Waray language: Difference between revisions
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: Ako '''it magigin''' presidente! (I '''will be''' the president!) |
: Ako '''it magigin''' presidente! (I '''will be''' the president!) |
||
: Ako '''an nagin''' presidente. (I '''became''' the president.) |
: Ako '''an nagin''' presidente. (I '''became''' the president.) |
||
I miss you too! When are you going home? It seems that you earned lot of weight there in Manila. And you sure learned Bisaya! Hope to hear from you soon. Take care always! |
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===Existential=== |
===Existential=== |
Revision as of 14:41, 15 December 2010
Waray-Waray | |
---|---|
Winaray | |
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate |
Native speakers | 3.4 million total (first language: 3.1 million , second language: 250,000-300,000 (est.)); 5th most spoken native language in the Philippines[1] |
Latin (Filipino variant); Historically written in Baybayin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Regional language in the Philippines |
Regulated by | Commission on the Filipino Language Historically regulated by the Sanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | war |
ISO 639-3 | war |
Wáray-Wáray or Samarnon (commonly spelled as Waray; also referred to as Winaray or Lineyte-Samarnon) is a language spoken in the provinces of Samar, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Leyte (eastern and northern portion), and Biliran in the Philippines.
The Waraynon group of languages consists of Waray, Waray Sorsogon and Masbate Sorsogon. Waray Sorsogon and Masbate Sorsogon are called by the untrained as Bisakol because they are intermediate between Visayan and Bicolano languages, however, all of these are just variants of the Waray Language.
Grammar
Pronouns
Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | |
---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ako, ak | nakon, nak, ko | akon, ak |
2nd person singular | ikaw, ka | nimo, nim, mo | imo, im |
3rd person singular | hiya, siya | niya | iya |
1st person plural inclusive | kita, kit | naton | aton |
1st person plural exclusive | kami, kam | namon | amon |
2nd person plural | kamo | niyo | iyo |
3rd person plural | hira, sira | nira | ira |
The Waray copula
Waray, like other Philippine languages, does not have any exact equivalent to the English linking verb be. In Tagalog, for example, the phrase "Siya ay maganda" (She is beautiful) contains the word ay which, contrary to popular belief, does not function as an attributive copula predicating maganda (beautiful) to its subject and topic Siya (he or she). The function of Tagalog's ay is rather a marker of sentence inversion, which is regarded as a literary form but somewhat less common in spoken Tagalog. The same phrase may be spoken as Maganda siya, which has the same meaning.
The Waray language in comparison would express "She is beautiful" only as "Mahusay hiya" or sometimes "Mahusay iton hiya" (iton functioning as a definite article of hiya, she), since Waray doesn't have a present-tense copula or even an inversion marker. As in other Philippine languages, attributive statements are usually represented in predicate-initial form and have no copula at all. Take for example the ordinary English sentence "This is a dog" as translated to Waray:
- Ayam ini.
The predicate Ayam (dog) is placed before the subject ini (this); no copula is present. Another example:
- Amo ito an balay han Winaray o Binisaya nga Lineyte-Samarnon nga Wikipedia.
- Asya it an balay han Winaray o Binisaya nga Lineyte-Samarnon nga Wikipedia.
In English: "This is the Waray/Leyte-Samar Visayan Wikipedia". The predicate Amo ini is roughly translated as "This here" but the rest of the sentence then jumps to its subject, marked by the particle an. A more literal translation would therefore be "This is the Waray/Leyte-Samar Visayan Wikipedia". Unlike Tagalog, it is grammatically impossible to invert a sentence like this into a subject-head form without importing the actual Tagalog inversion marker ay, a growing trend among younger people in Leyte. The word amo is used only in Leyte Waray-Waray. In Samar, asya (this) is used.
Despite the debate regarding the Waray copula, it would be safe to treat structures like magin (to be), an magin/an magigin (will be or will become), and an nagin (became) as the English treat linking verbs:
- Makuri magin estudyante. ([It's] hard to be a student.)
- Ako it magigin presidente! (I will be the president!)
- Ako an nagin presidente. (I became the president.)
I miss you too! When are you going home? It seems that you earned lot of weight there in Manila. And you sure learned Bisaya! Hope to hear from you soon. Take care always!
Existential
WARAY | TAGALOG | ENGLISH |
---|---|---|
may-ada | meron/mayroon | there is |
wara/waray | wala | none |
Modal
WARAY | TAGALOG | ENGLISH |
---|---|---|
puyde/sadang | maaari/pwede | may/can |
diri puyde | hindi maaari/pwede | may not / cannot |
Pahudma | Pahiram/hiram | May I borrow? |
Pakit-a | Patingin | May I see? |
Interrogative Words
WARAY | TAGALOG | ENGLISH |
---|---|---|
hin-o | sino | who |
kay-ano | bakit | why |
diin | saan | where |
kanay | kanino | whose |
pa-o-nanho | paano | how |
san-o | kailan | when |
nano | ano | what |
WARAY | TAGALOG | ENGLISH |
---|---|---|
sino/hin-o | sino | who |
kay-ano | bakit | why |
diin | saan | where |
kankanay | kanino | whose |
guin-aano | paano | how |
san-o | kailan | when |
nano/ano | ano | what |
Orthography issues
While the now-defunct Sanghiran San Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte (Academy of the Visayan Language of Samar and Leyte) formulated and recommended a standard orthography, this was never widely disseminated and therefore as of present there is still no official orthogr aphy commonly accepted. In effect, there may exist two spellings of the same word (these usually limited to differences in vowels only), such as
- diri or dire ("no")
- hira or hera ("them")
- maopay or maupay ("good")
- guinhatag or ginhatag ("gave")
- direcho or diritso ("straight [ahead]")
- ciudad or syudad ("city")
- espejo or espeho ("mirror")
Usage
Waray-Waray is one of the ten officially recognized regional languages in the Philippines and used in the local government. It is spoken through out the islands especially in the Eastern Visayas region. But it is also spoken in some parts of Mindanao, Masbate, Sorsogon and Metro Manila where Warays migrated. There is also a very small number of Filipinos abroad, especially in the United States, that speaks this language. Waray-Waray is widely used in media especially in radio and television. One good example of this is the regional version of the Philippine news program TV Patrol for Eastern Visayas, TV Patrol Tacloban, which broadcasts in Waray-Waray. There is also a regional cable channel that broadcasts its programs in Waray-Waray, the An Aton Channel operated by DYVL. However print media in this language is seldom because most regional newspapers are published in English. The language is also used in the eucharistic celebrations or Holy Masses in the Roman Catholic Church in the region. Bibles published in Waray-Waray are also available. Waray-Waray songs are widely appreciated and can always be heard in the radio. In 1993, the LDS Church or Mormonism published a selected Waray-Waray edition of the Book of Mormon entitled "An Libro ni Mormon". Today, many Waray aficionados advocate the spread of usage of this language.
Sounds
The Waray language has sixteen consonants: /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, s, h, w, l, ɾ, j/. There are three main vowels: a [a], i [ɛ ~ i], and u [o ~ ʊ]. [i ~ ɛ] and [ʊ ~ o] sound the same,[clarification needed] but [o] is still an allophone of [ʊ] in final syllables. But they now have separate sounds for each.[clarification needed] Consonants /d/ and /ɾ/ were once allophones but cannot interchange, like palaron (to be lucky) [from palad, palm (because someone's luck is seen in the palm] but not paladon and tagadiín (from where) [from diín, where] but not tagariín.
Numbers
Native numbers are used for numbers one through ten. From eleven onwards, Spanish numbers are exclusively used in Waray-Waray today, their native counterparts being almost unheard of by the majority of native speakers numbers (except for gatus for hundred and yukot for thousand). Some, specially the old ones, are spoken alongside the Spanish counterparts.
English | Native Waray-Waray | Borrowed from Spanish |
---|---|---|
One | Usá | Uno |
Two | Duhá | Dos |
Three | Tuló | Tres |
Four | Upat | Kuwatro |
Five | Limá | Singko |
Six | Unom | Siez/says |
Seven | Pitó | Siete/syete |
Eight | Waló | Ocho/otso |
Nine | Siyám | Nuebe/nueve |
Ten | Napúlô | Diez |
Eleven | (Napúlô kag usá) | Onse |
Twenty | (Karuhaan) | Baynte |
Thirty | (Katloan) | Trenta |
Forty | (Kap-atan) | Kwuarenta |
Fifty | (Kalim-an) | Singkwenta |
Sixty | (Kaunman) | Siesenta |
Seventy | (Kapitoan) | Setenta |
Eighty | (Kawaloan) | Ochienta |
Ninety | (Kasiaman) | Nobenta |
One Hundred | Usa ka Gatus | Cien |
One Thousand | Usa ka Yukut | Mil |
One Million | Usa ka Ribo | Milyon |
Some common words and phrases
Below are examples of the Waray spoken in Metropolitan Tacloban and the nearby areas:
- Good morning (noon/afternoon/evening): Maupay nga aga (udto/kulop/gab-i)
- Good day: Maupay nga adlaw
- Can you understand Waray?: Nakakaintindi/Nasabut ka hin Winaray? (hin or hiton)
- Thank you: Salamat
- I love you: Hinihigugma ko ikaw or Ginhihigugma ko ikaw or Pina-ura ta ikaw
- I don't care: "Baga saho" or "Waray ko labot" or baga labot ko
- Where are you from? : Taga diin ka? or Taga nga-in ka? or Taga ha-in ka?
- How much is this? : Tag pira ini?
- I can't understand: Diri ako nakakaintindi
- I don't know: Diri ako maaram or Ambot
- What: Ano
- Who: Hin-o
- Where: Hain
- When (future): San-o
- When (past): Kakan-o
- Why: Kay-ano
- How: Gin-aano?
- Yes: Oo
- No: Dire or Diri
- There: Adto or Didto or Ngad-to
- Here: Didi or Nganhi
- Front or in front: Atubang or Atubangan or "Atbang"
- Night: Gab-i
- Day: Adlaw
- Nothing: Waray
- Good: Maupay
- Boy: Lalaki
- Girl: Babayi
- Gay/Faggot: Bayot
- Lesbian: Tomboy/Lesbyana
- Who are you?: Hin-o ka?
- I'm a friend: Sangkay ak.
- I'm lost here: Nawawara ak didi.
- Maybe: Kunta or Bangin
- how are you: Kumusta or Kumusta ka
Other common words
- Beautiful - mahusay
- Ugly - Mapurot/maraksot
- Table - Lamesa
- Spoon - kutsara
- Fork - tinidor
- Open - abrihi/abrido
- Can opener - abridor
Technical terms
- Steel - puthaw
- Car - awto / sarakyan
- Airplane - edro / eroplano
- Airport - lupadan
Astronomical terms
- Earth - kalibutan
- Moon - bulan Indonesian - bulan
- Sun - adlaw
- Star - bituon Indonesian - bintang
- univers
Natural terms
- Wind - hangin Indonesian - angin
- Fire - kalayo
- Land - tuna Indonesian - tanah
- Water - tubig
- Nature - libong
- Mountain - bukid Indonesian - bukit
- Falls - bangon
- Sea - dagat
- High Seas - lawud
- Ocean - kalawdan Indonesian = laut i.e. ka-laut-an
- Island - puro/isla Indonesian - pulau
- Archipelago - kapuruan Indonesian - kepulauan
- River - salug
- Lake - danaw Indonesian - danau
Parts of the house
- House - balay
- Room - kwarto/sulod
- Bedroom - sulod-katurugan
- Kitchen - kusina
- Outdoor Kitchen - abuhan
- Dining Room - kaunan
- Bathroom - kubeta/kasilyas/karigu-an
- Living Room - sala
Members of the Family
- Parent - tigurang/kag-anak
- Father - amay/tatay/papa
- Mother - iroy/nanay/mama
- Son/Daughter - anak
- Brother - bugto nga lalaki
- Sister - bugto nga babayi
- Grandparent - apoy/lolo (male) / lola (female)
- Cousin - patod
- Nephew/Niece - umangkon
- Son-in-Law/Daughter-in-Law - umagad
- Brother-in-Law/Sister-in-Law - bayaw(male) / hipag (female)
- Father-in-Law/Mother-in-Law - ugangan
- Oldest Child - suhag
- Youngest Child - puto
Fashion words
- Jeans - saruwal
- Clothes - bado / duros
- Belt - paha
Food
- Bread - tinapay
- Rice - kan-on
- Viand - sura
- Coffee - kape
- Vinegar - suoy
- Soy Sauce - toyo
Animals
- Dog - ayam/"idu"
- Cat - uding/misay
- Rat - yatut
- Crocodile - buaya
- Bird - tamsi
- Snake - halas
- Water buffalo - karabaw
- Crab - masag
- Lobster - tapusok
- Goat - kanding
- Horse - kabayo
Waray Waray loanwords
Common Waray Waray words and its foreign and local origin
Spanish
- Abandonada (Spanish: Abandonado/a) – abandoned
- Abaniko (Spanish: Abanico) – fan
- Abriha (Spanish: Abrir, Filipino: Abrihin) – to open
- Abrelata (Spanish: Abrelatas) – tin-opener/can opener
- Abril (Spanish: Abril) – April
- Abogado (Spanish: Abogado) – lawyer, attorney
- Aborido (Spanish: Aburrido) – bored (used in Tagalog as 'anxious, confused')
- Akasya (Spanish: Acacia) – acacia tree
- Aksidente (Spanish: Accidente) – accident
- Adurnuha (Spanish: Adornar, Filipino: Adurnuhan) – to decorate
- Agrabiyado (Spanish: Agraviado) – being aggrieved
- Aginaldo (Spanish: Aguinaldo) – Christmas gift
- Agosto (Spanish: Agosto) – August
- Ahensiya (Spanish: Agencia) – agency
- Ahente (Spanish: Agente) – agent
- Alahas (Spanish: Alhaja) – jewel
- Alambre (Spanish: Alambre) – wire
- Alkansiya (Spanish: Alcancía) – piggy bank
- Alpilir (Spanish: Alfiler) – pin
- Alsaha (Spanish: Alzar, Filipino: Alsahin)
- Ambisyoso (Spanish: Ambicioso) – ambitious
- Ambisyon (Spanish: Ambición) – ambition
- Arbularyo (Spanish: Herbolario) - Medicine man (from "Herbo" -herb)
- Arina (Spanish: Harina) – flour
- Arkitekto (Spanish: Arquitecto) – architect
- Armado (Spanish: Armado) – armed
- Armibal (Spanish: Almíbar) – syrup
- Artista (Spanish: Artista) – artist (used in Waray Waray as 'actor/actress')
- Ariyos (Spanish: Arreos) – tack (used in Waray Waray as 'earrings')
- Asintado (Spanish: Asentado) – settled
- Asero (Spanish: Acero) – steel
- Asno (Spanish: Asno) – donkey
- Asoge (Spanish: Azogue) – mercury
- Asosasyon (Spanish: Asociación) – association
- Asukal (Spanish: Azúcar) – sugar
- Asul (Spanish: Azul) – blue
- Asyatiko (Spanish: Asiatico) – Asian
- Intyendeha (Spanish: Atender) – to attend to
- Atrasado (Spanish: Atrasado) – overdue, slow (clock), backward (used in Waray Waray as 'late')
- Ayudaha (Spanish: Ayudar, Filipino: Ayudahan) – to help
- Baboy (Spanish: vaboy) - pig
- Banyo/Kasilyas (Spanish: Baño) – bathroom, toilet
- Baraha (Spanish: Baraja) – deck of playing cards
- Baratilyo (Spanish: Baratillo) – flea market (used in Waray Waray as 'bargain sale')
- Barato (Spanish: Barato) – cheap
- Barbero (Spanish: Barbero) – barber
- Barbula (Spanish: Válvula) – valve
- Bareta (Spanish Bareta) – bar
- Bagahe (Spanish: Bagaje) – baggage
- Baho (Spanish : Vaho) – steam (used in Waray Waray as 'foul smell')
- Bintana (Spanish: Ventana) – window
- Bintilador (Spanish: Ventilador) – electric fan
- Birhen (Spanish: Virgen) – virgin
- Bisagra (Spanish: Bisagra) – hinge
- Bisikleta (Spanish: Bicicleta) – bicycle
- Bisitaha (Spanish: Visitar) – to visit
- Botika/Botica/Parmasya/Farmacia - drugstore, pharmacy
- Conbensido (Spanish: Convencido) - convinced
- Demanda (Spanish: Demanda) – demand
- Demokrasiya (Spanish: Democracia) – democracy
- Demonyo (Spanish: Demonio) – demon, evil spirit
- Huygo (Spanish: Juego)- game (used in Waray Waray as 'gambling'
- Hugador (Spanish: Jugador)- game (used in Waray Waray as 'gambler'
- Dentista (Spanish: Dentista) – dentist
- Departamento (Spanish: Departamento) – department, bureau
- Depensa (Spanish: Defensa) – defense
- Deposito (Spanish: Depósito) – depot (fuel), deposit (money)
- Desisyon (Spanish: Decisión) – decision
- Diyos/a (Spanish: Dios/a) – god/goddess
- Doble (Spanish: Doble) – double
- Doktor/a (Spanish: Doctor/a) – doctor
- Don (Spanish: Don) – Mr. (used in Waray Waray to address a rich man)
- Donya (Spanish: Doña) – Mrs. (used in Waray Waray to address a rich woman)
- Dos (Spanish: Dos) – two
- Dose (Spanish: Doce) – twelve
- Dosena (Spanish: Docena) – dozen
- Drama (Spanish: Drama) – drama
- Droga (Spanish: Droga) – drugs
- Karsonsilyo/Carsoncillo (Spanish: Calzoncillo) – boxer shorts (used in Waray Waray as 'shorts')
- Marigoso (Spanish: Amargoso) - bittermelon
- Padre (Spanish: Padre) - father (used in Waray Waray as a title for a Roman Catholic priest)
Portuguese
- Porta (Portuguese: Porta) - door
- Morto (Portuguese: Morto) - ghost
Nahuatl
- Achuete (Nahuatl: Achiotl; Mexican Spanish: Achiote) – annatto seeds used to give food a reddish color
- Kakao/Kakaw (Cacao) (Nahuatl: Cacahuatl) – cacao or cocoa
- Sayote (Nahuatl: Chayotli; Mexican Spanish: Chayote) – a Mexican squash
- Tiyangge (Nahuatl: Tianquiztli; Mexican Spanish: Tianguis) – seasonal markets
- Tsokolate (Nahuatl: Xocolatl) – chocolate
Chinese
- Bakya (Fukien Chinese, Chinese: 木屐) – native wooden sandals
- Bihon – Vermicelli (made of rice flour, Chinese: 米粉)
- Bitsin (Fukien Chinese: Bi chhin, Chinese: 味精) – monosodium glutamate
- Jueteng (Fukien Chinese) – illegal numbers game
- Lumpia (Fukien Chinese, Chinese: 潤皮) – spring rolls
English
- Basket – basket
- Basketbol – basketball
- Basketbulan - basketball court
- Baysikol - bicycle
- Bilib - believe, envy
- Bilyar - billiard
- Bilyaran - billiard hall
- Dyip – jeep
- Elementari – elementary
- Ekonomiks - economics
- Eksport – export
- Ekspres - express
- Erkon - aircon
- Greyd – grade
- Groseri – grocery
- Hay Skul – High School
- Iskor – score
- Iskrin – screen
- Ispiker - speaker
- Keyk – cake
- Kostomer/Kustomer – customer
- Kompyuter – computer
- Kondisyoner - conditioner
- Kontrol - control
- Krim - cream
- Kukis - cookies
- Lider – leader
- Losyon - lotion
- Manedyer – manager
- Masol – muscle
- Makroekonomiks - macroeconomics
- Maykroekonomiks - microeconomiks
- Isparkol - sparkle
- Traysikol - tricycle
- Pidikab - pedicab
- Giyt - gate
Cebuano
- Bana (Cebuano: Bana) - husband
See also
- Bikol
- Cebuano
- Chabacano
- Filipino
- Hiligaynon
- Ilokano
- Kapampangan
- Languages of the Philippines
- Pangasinan
- Visayan languages
- Waray literature
References
Notes
- ^ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
General references
- Dictionary English Waray-Waray/Tagalog (2005) by Tomas A. Abuyen, National Book Store, 494 pp., ISBN 9710865293.
External links
- Radyo Waraynon - Waraynon Internet Radio Station
- Waray Museum Blog featuring Waray literature
- Online Lineyte-Samarnon (Waray)-English Dictionary (also with Videos, Photos, Music, News, Local Destinations)
- Waray lessons
- Bansa.org Waray Dictionary
- Ethnologue Report for Waray
- A downloadable Waray dictionary with etymologies and Cebuano, Tagalog cognates by Andras Rajki
- Waray Explained (Online Tutorial)