White Park cattle
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| Conservation status | |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Distribution |
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| Use | beef |
| Traits | |
| Weight |
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| Coat | colour-pointed – white with black or red points |
| Horn status | horned |
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The White Park is a modern British breed of cattle. It was established in 1973 to include several herds or populations of colour-pointed white cattle – white-coated, with points of either red or black on the ears and feet.[5] Such cattle have a long history in the British Isles, and the origins of some herds go back to the Middle Ages.[6][7][8][9][10]
In the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed, and in 2023 was listed as 'at risk' on the watchlist of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust.[11] Two semi-feral populations of these cattle were later given separate breed status as the Chillingham Wild Cattle in Northumbria[12] and the Vaynol herd from Gwynedd in North Wales,[13] .
In the United States it is known as the Ancient White Park; the American White Park is a different breed.[14]
History
[edit]
In 1225, as a result of legislation passed by Henry III, several parks were enclosed and several herds, including those at Chartley and Chillingham in England, and Cadzow in Scotland, were "emparked".[15] [citation needed] There were more than a dozen white Park Cattle herds in Britain in the early 19th century, but most of these were exterminated by the turn of the next century.[citation needed]
The Park Cattle registration programme in Britain was started in the early 1900s, but by 1946 only the Dynevor, Woburn, Whipsnade, and Cadzow herds survived as domesticated herds; the ancient herds at Vaynol (Faenol) and Chillingham having become semi-feral. Registration of White Park Cattle ceased during the Second World War, and recommenced after the formation of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust in 1973.[15] Numbers have increased and now exceed 1000 breeding cows in the UK.[citation needed].
White Park cattle have been exported to several countries. In 1921, animals were exported to Denmark, and from there to Latvia in 1935 and thence to Germany in 1972. In 1987, cattle were exported to Australia. In 1940, one or two pairs of cattle from the Cadzow herd were exported to Canada. Some of their Canadian-born offspring were transferred to the Bronx Zoo, and later moved to the King Ranch in Texas, where they remained for nearly forty years. In the US the breed is known as the Ancient White Park to distinguish from the hornless American White Park, a population of the British White. The genesis of a herd has been established in New Zealand. Fertile embryos were imported in 2014 for IVF to donor cows. The birthed White Park females provided additional eggs for a second round of IVF.
Most national populations of White Park cattle have been DNA tested to verify parentage, to confirm the provenance of products, and to enable assignment of applicant animals to breed and determine the optimum breeding programme to ensure their effective conservation survival. The breeding programme in the UK aims to increase the desirable characteristics of the breed while maintaining genetic diversity, as heterogeneity is low due to inbreeding through much of the twentieth century. Faygate Brace (born 1906) contributed c. 40% of the ancestry of the breed by the 1940s, and Whipsnade 281 (born 1956) repeated this pattern in the second half of the twentieth century. His grandson, Dynevor Torpedo is now the dominant influence in the breed. Two herds, Dynevor and Chartley/Woburn, have been the dominant influences throughout this time. The global population now is almost 2,000 purebred females, plus bulls and young stock.[citation needed]
In 2013 a small herd was moved for conservation reasons to the Isle of Man.[16]
In 2023 the breed was reported to DAD-IS by four countries – Australia (where it may be extinct), Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.[4]
Characteristics
[edit]The White Park is a medium-large, long-bodied bovine. A programme of linear assessment, including 200 bulls and 300 cows, has been carried out in the UK since 1994 to define its size and conformation.[citation needed] The weight of a mature bull varies from 800 to 1,000 kilograms (1,800 to 2,200 lb), depending on the quality of grazing, while adult cows are typically 500 to 700 kilograms (1,100 to 1,500 lb). Their coloration is a distinctive porcelain white with coloured (black or red) points.[5] The horns of the cows can vary in shape, but the majority grow forwards and upwards in a graceful curve. The horns of the bulls are thicker and shorter. In their native environment in Britain, White Park cattle are known for their distinctive appearance and their grazing preference for coarse terrain. White Park cattle are well-suited to non-intensive production. Some herds are kept outside throughout the year on rough upland grazing without shelter or supplementary feed. They are docile, easy-calving, and have a long productive life. Some traits may vary depending on their location.
Until recently, White Park cattle were a triple-purpose breed used for meat, milk and draught. The 3rd Lord Dynevor (1765–1852) kept a team of draught oxen, and the practice continued up to 1914[citation needed]. They were used as dairy cattle even more recently. Some cows were being milked in the Dynevor herd in 1951[citation needed], but yields were moderate. Beef became the main product during the twentieth century, and gained a reputation as a textured meat, with excellent flavour and marbling, which commanded a significant premium in speciality markets.
The white park, a breed I’ve never eaten before and had always assumed was purely ornamental, was really excellent: softly chewy, with that strong, distinctive, almost corrupt flavour of proper beef
— A.A. Gill, Table Talk: Sweet and Sour, Salt and Bitter
Studies of blood type polymorphisms have found the White Park to be fairly distant from other British cattle breeds, and closest to the Scottish Highland.[17]: 280 [18]
The colour-pointed coat pattern also appears in other cattle breeds such as the Irish Moiled, the Blanco Orejinegro, the Berrenda, the Nguni and the Texas Longhorn.
References
[edit]- ^ Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 23 June 2020.
- ^ Watchlist 2022–23. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived 28 September 2022.
- ^ Breed data sheet: White Park / United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Cattle). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2023.
- ^ a b Transboundary breed: White Park. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2023.
- ^ a b White Park Cattle. White Park Cattle Society. Archived 5 August 2023
- ^ Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
- ^ Marleen Felius (1995). Cattle Breeds: An Encyclopedia. Doetinchem, Netherlands: Misset. ISBN 9789054390176.
- ^ Marleen Felius, Marie-Louise Beerling, David S. Buchanan, Bert Theunissen, Peter A. Koolmees and Johannes A. Lenstra (2014). On the History of Cattle Genetic Resources. Diversity 6 (4): 705–750. doi:10.3390/d6040705
- ^ Valerie Porter (2009). British Cattle. Botley, Oxford: Shire Publications. ISBN 9780747807643.
- ^ Valerie Porter (2008). The Field Guide to Cattle. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 9780760331927.
- ^ Cattle watchlist. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Accessed June 2023.
- ^ Fact Sheet: Chillingham. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived 17 July 2014.
- ^ Fact Sheet: Vaynol. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived 17 July 2014.
- ^ Ancient White Park Cattle. Pittsboro, North Carolina: The Livestock Conservancy. Archived 31 March 2023.
- ^ a b Alderson, L. 1997. A Breed of Distinction. CLL, Shrewsbury
- ^ [s.n.] (20 November 2013). Herd of rare cattle 'move to Isle of Man Jurassic Park'. London: BBC. Archived 25 October 2019.
- ^ S.C. Blott, J.L. Williams, C.S. Haley (1998). Genetic relationships among European cattle breeds. Animal Genetics. 29 (4): 273–282. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00327.x. (subscription required).
- ^ Nicola J. Royle (1983). Polymorphisms of Rare Breeds of Cattle (doctoral thesis). Reading: University of Reading.
Further reading
[edit]
- Bahn, Paul; Mutimer, Vera, eds. (2016). Chillingham: Its Cattle, Castle and Church. Fonthill Media. ISBN 9781781555224.
- Ritvo, Harriet (2010). "Race, Breed and Myths of Origin: Chillingham Cattle as Ancient Britons". Noble Cows and Hybrid Zebras: Essays on Animals and History. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
- Whitehead, G. Kenneth (1953). The Ancient White Cattle of Britain and their Descendants. London: Faber & Faber.