to mark the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar at the Royal Norfolk Show.[76] They perform ceremonial and guard duties for events in and around East Anglia.[77][78] in addition to taking part in living history events, and took part in the bicentenary re-enactment of the Battle of Waterloo.[79]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Fortescue, Vol I, p. 12.
  2. ^ Fissel, pp. 178–80.
  3. ^ a b Hay, pp. 60–1
  4. ^ a b Holmes, pp. 90–1.
  5. ^ Nicholson, pp. 210–1.
  6. ^ Fissel, pp. 180–83.
  7. ^ Hay, p. 68.
  8. ^ a b c d e Hay, pp. 264–6.
  9. ^ Cruickshank, pp. 17, 24–5, 130–4.
  10. ^ Fissel, pp. 183–90.
  11. ^ Fortescue, Vol I, pp. 12, 16, 125.
  12. ^ Hay, pp. 11–17, 88.
  13. ^ Hay, pp. 90, 95.
  14. ^ Fissel, pp. 174–8, 190–5.
  15. ^ Hay, pp. 97–8.
  16. ^ a b c Norfolk TBs at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).
  17. ^ Ive, pp. 227–30, 238–40.
  18. ^ Fissel, pp. 4–5, 22–3, 30, 83–4, 151, 207–8, 241, 256–61, 270–1.
  19. ^ Fortescue, Vol I, pp. 198–9.
  20. ^ a b Holmes, pp. 94–100.
  21. ^ Hay, pp. 99–104.
  22. ^ Ive, pp. 217–8, 303–6.
  23. ^ Fortescue, Vol I, pp. 294–5.
  24. ^ Western, pp. 3–29.
  25. ^ Ive, pp. 219–23, 271–3, 308.
  26. ^ Petre, pp. 368–9.
  27. ^ Western, pp. 53, 66.
  28. ^ Harvey, pp. 9–12.
  29. ^ Sumner.
  30. ^ Hay, pp. 126–7.
  31. ^ Fortescue, Vol II, p. 133.
  32. ^ Western, p. 73.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Harvey, Col. Sir Charles (1898). History of the 4th Battalion Norfolk Regiment (Late East Norfolk Militia). Jarrold & Sons.
  34. ^ Online Database of Early British Military Buttons
  35. ^ Sir Armine Wodehouse, MP, Colonel of the 2nd, or Eastern Regiment of Norfolk Militia, at a Review of his Regiment near Norwich, 1759, National Army Museum Collection
  36. ^ Ipswich Journal. 6 June 1759. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  37. ^ WO Militia Marching Orders. 84: 3. 1759. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  38. ^ Chambers, John (1829). General History of the County of Norfolk. J. Stacy.
  39. ^ Ipswich Journal. 14 July 1759. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  40. ^ London Evening Post. 9 August 1759. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. ^ Marching Orders. 84. 1760. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  42. ^ 1776 WO Militia Letter Book. 2: 36. 1760–1776. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ^ Marching Orders. 57: 129. 20 November 1761. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. ^ Peter Harrington A Plan of Discipline Composed for the Use of the Militia of the County of Norfolk (Parts 1 & 2)
  45. ^ History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Norfolk, and the City and County of the City of Norwich
  46. ^ Matchett, G (1822). Norfolk and Norwich Remembrancer and Vade-mecum. Matchett & Stevenson.
  47. ^ http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30792/30792-h/30792-h.htm Lavengro, George Borrow
  48. ^ "Journey Through Cork - Lavengro Press". www.lavengropress.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017.
  49. ^ The East Norfolk Militia: Jean De Narde
  50. ^ Once our foe - The shooting of Jean DeNarde (documentary)
  51. ^ HOME GUARD: THE FORCES TO MEET THE EXPECTED FRENCH INVASION 1 SEPTEMBER 1805
  52. ^ The Depot for Prisoners at Norman Cross Huntingdonshire, 1796 to 1816, page 144
  53. ^ Dunlop, pp. 42–5.
  54. ^ a b c Litchfield, pp. 1–7.
  55. ^ [Norfolk Chronicle, April 1853] Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  56. ^ [Norfolk Chronicle, January/February 1854]
  57. ^ The Essex Standard and Eastern Counties Advertiser. 1 February 1856. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  58. ^ [Norfolk Chronicle]
  59. ^ a b c d Frederick, p. 980.
  60. ^ Harvey, p. 107.
  61. ^ a b Hay, pp. 212–4.
  62. ^ a b c d e f Litchfield, pp. 115–21.
  63. ^ a b c Army List, various dates.
  64. ^ Burke's: 'Suffield'.
  65. ^ Dunlop, pp. 270–2.
  66. ^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 275–7.
  67. ^ Litchfield, Appendix 8.
  68. ^ The Thorpe Railway Disaster 1874
  69. ^ London Evening Post. 17–19 July 1759. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  70. ^ Reg. Order Book. January 1831. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  71. ^ Orford, Earl of (UK, 1806 - 1931)
  72. ^ DODD, CHARLES R. (1 January 1846). THE PEERAGE, BARONETAGE, AND KNIGHTAGE, OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, INCLUDING ALL THE TITLED CLASSES.
  73. ^ Shaw, William Arthur (1 January 1971). The Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time to the Present Day of the Knights of All the Orders of Chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of Knights Bachelors. Incorporating a Complete List of Knights Bachelors Dubbed in Ireland. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 9780806304434.
  74. ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography
  75. ^ East Norfolk Militia march past Great Yarmouth Town Hall during the town's busy annual Maritime Festival
  76. ^ East Norfolk Militia celebrate Trafalgar anniversary
  77. ^ Shots of rum raised in honour of Admiral Nelson
  78. ^ Trafalgar Day, Great Yarmouth, 2014.
  79. ^ Waterloo 200 B Division

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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