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Thamnophis proximus

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Thamnophis proximus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Thamnophis
Species:
T. proximus
Binomial name
Thamnophis proximus
(Say, 1823)
Synonyms[3]
  • Coluber proximus
    Say, 1823[2]
  • Eutaenia proxima
    — Baird & Girard, 1853
  • Thamnophis proxima
    — Garman, 1892
  • Thamnophis saurita proxima
    — Barbour & Cole, 1906
  • Thamnophis sauritus proximus
    — Burt, 1935
  • Thamnophis proximus
    — Rossman, 1963

Thamnophis proximus, commonly known as the western ribbon snake or western ribbonsnake, is a species of garter snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. The species is found in the central and southern United States, Mexico, and Central America south to central Costa Rica.[1][3] The species has six recognized subspecies.[3]

Description

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T. proximus is a slender snake with a very long tail, approximately one-third of the total length of the body. Dorsally, T. proximus is blackish, brown, or olive with three light-colored stripes. Ventrally, it is greenish-white or yellowish-white. The upper labials are whitish and unmarked, contrasting with the dark top and sides of the head.[4] The specific name, proximus, describes the species' similarity to T. saurita.[5]

Adults measure 17–50 in (43–127 cm) in total length (including the tail).[6]

Subspecies

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Six subspecies of the western ribbon snake (T. proximus) are recognized as being valid, including the nominate subspecies.[3]

  • T. p. alpinus Rossman, 1963 – Chiapas Highlands ribbon snake
  • T. p. diabolicus Rossman, 1963 – arid land ribbon snake
  • T. p. orarius Rossman, 1963 – Gulf Coast ribbon snake
  • T. p. proximus (Say, 1823) – orangestripe ribbon snake, western ribbon snake
  • T. p. rubrilineatus Rossman, 1963 – redstripe ribbon snake
  • T. p. rutiloris (Cope, 1885) – Mexican ribbon snake

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Thamnophis.

Ecology

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T. proximus is a semiaquatic snake that occurs in a wide range of habitats, usually not far from water. It can be found from sea level to nearly 2,500 m (8,200 ft). It feeds on a range of invertebrates (earthworms, crayfish) and small vertebrates (lizards, fishes, and frogs, including tadpoles).[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Chaves, G.; Lamar, W.; Porras, L.W.; Solórzano, A.; Sunyer, J.; Hammerson, G.A. (2013). "Thamnophis proximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T198522A2529292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T198522A2529292.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Say T (1823). In: James E (1823). Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1819 and '20, by Order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, Sec'y of War: Under the Command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other Gentlemen of the Exploring Party. Vol. I. Philadelphia: H.C. Carey and I. Lea. 503 pp. (Coluber proximus, new species, p. 187).
  3. ^ a b c d Thamnophis proximus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
  4. ^ Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp., 34 Plates. (Thamnophis sauritus proximus, pp. 256-257 + Plate 28).
  5. ^ Rossman, Douglas A. "Thamnophis proximus." (1970).
  6. ^ Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). (Thamnophis sauritus proximus, pp. 827-832, Figures 239, 240 + Map 59 on p. 767).

Further reading

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  • Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Thamnophis proximus, pp. 670–671 + Plates 531, 544).
  • Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (Illustrated by Isabelle Hunt Conant). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Thamnophis proximus, pp. 165–166 + Plate 23 + Map 120).
  • Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + viii +163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (Thamnophis sauritus proximus, pp. 122–123 + Plate 23, figure 69A).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 Plates, 207 Figures. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Thamnophis proximus, pp. 428–429 + Plate 42).
  • Rossman DA (1963). "The Colubrid Snake Genus Thamnophis: A Revision of the sauritus Group". Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 7 (3): 99–178.
  • Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback), ISBN 0-307-47009-1 (hardcover). (Thamnophis proximus, pp. 146–147).
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