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===Digital image processing===
===Digital image processing===
Westworld was the first feature film to use [[digital image processing]]. John Whitney Jr. and Gary Demos at [[Triple-I|Information International Inc. (aka "Triple I")]] digitally processed motion picture photography to appear [[Pixelization|pixelized]] in order to portray the Gunslinger android's [[Perspective (cognitive)|point of view]].<ref name=yaeger /> The approximately 2 minutes and 31 seconds worth of cinegraphic block portraiture was accomplished by color-separating (3 basic color separations plus black mask) each frame of source 70mm footage, scanning each of these elements to convert into rectangular blocks, then adding basic color according to the tone values developed.<ref>http://www.atariarchives.org/artist/sec17.php Ed Manning BlocPix</ref> The resulting coarse pixel matrix was output back to film.<ref>[http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:2RyPkzFX6WYJ:www.vasulka.org/archive/show-fest3/ArsElectronica%2792/ChronologyTools/CompAnimTechHist.rtf+westworld+gary+demos+blockpix&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Chapter 4: A HISTORY OF COMPUTER ANIMATION 3/20/92 (note that this article is in error about the year the film was made)]</ref> The process was covered in the ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' article ''Behind the scenes of Westworld''.<ref>''[[American Cinematographer]]'' 54(11):1394-1397, 1420-1421, 1436-1437. November 1973.</ref>
Westworld :) was the first feature film to use [[digital image processing]]. John Whitney Jr. and Gary Demos at [[Triple-I|Information International Inc. (aka "Triple I")]] digitally processed motion picture photography to appear [[Pixelization|pixelized]] in order to portray the Gunslinger android's [[Perspective (cognitive)|point of view]].<ref name=yaeger /> The approximately 2 minutes and 31 seconds worth of cinegraphic block portraiture was accomplished by color-separating (3 basic color separations plus black mask) each frame of source 70mm footage, scanning each of these elements to convert into rectangular blocks, then adding basic color according to the tone values developed.<ref>http://www.atariarchives.org/artist/sec17.php Ed Manning BlocPix</ref> The resulting coarse pixel matrix was output back to film.<ref>[http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:2RyPkzFX6WYJ:www.vasulka.org/archive/show-fest3/ArsElectronica%2792/ChronologyTools/CompAnimTechHist.rtf+westworld+gary+demos+blockpix&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Chapter 4: A HISTORY OF COMPUTER ANIMATION 3/20/92 (note that this article is in error about the year the film was made)]</ref> The process was covered in the ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' article ''Behind the scenes of Westworld''.<ref>''[[American Cinematographer]]'' 54(11):1394-1397, 1420-1421, 1436-1437. November 1973.</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==

Revision as of 14:56, 8 December 2010

For other uses, see Westworld (film) (disambiguation).
Westworld
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMichael Crichton
Written byMichael Crichton
Produced byPaul Lazarus III
StarringYul Brynner
Richard Benjamin
James Brolin
CinematographyGene Polito
Edited byDavid Bretherton
Music byFred Karlin
Distributed byMGM
Release date
November 21, 1973
Running time
88 min. (theatrical)
CountryUS
LanguageEnglish

Westworld is a 1973 science fiction/thriller film written and directed by novelist Michael Crichton and produced by Paul Lazarus III. It stars Yul Brynner as a lifelike robot in a futuristic Western-themed amusement park, and Richard Benjamin and James Brolin as customers who are attacked by the park's robots when they malfunction.

Westworld was the last movie MGM produced before dissolving its releasing company, and was the first theatrical feature directed by Crichton.[1] It was also the first feature film to use digital image processing to pixellate photography to simulate an android point of view.[2] The film was nominated for Hugo, Nebula and Golden Scroll (a.k.a. Saturn) awards, and was followed by a sequel film, Futureworld, and a short-lived television series, Beyond Westworld.

Plot summary

The story is set sometime in the near future, in Delos, a high-tech, highly realistic fictional adult amusement park featuring androids that are almost indistinguishable from human beings. For a price of $1,000 per day, guests may indulge in any fantasy, including killing or having sex with the androids. The androids are programmed to act in character for each of the park's three themed zones: WesternWorld (the American Old West), MedievalWorld (medieval Europe), and RomanWorld (pre-Christian Rome). One of the main attractions in WesternWorld is the Gunslinger (Brynner), a robot programmed to start duels. Thanks to its programming, humans can always outdraw the Gunslinger and kill it. The guns issued to the guests also have temperature sensors that prevent them from shooting each other or anything else living but allow them to 'kill' the room-temperature androids.

After an introductory advertisement for the park, the film begins as Peter Martin (Benjamin), a first-timer, and his friend John Blane (Brolin), who has visited previously, visit WesternWorld. Gradually, the technicians running Delos begin to notice problems spreading like an infection among the androids (see computer virus). First the robots in MedievalWorld begin suffering an inexplicable number of systemic failures; then a robot rattlesnake bites Blane; against her programming, an android refuses a guest's request for sex. The failures increase until the robotic Black Knight kills a guest in a sword-fight in MedievalWorld. The resort's supervisors, in increasing desperation, try to regain control by shutting down power to the entire park, but this traps them in the control rooms, unable to turn the power back on while the robots run amok on stored power.

Martin and Blane, who passed out drunk after a bar fight in the WesternWorld bordello, wake up unaware of the breakdown. When the Gunslinger challenges the two men to a showdown, Blane treats the confrontation as a typical amusement until the robot shoots and kills him. Martin runs for his life as the robot implacably follows him.

Martin flees to the other areas of the park, but finds only a panicky fleeing technician, dead guests and damaged robots. He climbs down through a manhole to the underground control area, where the resort's technicians have suffocated since the ventilation shut down. As the Gunslinger stalks Martin through the corridors, he throws acid into its face and sets fire to it with a torch. He also finds a woman chained up in the dungeon, but she turns out to be an android. Finally, the burned hulk of the Gunslinger attacks him one last time before succumbing to its damage. The film ends as Martin, apparently the sole human survivor, sits down on the dungeon steps in a state of near-exhaustion and shock, thinking of the irony of Delos's advertising, "Have we got a vacation for you!".

Production

Westworld was filmed in several locations, including the Mojave Desert, the gardens of the Harold Lloyd Estate, and several sound stages at MGM.[1] It was shot with Panavision anamorphic lenses by Gene Polito, A.C.E.

The Gunslinger's appearance is based on Chris, Brynner's character from The Magnificent Seven. The two characters' costumes are nearly identical.[3]

In the scene when Richard Benjamin's character splashes The Gunslinger in the face with acid, Brynner's face was covered with an oil-based makeup mixed with ground Alka-Seltzer. A splash of water then produced the fizzing effect.

The score for Westworld was composed by Oscar-winning American composer Fred Karlin. It combines ersatz western scoring, source cues, and electronic music.[4]

Digital image processing

Westworld :) was the first feature film to use digital image processing. John Whitney Jr. and Gary Demos at Information International Inc. (aka "Triple I") digitally processed motion picture photography to appear pixelized in order to portray the Gunslinger android's point of view.[2] The approximately 2 minutes and 31 seconds worth of cinegraphic block portraiture was accomplished by color-separating (3 basic color separations plus black mask) each frame of source 70mm footage, scanning each of these elements to convert into rectangular blocks, then adding basic color according to the tone values developed.[5] The resulting coarse pixel matrix was output back to film.[6] The process was covered in the American Cinematographer article Behind the scenes of Westworld.[7]

Distribution

Crichton's original screenplay was released as a mass-market paperback in conjunction with the film.[8]

Network airings

Westworld was first aired on NBC television in 1975. The network aired a slightly longer version of the film than was shown theatrically or subsequently released on home video. One added scene shows a brief fly-by shot of the hovercraft zooming just a few feet above the desert floor. Previously, all scenes involving the hovercraft were interior shots only. Another additional scene later in the film features a guest in MedievalWorld being subjected to a torture rack.

Reception

Variety magazine described the film as excellent and that it "combines solid entertainment, chilling topicality, and superbly intelligent serio-comic story values".[9]

The film currently has a rating of 90% at Rotten Tomatoes.[10] Reviewing the DVD release in September 2008, The Daily Telegraph reviewer Philip Horne described the film as a "richly suggestive, bleakly terrifying fable - and Brynner's performance is chillingly pitch-perfect."[11]

Sequel

A sequel to Westworld, Futureworld, was filmed in 1976, with only Brynner returning from the original cast to reprise his Gunslinger character. Four years later, in 1980, the CBS television network aired a short-lived television series, Beyond Westworld, expanding on the concepts and plot of the first film with new characters. Its poor ratings caused it to be canceled after only three of the five episodes aired.

Remake

A remake was speculated to star Arnold Schwarzenegger, with Tarsem Singh directing and Terminator 3 screenwriters Michael Ferris and John Bracanto to write the script.[12][13]

The remake was still in development as of 2007,[14] but a director was not attached to the film. Quentin Tarantino was approached but turned it down[15].

References

  1. ^ a b http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article.jsp?cid=12461&mainArticleId=245816
  2. ^ a b A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film, Larry Yaeger, 16 Aug 2002 (last update), retrieved 24 March 2010
  3. ^ Friedman, Lester D. (2007). American Cinema of the 1970s: Themes and Variations. Camden: Rutgers University Press. p. 100. ISBN 0813540232.
  4. ^ http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/cds/detail.cfm/cdID/348/
  5. ^ http://www.atariarchives.org/artist/sec17.php Ed Manning BlocPix
  6. ^ Chapter 4: A HISTORY OF COMPUTER ANIMATION 3/20/92 (note that this article is in error about the year the film was made)
  7. ^ American Cinematographer 54(11):1394-1397, 1420-1421, 1436-1437. November 1973.
  8. ^ Amazon Listing for Westworld
  9. ^ Variety staff (1 January 1973). "Westworld". Variety (magazine). Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  10. ^ "Westworld (1973)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  11. ^ Philip Horne (20 September 2008). "Westworld: DVD of the week review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  12. ^ "Westworld Headed Back To Screen". Empire (magazine). 12 August 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  13. ^ Michael Fleming (13 March 2002). "Arnold back for 'Westworld,' 'Conan' redos". Variety (magazine). Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  14. ^ Sci-Fi Wire: Billy Ray Talks Westworld Remake, June 2007
  15. ^ Hostel: Part II DVD commentary track.
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