Uncleftish Beholding
| Uncleftish Beholding | |
|---|---|
| Presented | 1989 |
| Author(s) | Poul Anderson |
| Subject | Atomic theory |
| Purpose | Linguistic purism in English |
"Uncleftish Beholding" is a short text by Poul Anderson, first published in the Mid-December 1989 issue of the magazine Analog Science Fiction and Fact (with no indication of its fictional or factual status)[1] and included in his anthology All One Universe (1996).[2] It is designed to illustrate what English might look like without its large number of words derived from languages such as French, Greek, and Latin,[3] especially with regard to the proportion of scientific words with origins in those languages.
Written as a demonstration of linguistic purism in English, the work explains atomic theory using Germanic words almost exclusively and coining new words when necessary;[4] many of these new words have cognates in modern German, an important scientific language in its own right. The title phrase uncleftish beholding calques "atomic theory."[5]
To illustrate, the text begins:[1]
For most of its being, mankind did not know what things are made of, but could only guess. With the growth of worldken, we began to learn, and today we have a beholding of stuff and work that watching bears out, both in the workstead and in daily life.
It goes on to define firststuffs (chemical elements), such as waterstuff (hydrogen), sourstuff (oxygen), and ymirstuff (uranium), as well as bulkbits (molecules), bindings (compounds), and several other terms important to uncleftish worldken (atomic science).[6] Wasserstoff and Sauerstoff are the modern German words for hydrogen and oxygen, and in Dutch the modern equivalents are waterstof and zuurstof.[7] Sunstuff refers to helium, which derives from ἥλιος, the Ancient Greek word for 'sun'. Ymirstuff references Ymir, a giant in Norse mythology similar to Uranus in Greek mythology.
Glossary
[edit]| Term in "Uncleftish Beholding" | Term in English | Origin In English |
|---|---|---|
| uncleft | atom | from Greek atomos 'uncut, unhewn; indivisible', from a- 'not' + tomos 'a cutting',[8] |
| uncleftish | atomic | as above |
| beholding | theory | from Greek theōria 'contemplation, speculation; a looking at, viewing; a sight, show, spectacle, things looked at', from theōrein 'to consider, speculate, look at', from theōros 'spectator', |
| worldken | science | from Latin scientia 'knowledge'.[9] World + ken means "knowledge of the world". |
| stuff firststuff |
matter element |
from Latin materia 'substance from which something is made',[10] from Latin elementum 'rudiment, first principle, matter in its most basic form'[11] |
| workstead | laboratory | from Latin laboratorium 'place for work',[12] |
| forward bernstonish lading | positive electric charge | from Greek ḗlektron 'amber',[13] in German bernstein ('burn-stone') from Late Latin carricare 'to load a wagon or cart'[14] |
| backward bernstonish lading | negative electric charge | |
| forwardladen | positively charged | |
| backwardladen | negatively charged | |
| waterstuff | hydrogen | from Greek for 'water'.[15] Its cognate in German is Wasserstoff and in Swedish väte. |
| sunstuff | helium | from Greek for 'sun'[15] |
| stonestuff | lithium | from Greek for 'stone'[15] |
| coalstuff | carbon | from Latin for 'coal'.[15] Its cognate in German is Kohlenstoff. |
| chokestuff | nitrogen | Name from niter, from the Ancient Greek νιτρων nitron from Ancient Egyptian netjeri, related to the Hebrew néter, for salt-derived ashes (their interrelationship is not clear).[16]
Chokestuff is inspired by chokedamp, a term for oxygenless air found in mines and other confined spaces. Chokedamp is composed mostly of nitrogen. The cognate in German is Stickstoff and in Swedish kväve, both bearing the meaning "choke". |
| sourstuff | oxygen | from Greek for 'sharp' or 'sour'[15] Its German cognate is Sauerstoff and Swedish syre. |
| glasswortstuff | sodium | Glasswort was used as a source of soda for glassmaking |
| flintstuff | silicon | from Latin for 'flint'[15] |
| potashstuff | potassium | Latinised form of potash[17] |
| ymirstuff | uranium | from Uranus (Norse equivalent is Ymir) |
| aegirstuff | neptunium | from Neptune (Norse equivalent is Ægir) |
| helstuff | plutonium | from Pluto (Norse equivalent is Hel) |
| roundaround board of the firststuffs | periodic table of elements | from Latin periodus (“complete sentence, period, circuit”), from Ancient Greek períodos (“cycle, period of time”) |
| farer | ion | from Greek neuter present participle of ienai, meaning "to go". |
| samestead | isotope | Greek roots isos (ἴσος "equal") and topos (τόπος "place"), meaning "the same place" |
The vocabulary used in "Uncleftish Beholding" does not completely derive from Anglo-Saxon. Around, from Old French reond (Modern French rond), completely displaced Old English ymbe (modern English umbe (now obsolete), cognate to German um and Latin ambi-) and left no "native" English word for this concept. The text also contains the French-derived words rest, ordinary and sort.
The text gained increased exposure and popularity after being circulated around the Internet,[18] and has served as inspiration for some inventors of Germanic English conlangs. Douglas Hofstadter, in discussing the piece in his book Le Ton beau de Marot, jocularly refers to the use of only Germanic roots for scientific pieces as "Ander-Saxon."
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Anderson, Poul (December 1989). "Uncleftish Beholding". Analog Science Fiction and Fact. Vol. 109, no. 13. Davis Publications. pp. 132–135.
- ^ Anderson, Poul (1996). All One Universe. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312858735.
- ^ Omissi, Adrastos (11 July 2015). "Swear words, etymology, and the history of English". OUPblog. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ Allén, Sture, ed. (1995). Of Thoughts and Words: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 92: The Relation Between Language and Mind (Conference publication). River Edge, New Jersey: Imperial College Press. pp. 217–266. ISBN 9781860940057. LCCN 96130659. OCLC 34912899.
- ^ "Uncleftish Beholding". Centre for Complexity Science, University of Warwick. 12 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ Hofstadter, Douglas R. (August 1994). "Speechstuff and Thoughtstuff: Musings on the Resonances Created by Words and Phrases via the Subliminal Perception of their Buried Parts". Nobel Symposium 92. Stockholm. doi:10.1142/9781908979681_0023.
- ^ R.L.G. (28 January 2014). "Johnson: What might have been". The Economist. Berlin. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ "atom | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "Definition of science | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "matter | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "element | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "laboratory | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
- ^ "electric | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- ^ "charge | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Stwertka, Albert (1996). A guide to the elements. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1. OCLC 33013451.
- ^ "nitre". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "potash | Origin and meaning of potash by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "Johnson: What might have been". The Economist. 28 January 2014. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
External links
[edit]- Uncleftish Beholding title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database