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Paul Volcker

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This article is about the American central banker. For the German general, see Paul Völckers.

Paul Volcker
Volcker in 1989
Chair of the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board
In office
February 6, 2009 – February 6, 2011
PresidentBarack Obama
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byJeffrey R. Immelt (Council on Jobs and Competitiveness)
12th Chairman of the Federal Reserve
In office
August 6, 1979 – August 11, 1987
PresidentJimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
DeputyFrederick H. Schultz
Preston Martin
Manuel H. Johnson
Preceded byG. William Miller
Succeeded byAlan Greenspan
Member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors
In office
August 6, 1979 – August 11, 1987
PresidentJimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
Preceded byWilliam Miller
Succeeded byAlan Greenspan
President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
In office
May 2, 1975 – August 5, 1979
Preceded byAlfred Hayes
Succeeded byAnthony M. Solomon
Personal details
Born
Paul Adolph Volcker Jr.

(1927-09-05)September 5, 1927
Cape May, New Jersey, U.S.
DiedDecember 8, 2019(2019-12-08) (aged 92)
New York City, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic[1][2]
Spouses
Barbara Bahnson
​
​
(m. 1954; died 1998)​
Anke Dening
​
(m. 2010)​
Children2
EducationPrinceton University (BA)
Harvard University (MA)
London School of Economics

Paul Adolph Volcker Jr. (September 5, 1927 – December 8, 2019) was an American economist who served as the 12th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1979 to 1987. During his tenure as chairman, Volcker was widely credited with having ended the high levels of inflation seen in the United States throughout the 1970s and early 1980s,[3] with measures known as the Volcker shock.[4][5][6] He previously served as the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1975 to 1979.

President Jimmy Carter nominated him to succeed G. William Miller as Fed chairman and President Ronald Reagan renominated him once. Volcker did not seek a third term at the Fed and was succeeded by Alan Greenspan. After his retirement from the Board, he chaired the Economic Recovery Advisory Board under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2011 during the subprime mortgage crisis.[7]

Early life and education

[edit]

Volcker was born in Cape May, New Jersey, the son of Alma Louise (née Klippel, 1892–1990) and Paul Adolph Volcker (1889–1960).[8] All his grandparents were of German origin. Volcker grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey, where his father was the township's first municipal manager. Paul Sr. thrived in the role for 20 years as he improved the burgeoning town's economic stability and the local government's effectiveness.[9] Paul Jr. had four older sisters: Ruth (1916–1991), Louise (1918–1966), Elinor (1922–1923) and Virginia Streitfeld (1924–2011). As a child, he attended his mother's Lutheran church, while his father went to an Episcopal church. Volcker graduated from Teaneck High School in 1945,[8] where he participated in several student groups and impressed his peers and teachers with his knowledge of politics.[10]

Volcker attended Princeton University as an undergraduate student and graduated with highest honors from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (now the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs) in 1949. In his senior thesis, titled "The Problems of Federal Reserve Policy since World War II", Volcker criticized the Federal Reserve's post-WWII policies for failing to curb inflationary pressures, writing, "a swollen money supply presented a grave inflationary threat to the economy. There was a need to bring this money supply under control if the disastrous effects of a sharp price rise were to be avoided."[11][12][13] Following a summer as a research assistant at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, he moved to Harvard University to earn an M.A. in political economy from its Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Graduate School of Public Administration. He worked a second summer as a New York Fed research assistant before graduating in 1951. After Harvard, Volcker attended the London School of Economics from 1951 to 1952 as a Rotary Foundation Ambassadorial Fellow under Rotary's Ambassadorial Scholarships program.[14]

Career

[edit]

In 1952, Volcker joined the staff of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as a full-time economist. He left that position in 1957 to become a financial economist with the Chase Manhattan Bank. In 1962, Robert Roosa, who had been his mentor at the Federal Reserve, hired him at the Treasury Department as director of financial analysis.[15] In 1963, he became deputy under secretary for monetary affairs. He returned to Chase Manhattan Bank as vice president and director of planning in 1965.[16]

Appointed by the Nixon Administration, Volcker served under secretary of the Treasury for international monetary affairs from 1969 to 1974. He played an important role in President Richard Nixon's decision to suspend gold convertibility of the dollar on August 15, 1971, which resulted in the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Volcker considered the suspension of gold convertibility "the single most important event of his career."[17] Because of his position as under secretary, Volcker served as a board member for OPIC and Fannie Mae.[18] Across the policies he worked on, he acted as a moderating influence on policy, advocating the pursuit of an international solution to monetary problems and acting as a negotiator with other nations' policymakers.[19] After leaving the U.S. Treasury, he spent a year as a senior fellow at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School (his alma mater). In 1975, he became President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and he retained that role until he became Federal Reserve Chairman in August 1979.[16]

Chairman of the Federal Reserve

[edit]
Portrait of Paul A. Volcker by Luis Alvarez Roure

After G. William Miller's confirmation as Secretary of the Treasury, President Jimmy Carter's confirmation of Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve Frederick H. Schultz's role as Acting Chairman sent markets panicking. Carter resultingly sought a reassuring, qualified nominee who would confront inflation head-on, and nominated Paul Volcker to serve as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on July 25, 1979.[20][21] He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 2, 1979, and took office on August 6, 1979.[22] President Ronald Reagan renominated Volcker to a second term in 1983.[23][24]

Inflation emerged as an economic and political challenge in the United States during the 1970s. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve board, led by Volcker, were widely credited with curbing the rate of inflation and expectations that inflation would continue. US inflation, which peaked at 14.8 percent in March 1980, fell below 3 percent by 1983.[25][3] The Federal Reserve board led by Volcker raised the federal funds rate, which had averaged 11.2% in 1979, to a peak of 20% in June 1981. The prime rate rose to 21.5% in 1981 as well, which helped lead to the 1980–1982 recession,[26] in which the national unemployment rate rose to over 10%. In addition to the rises in key interest rates, the so-called 'Volcker shock' included monetarist-inspired policies, such as targeting the money supply. Despite the fact that monetarist economists did not recognize Volcker policies to be totally monetarist, some members of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) claimed to follow monetarist principles.[27]

Volcker's Federal Reserve board elicited the strongest political attacks and most widespread protests in the history of the Federal Reserve (unlike any protests experienced since 1922), due to the effects of high interest rates on the construction, farming, and industrial sectors, culminating in indebted farmers driving their tractors onto C Street NW in Washington, D.C. and blockading the Eccles Building.[28] Aggrieved homebuilders mailed the Fed pieces of 2x4 lumber in protest.[29] The 'Volcker shock' also entailed strong disturbances within the European Monetary System and has therefore been deeply criticized in Europe.[30] US monetary policy eased in 1982, helping lead to a resumption of economic growth.

The US current account was in permanent deficit by the 1990s. Volcker himself tried to remedy the situation by the Plaza Accord in 1986, which called for Germany and Japan to revalue relative to the US dollar.[31]

The combination of the Fed's tight money policies and the expansive fiscal policy of the Reagan Administration (large tax cuts and a major increase in military spending) produced large federal budget deficits and significant macroeconomic imbalances in the U.S. economy. The combination of growing federal debt and high interest rates led to a substantial rise in federal net interest costs. The sharp rise of interest costs and large deficits led Congress to take some steps towards fiscal constraint.[32]

Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz said about him in an interview:

Paul Volcker, the previous Fed Chairman known for keeping inflation under control, was fired because the Reagan administration didn't believe he was an adequate de-regulator.[33]

Congressman Ron Paul, well known as a harsh critic of the Federal Reserve, offered qualified praise of Volcker:

Being in Congress in the late 1970s and early 1980s and serving on the House Banking Committee, I met and got to question several Federal Reserve chairmen: Arthur Burns, G. William Miller, and Paul Volcker. Of the three, I had the most interaction with Volcker. He was more personable and smarter than the others, including the more recent board chairmen Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke.[34]

In 1983, Volcker received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[35]

Post-federal reserve

[edit]
Volcker in 2014 with Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke

After leaving the Federal Reserve in 1987, he became chairman of the prominent New York investment banking firm, Wolfensohn & Co., a corporate advisory and investment firm run by James D. Wolfensohn (who later became President of the World Bank).[36][37]

In 1992, Volcker was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[38]

In 1993 he chaired the Group of 30 Report on the Derivatives market entitled "Derivatives: Practices and Principles"[39] with several appendices and a survey on how practices may have changed since the original 1993 report.[40] The Group of 30 is a "consultative group on international economic and monetary affairs." Volcker was their Chairman emeritus.[41]

In 1996, he took up the chair of the Independent Committee of Eminent Persons (Volcker Commission) to look into the dormant accounts of Jewish victims of the Holocaust lying in Swiss banks. This included a "massive accounting of Swiss bank records." In the midst of a contentious process (the committee was formed by three Jewish representatives and three representatives of Swiss banks), he was able to bring about an agreement among the parties for a settlement of $1.25 billion.[42]

Volcker was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1992.[38]

In 2000 he accepted the Chairmanship of the IFRS Trustees, the not-for-profit funding arm of the International Accounting Standards Board (later the IFRS Foundation). The IFRS Foundation is a private sector enterprise based in London which seeks to develop a single global accounting model, subject to adoption country by country under their rules of law.[43]

In April 2004, the United Nations assigned Volcker to research possible corruption in the Iraqi Oil for Food program. In the report summarizing its research, Volcker criticized Kojo Annan, son of then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA, Kojo's employer, for trying to conceal their relationship. He concluded in his March 2005, report that "there is no evidence that the selection of Cotecna, in 1998, was subject to improper influence of the Secretary General in the bidding or selection process."[44] While Volcker did not implicate the Secretary General in the selection process, however, he did cast serious doubt on Kofi Annan, whose "management performance ... fell short of the standards that the United Nations Organization should strive to maintain."[45] Volcker was a director of the United Nations Association of the United States of America between 2000 and 2004,[46][47] prior to his being appointed to the Independent Inquiry by Kofi Annan.[48]

As of October 2006, he was the chairman of the board of trustees of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty, and a member of the Trilateral Commission. He had a long association with the Rockefeller family, not only with his positions at Chase Bank and the Trilateral Commission, but also through membership of the trust committee of Rockefeller Group, Inc., which he joined in 1987. That entity managed, at one time, the Rockefeller Center on behalf of the numerous members of the Rockefeller family. He was a chairman and an honorary trustee of International House, the cultural exchange residence and program center in New York City. He was a founding member of the Trilateral Commission and a long-time member of the Bilderberg Group.[citation needed]

In January 2008, he endorsed Democratic Party presidential candidate Barack Obama in the upcoming presidential election.[49]

On April 8, 2008, he was the featured speaker at The Economic Club of New York. Volcker discussed "what appears to be in substance a direct transfer of mortgage and mortgage-backed securities of questionable pedigree from an investment bank to the Federal Reserve," and offered his detailed analysis and evaluation of interrelationships among the U.S. capital markets, Federal Reserve policies, and the economy as whole.[50]

Paul Volcker appeared in the Charles Ferguson's movie Inside Job. He was interviewed about current Wall Street CEO pay, claiming it is "excessive."[51]

Volcker was an economic advisor to President Barack Obama, heading the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board.[52][53][54] Volcker had also been Obama's first pick as United States Secretary of the Treasury, but he was considered too old.[55] During the financial crisis, Volcker was extremely critical of banks, saying that their response to the financial crisis was inadequate, and that more regulation of banks is called for.[56][57][58] Specifically, Volcker called for a break-up of the nation's largest banks, prohibiting deposit-taking institutions from engaging in riskier activities such as proprietary trading, private equity, and hedge fund investments (see Volcker Rule).[59][60] Volcker left the board when its charter expired on February 6, 2011, without being included in discussions on how the board would be reconstituted.[61]

On January 21, 2010, President Barack Obama proposed bank regulations which he dubbed "The Volcker Rule," in reference to Volcker's aggressive pursuit of these regulations.[62] Volcker appeared with the president at the announcement. The proposed rules would prevent commercial banks from owning and investing in hedge funds and private equity, and limit the trading they do for their own accounts.[63] According to SEC Commissioner Luis A. Aguilar, "[t]he success or failure of the Volcker Rule will depend on the manner in which banking entities comply with the letter and spirit of the rule, and on the willingness of regulators to enforce it."[64]

Volcker was known to defy the stereotype of a Wall Street insider. A profile in The Week for February 5, 2010, stated that Volcker does not agree with the conventional wisdom that "financial innovation" is necessary for a healthy economy. In fact, he likes to say, "the only useful banking innovation was the invention of the ATM."[65]

On April 6, 2010, at the New-York Historical Society's Global Economic Panel, Volcker commented that the United States should consider adding a national sales tax similar to the Value Added Tax (VAT) imposed in European countries, stating "If, at the end of the day, we need to raise taxes, we should raise taxes."[66]

In 2011, Volcker and former Secretary of State George Shultz authored an article in The Wall Street Journal voicing their opinion that the War on Drugs had failed. They did not advocate for the legalization of drugs, but rather for a reexamination of the costs of drug prohibition in the United States.[67]

In 2015, Volcker donated his public service papers to Princeton University's Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library.[68]

World Justice Project

[edit]

Volcker served as an honorary co-chairman for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multi-disciplinary effort to strengthen the rule of law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.[citation needed]

Volcker Alliance

[edit]

In 2013, Volcker founded the nonprofit organization the Volcker Alliance to address the challenge of effective execution of public policies and to rebuild public trust in government.[69][70] The nonpartisan Alliance works toward that objective by partnering with other organizations—academic, business, governmental, and public interest—to strengthen professional education for public service, conduct needed research on government performance, and improve the efficiency and accountability of governmental organization at the federal, state, and local levels.[71]

Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget

[edit]

Volcker served on the board of directors of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.[72] The nonpartisan organization is "committed to educating the public on issues with significant fiscal policy impact."[73]

Personal life

[edit]

Volcker married Barbara Bahnson, the daughter of a physician, on September 11, 1954. They had two children, Janice, a nurse and a Georgetown University graduate,[74] and James, a research assistant and a New York University graduate[75] who was born with cerebral palsy. They also had four grandchildren.[76][77][78] His younger sister died young, and two of his three older sisters, Louise and Ruth, never married. His other older sister, Virginia, was married to and divorced from Harold Streitfeld; they have five children.[79]

Volcker was an avid fly-fisherman,[80] who recounted in 1987, "The greatest strategic error of my adult life was to take my wife to Maine on our honeymoon on a fly-fishing trip."[81][82] Volcker was known as "Tall Paul" for his height of 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m),[83][84] standing exactly a foot (30 cm) taller than his first wife, Barbara, when they first met.[76] She died on June 14, 1998, having suffered from lifelong diabetes, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. Over Thanksgiving, 2009, he became engaged to Anke Dening, a long-time assistant.[85] They married in February 2010.[86]

Death

[edit]

Volcker died in New York City on December 8, 2019, at age 92. He had reportedly been treated for prostate cancer since being diagnosed the year prior.[87]

Honorary degrees

[edit]

Volcker received honorary degrees from several educational institutions, including: Baytown Christian Academy, Hamilton College (1980), University of Notre Dame, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, New York University, University of Delaware,[88] Fairleigh Dickinson University, Bryant College, Adelphi University, Lamar University, Bates College (1989), Fairfield University (1994), York University (2001), Williams College (2003),[89] Northwestern University (2004), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (2005), Brown University (2006), Georgetown University (2007), Syracuse University (2008),[90] Queen's University (2009), Amherst College (2011), and at the University of Toronto (2015).[91]

Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, where Volker served on the advisory board from 2001 until his death, established the "Paul Volcker Chair" in Behavioral economics in 2011.[92][93]

Works

[edit]
  • Changing Fortunes, Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten, Crown, May 26, 1992, ISBN 978-1-58648-752-2
  • Forbes Great Minds Of Business, Fred Smith, Peter Lynch, Andrew Grove, Paul Volcker (Author), Pleasant Rowland, John Wiley and Paul A. Volcker, Simon and Schuster Audio, October 1, 1997, ISBN 978-0-671-57722-3
  • Good Intentions Corrupted: The Oil for Food Scandal And the Threat to the U.N., Paul Volcker, Jeffrey A. Meyer and Mark G. Califano, Public Affairs Gorgias Press, August 28, 2006, ISBN 978-1-58648-472-9
  • Keeping at it: The Quest for Sound Money and Good Government (Memoir); Public Affairs 2018, ISBN 978-1541788312[94]
[edit]

The political rock band Volcker from Portland, Oregon, formed in early 2015, was named after him.[95] It released an eponymous album on January 27, 2016.[96] The band was featured on BBC Radio 4's Economics with Subtitles on August 28, 2016.[97]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hoffman, Nicholas von (December 2, 1979). "Can Volcker Stand up to Inflation?". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  2. ^ Silk, Leonard (November 8, 1987). "Volcker on the CRASH". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "To Treat the Fed as Volcker Did". The New York Times. November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  4. ^ "Volcker Shock: key economic indicators 1979-1987". Statista. October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  5. ^ Matthews, Dylan (July 13, 2022). "How the Fed ended the last great American inflation — and how much it hurt". Vox. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  6. ^ Wolf, Zachary B. (July 27, 2022). "This kind of shock to the economy will have consequences". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  7. ^ "Obama Announces Economic Advisory Board" (Press release). White House Press Office. February 6, 2009.
  8. ^ a b Treaster (2004), pp. 87–92.
  9. ^ Griffin, Robert. "Looking Back on the History of Teaneck". Teaneck Public Library. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  10. ^ "Teaneck High School Yearbook". Ancestry.com. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  11. ^ Volcker, Paul (1949). The Problems of Federal Reserve Policy since World War II (Thesis).
  12. ^ "'The integrity and will of ten men': the life of Paul Volcker '49". The Princetonian.
  13. ^ Volcker, Jr., Paul Adolf. "The Problems of Federal Reserve Policy since World War II" – via catalog.princeton.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Paul A. Volcker". Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  15. ^ Treaster (2004), p. 38.
  16. ^ a b Santow, Leonard Jay (2009). Do They Walk on Water?: Federal Reserve Chairmen and the Fed. ABC-CLIO. p. 95-105. ISBN 9780313360336.
  17. ^ Silber (2012) p. 2.
  18. ^ Nomination of Paul A. Volcker Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-Sixth Congress, First Session, on the Nomination of Paul A. Volcker, to Be Chairman, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System (Report). July 30, 1979. p. 52.
  19. ^ Conderacci, Greg; Janssen, Richard F. (July 26, 1979). "Balm for Business: Volcker's Nomination As Chairman of the Fed Is Being Widely Hailed". Wall Street Journal.
  20. ^ Greider, William (1989). Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal Reserve Runs the Country. Simon & Schuster.
  21. ^ President Jimmy Carter (July 25, 1979). "Federal Reserve System Nomination of Paul A. Volcker To Be Chairman of the Board of Governors". Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  22. ^ "Senate Confirms Miller and Volcker". The New York Times. August 3, 1979. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  23. ^ Robert D. Hershey Jr. (June 3, 1987). "Volcker Out after 8 Years as Federal Reserve Chief; Reagan Chooses Greenspan". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  24. ^ "Paul A. Volcker – Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  25. ^ "Bureau of Labor Statistics Data". Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  26. ^ NBER, US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Reichart Alexandre & Slifi Abdelkader [2016], 'The Influence of Monetarism on Federal Reserve policy during the 1980s', Papers in Political Economy/Cahiers d'Économie Politique, 70 (1), pp. 106-150
  28. ^ Shull, Bernard. 2005. The Fourth Branch: The Federal Reserve's Unlikely Rise To Power And Influence. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 1-56720-624-7. p. 142.
  29. ^ Matthews, Dylan (July 13, 2022). [How the Fed ended the last great American inflation — and how much it hurt "How the Fed ended the last great American inflation — and how much it hurt"]. Vox. Retrieved July 17, 2024. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  30. ^ Reichart Alexandre [2024], 'Managing Monetary Policy facing US External Constraint and Internal Macroeconomic Divergences: the Case of the Western European Central Banks in the 1980s', The Journal of European Economic History, 53(1), pp. 47-96.
  31. ^ Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten (1992). Changing Fortunes.
  32. ^ "Volcker: The Triumph of Persistence (Bloomsbury Press; 2012) 454 pages, p. 8."
  33. ^ Gardels, Nathan. Stiglitz: The Fall of Wall Street Is to Market Fundamentalism What the Fall of the Berlin Wall Was to..., HuffPost, September 16, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  34. ^ Chan, Sewell (December 11, 2010). "The Fed? Ron Paul's Not a Fan". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  35. ^ "Jefferson Awards Foundation". Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  36. ^ Appelbaum, Binyamin; Hershey, Robert D. Jr. (December 9, 2019). "Paul A. Volcker, Fed Chairman Who Waged War on Inflation, Is Dead at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  37. ^ Montet, Virginie (December 9, 2019). "Paul Volcker, US Fed Chief Who Led War On Inflation, Dead At 92". IBTimes.com. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  38. ^ a b "Paul A. Volcker". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  39. ^ "Derivatives Practices and Principles" (PDF). Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  40. ^ "Derivatives: Practices and Principles: Follow-up Surveys of Industry Practice". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
  41. ^ "Group of 30 Current Members". Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  42. ^ Treaster (2004), p. x.
  43. ^ "Annual Report of the IFRS Trustees Foundation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2015.
  44. ^ Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme – Second Interim Report (29 March 2005) Archived August 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine p.77.
  45. ^ Traub, James. 2006. The Best Intentions: Kofi Annan and the UN in the Era of American Power. New York: Picardor, n.d., p. 420.
  46. ^ Miller, Judith; Preston, Julia (January 31, 2005). "2 Inquiries on Iraq Aid Are at Odds". The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2019. In a report last week, the conservative Heritage Foundation contended that Mr. Volcker had a conflict of interest that 'threatens his credibility' as head of the commission because he had not disclosed that he was a director of the United Nations Association of the United States of America, which the report called 'a pro-U.N. advocacy group.'
  47. ^ "The Volcker Investigation into the U.N. Oil-for-Food Scandal: WhyIt Lacks Credibility". The Heritage Foundation. February 1, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2019. When Volcker was appointed to head the Oil-for-Food investigation in April 2004, it was not widely known by the public, the world's media, and the U.S. Congress that he was a director of the United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA) and the Business Council for the United Nations (BCUN). Volcker is listed as a director in the 2003-2004 UNA-USA annual report,[12] as well as in the annual reports for 2001-2002 and 2000-2001.[13]
  48. ^ "The Volcker Interim Report on the United Nations Oil-for-Food Program: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, February 9, 2005" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 2005. p. 11. Retrieved December 16, 2019. It is inconceivable that Kofi Annan was unaware of Mr. Volcker's close ties to the United Nations Association when he appointed him to head the Oil-for-Food investigation, and it could well have been an important factor influencing his decision.
  49. ^ Calmes, Jackie (January 31, 2008). "Volcker Joins List of Obama Backers". Washington Wire. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  50. ^ The Economic Club of New York: April 8, 2008, Transcript 101st Year, 395th Meeting, (8 April 2008) p. 2, and pp. 5–8.
  51. ^ 101st Year, 395th Meeting, (8 April 2008) Archived October 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine pp. 2, 5–8.
  52. ^ Kudlow, Lawrence (June 27, 2008). "Where's Bernanke's Inner Volcker?". Townhall.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  53. ^ "Transcript of Third Presidential Debate". October 15, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  54. ^ ""President-elect Barack Obama establishes President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board" change.gov". Change.gov. November 26, 2008. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  55. ^ Tooze, Adam (2018). Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World. New York, New York: Viking. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-670-02493-3. OCLC 1039188461.
  56. ^ Werdigier, Julia (December 8, 2009). "Volcker Criticizes Calls to Limit Bank Regulation". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  57. ^ Murray, Alan (December 14, 2009). "Paul Volcker: Think More Boldly". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  58. ^ Rose, Charlie (December 30, 2009). "Paul Volcker: The Lion Lets Loose". Business Week. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  59. ^ Johnson, Simon (December 17, 2009). "Paul Volcker Finds a Hammer". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  60. ^ McGrane, Victoria (January 4, 2010). "'Big is bad' catches on in Congress". The Politico. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  61. ^ Onaran, Yalman (January 6, 2010). "Volcker Sidelined as Obama Reshapes Economic Advisory Panel". Bloomberg. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  62. ^ David Cho, and Binyamin Appelbaum (January 22, 2010). "Obama's 'Volcker Rule' shifts power away from Geithner". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  63. ^ Conway, Brendan (January 26, 2010). "'Volcker Plan' Bank Units Worth Tens Of Billions". Dow Jones & Company. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  64. ^ Aguilar, Luis (December 10, 2013). "Statement on the Volcker Rule: Reducing Systemic Risk By Banning Excessive Proprietary Trading with Depositors' Money". Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  65. ^ "Spotlight" in The Week, 2010 February 5 (Volume 10 Issue 449), p. 38.
  66. ^ Geoff Earle; Tony Davenport (April 7, 2010). "Bam man pitching national sales tax". New York Post. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  67. ^ Volcker, George P. Shultz And Paul A. (June 11, 2011). "A Real Debate About Drug Policy". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  68. ^ "Former Federal Reserve chairman Volcker donates public service papers to Princeton". Princeton University. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  69. ^ "Paul Volcker Launches Volcker Alliance". Forbes. May 12, 2015.
  70. ^ Schwartz, Nelson D. (May 29, 2013). "Volcker Plans to Restore Faith in Government". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  71. ^ "Our Mission". The Volcker Alliance. November 4, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  72. ^ "Board Members". Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. April 25, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  73. ^ "About Us". Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. August 4, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  74. ^ "Janice Volcker Is Married". The New York Times. September 20, 1981. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  75. ^ "WEDDINGS; Martha DeJong and James Volcker". The New York Times. August 1, 1993. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  76. ^ a b Treaster (2004), pp. 83, 86, 110.
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Sources

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Paul Volcker.
Other offices
Preceded by President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
1975–1979 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors
1979–1987 		Succeeded by
Chairman of the Federal Reserve
1979–1987
Political offices
New office Chair of the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board
2009–2011 		Succeeded byas Chair of the Council on Jobs and Competitiveness
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