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Whig Junto

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Three members of the Junto: from left to right, Lords:
Somers, Montagu/Halifax and Orford

The Whig Junto is the name given to a group of leading Whigs who were seen to direct the management of the Whig Party and often the government, during the reigns of William III and Anne.[1] The Whig Junto proper consisted of John Somers, later Baron Somers; Charles Montagu, later Earl of Halifax; Thomas Wharton, later Marquess of Wharton, and Edward Russell, later Earl of Orford.[2] They came to prominence due to the favour of Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland[3] and during the reign of Queen Anne, Sunderland's son, the 3rd Earl succeeded his father. Opponents gave them the nickname "the five tyrannising lords". Other figures prominent around the edges of the Junto include Sir John Trenchard and Thomas Tollemache.

History

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Somers, Wharton, Russell and Montagu were elected to the House of Commons in 1689[4] and were granted minor office. Their effectiveness in the Commons brought them Sunderland's attention. The Junto began to dominate the ministry from the time of the resignation of the Tory Secretary of State Lord Nottingham in 1693,[5] communicating to the King and Sunderland through the Whig Secretary of State, the Duke of Shrewsbury. As the members of the Junto entered the Lords — Somers was made Lord Keeper in 1693[6] and was promoted to a barony four years later,[7] Wharton succeeded his father as Baron Wharton in 1696,[8] Russell was created Earl of Orford in 1697[9] and Montagu(e)[n 1] was created Baron Halifax in 1700 — their hold on the Commons weakened and by 1700 the Junto was largely out of power.[10] In 1701 Somers, Orford and Halifax were impeached but survived the attack[11] and late in the year the Junto seemed set to return to power in order to help the king rally support for the War of the Spanish Succession.

However, King William's death in March 1702 delayed their return: Queen Anne detested them and refused to include them in the ministry, which was instead dominated by High Tories, with whom her sympathies lay.[12] With the elder Sunderland dead, the Junto's connection to his son — who was the son-in-law of the Queen's favourite couple, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — proved useful, as did the Junto's support of the war, which contrasted with Tory ambivalence to it.

In 1705 Somers's protégé Lord Cowper, whom the Queen liked and trusted, was made Lord Keeper[13] and in 1706 Sunderland became a Secretary of State, even though the Queen disliked him even more than she did the rest of the Junto.[14] After the resignation of Harley in 1708, Marlborough and his ally the Lord Treasurer Godolphin became more and more dependent on the Junto, who returned to office with Somers as Lord President, Wharton as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Orford as First Lord of the Admiralty.[15]

The ministry's increasing dependence on the Junto Whigs caused the Queen's relationship with the Marlboroughs and Godolphin to sour. In 1710 Godolphin and the Junto Whigs were forced from power.[16] The Junto led opposition to the new ministry's peace policy from the House of Lords, leading to the creation of new peers to prevent this opposition from voting down the peace treaty.[17]

In North America, the Whig Junto was the inspiration for Benjamin Franklin's Junto in 1727 Philadelphia upon his return from London.[18]

The term "Junto", first attested in 1641, is derived from "junta", a Hispano-Portuguese term for a civil deliberative or administrative council,[19] which in 18th-century English had not yet gained its present association with the governments of a military dictatorship. The form "juncto" (after Latin junctum) was also used until about 1700.

First (Main) Whig Junto

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Main article: First Whig Junto
OFFICE NAME TERM
Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir Charles Montagu 1694–1699
First Lord of the Treasury 1697–1699
Lord Keeper The Lord Somers 1694–1697
Lord Chancellor 1697–1699
Comptroller of the Household The Lord Wharton 1694–1699
Master-General of the Ordnance The Earl of Romney 1694–1699
Lord High Admiral The Earl of Orford 1694–1699
Northern Secretary The Duke of Shrewsbury 1694–1695
Southern Secretary 1695–1698
Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Tenison 1694–1699
First Lord of the Treasury The Lord Godolphin of Rialton (T) 1694–1697
Lord President of the Council The Duke of Leeds 1694–1699
Lord Privy Seal The Earl of Pembroke 1694–1699
Lord Steward The Duke of Devonshire 1694–1699
Lord Chamberlain The Earl of Sunderland 1695–1699
Southern Secretary Sir John Trenchard 1694–1695
James Vernon[n 2] 1698–1699
Northern Secretary Sir William Trumbull 1695–1697
James Vernon 1697–1699

Later Whig Junto and the Whig Governments

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The Second Whig Junto by John James Baker, 1710
Main articles: Whigs (British political party) and Second Whig Junto

The Junto came back to power within a year of the accession as King of George I, the Elector of Hanover, in 1714 but most of the members died early in the new reign: Wharton and Halifax in 1715, Somers the next year, while Orford and Sunderland soon fell out with each other, with Orford not holding office after 1717.

Whigs however took full control of the government in 1715, and despite a brief internal split remained totally dominant, reaching new heights with the creation of the first recognised Prime Minister, Robert Walpole. This was however until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760, ensured the creation of more peerages for Tories — they sought to dispel a naturally resultant economic favouritism based on politics, caused by this long renewed period of ascendancy and promised greater royal concessions.[20]

Notes and references

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Notes
  1. ^ The spelling in this generation of his family still varied.
  2. ^ James Vernon was appointed Secretary of State in 1697, with responsibility for the Northern Department. The following year, after the Duke of Shrewsbury left the government, he took responsibility for the Southern Department as well.
References
  1. ^ Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.357
  2. ^ Macaulay, Vol. IV, pp.357-368
  3. ^ Macaulay, Vol. IV, pp.355-356
  4. ^ Macaulay, Vol. II, pp.484-486 (for Somers, Wharton, and Montagu)
  5. ^ Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.376
  6. ^ Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.299
  7. ^ Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.619
  8. ^ Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.545
  9. ^ Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.619
  10. ^ Macaulay, Vol. V., pp.115-130
  11. ^ Macaulay, Vol. V., pp.194-200, 218-219; Clark, p. 195
  12. ^ Hopkinson, p.178
  13. ^ Hopkinson, p.239
  14. ^ Hopkinson, p.249
  15. ^ Clark, p.225
  16. ^ Clark, p.227
  17. ^ Clark, p.233; Hopkinson, p.339
  18. ^ Bunker, Nick. Young Benjamin Franklin. Vintage Books, New York. 2018.
  19. ^ "junto". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  20. ^ H. T. Dickinson; Walpole and the Whig Supremacy. (1973) online edition

Sources

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  • Clark, George (1955). The Later Stuarts 1660–1714 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Coward, Barry (2017). "chapter 13". The Stuart Age (5th ed.).
  • Gregg, Edward (2001). Queen Anne. Yale University Press.
  • Hopkinson, M. R. (1934). Anne of England: The Biography of a Great Queen. New York: Macmillan.
  • Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1878). History of England from the Accession of James II. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
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