Jump to content

Atmanirbhar Bharat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Vocal for Local)

Aatmanirbhar Bharat[a], which translates to 'self-reliant India',[8] is a phrase the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and his government used and popularised in relation to the country's economic development plans. The phrase is an umbrella concept for the Modi government's plans for India to play a larger role in the world economy, and for it to become more efficient, competitive and resilient.

Modi has used the English phrase since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and digital India. The first popular use of the phrase in Hindi was Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (Self-Reliant India Mission) during the announcement of India's COVID-19 pandemic economic package in 2020. Since then, the phrase has been used by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defence in press releases, statements and policies. The government has also used the phrase in relation to India's new National Education Policy and the 2021 Union budget of India. The concept under Modi's premiership has been adapted from earlier uses of the phrase in the Indian sub-continent.

The swadeshi movement was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. The concept of self-reliance has been used by the country's former Planning Commission in multiple five-year plans between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since its independence. Private companies and their products have been considered as examples of self-reliance in sectors such as beverages, automotives, cooperatives, financial services and banking, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.

History

[edit]

Political self-reliance and self-rule

[edit]
The spinning wheel or charkha was and is still one of the most famous symbols of Swadeshi in India. And part of Nai Talim.
M. S. Swaminathan's efforts brought "dignity and self-reliance" to the people he served; a World Food Prize commendation from President Ronald Reagan.[9] The Green Revolution in India was preceded by land reforms and irrigation work.[10]

India saw a promotion of political self-reliance for swaraj (self-governance or self-rule) during the independence movement.[11] Activists such as Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore explained self-reliance in terms of the nation and of the self.[12][13] This included the discipline of an individual and the values of a society.[12][13] With the foundation of educational institutes such as Visva-Bharati University, Tagore had a role in bringing India closer to self-reliance in education.[14] M. S. Swaminathan said in his youth is the 1930s, he like his peers, "young and old shared the dream of a free and self-reliant India. Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi (self-reliance) were our goals ..."[9]

In 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah acknowledged slogans such as "atmanirbharta", "Make in India" and "vocal for local" were adapted from Gandhi's efforts towards swadeshi.[15] Pre-independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived and adapted, and are being put into practice.[16][15]

Economic self-reliance and dependence

[edit]

The swadeshi movement [b] was one of the Indian sub-continents most effective pre-independence movements.[18][19] It was successfully implemented after the partition of Bengal in 1905.[20]

Indian nationalists emphasised economic self-reliance, of which planning was an important part, in the years before independence.[21] The National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1938 under its president Subhash Chandra Bose.[22] The committee was multi-disciplinary and composed of well-known personalities from across the sub-continent.[23] Bose lent his full support to the planning efforts to make independent India an economic unit that was industrialised and self-sufficient.[22] There was, however, much opposition to these plans, including non-cooperation by Gandhi, who opposed the type of industrialisation being championed and he called the committee's efforts pointless.[24] Another pre-independence effort to plan the economic development of independent India was the Bombay Plan, whose authors include J. R. D. Tata, G. D. Birla and A. Dalal.[25] The Bombay Plan sought to make India self-sufficient by increasing the role of the state in all aspects of the economy, a contrast to 21st-century India.[26] In the following years, India took cues from economic models in the Soviet Union, later becoming aware of other models such as those of South Korea, Taiwan and Brazil.[27]

Independent India's first major policy document, the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948, echoed the "national consensus" regarding how India was to proceed.[28] This national consensus called for a mixed economy and self-reliance.[29] Under Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, India's Green Revolution and White Revolution (Operation Flood) helped India to become self-sufficient and a world leader in agricultural products such as milk and tea.[30]

In 1983, Sanjaya Baru wrote self-reliance can be understood as "the strategy and the perception of our relative merits and constraints, of our opportunities and of our tasks. Even where deviations had occurred from this strategy they were viewed as temporary departures, as products of expediency, as being forced on an unwilling government ... ".[31] He based this on a 1982 lecture at Sydenham College in which economist Ashok Mitra had said; "We opted for self-reliance because, in our view, it was the most rational economic course".[31] Foreign capital at the time was considered a form of colonial dependence, which was undesirable. India had the capability and infrastructure that were necessary for economic development.[31] Following India's decision to take International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans in the 1980s and taking into account the general economic situation in the country, Baru concluded; "it would seem altogether inappropriate to refer to 'self-reliance' any longer as constituting a national goal".[32]

In the 1990s, Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao redefined and adapted the meaning of self-reliance for the country compared with the Nehru era.[33] In October 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said self-reliance is not simply a policy of autarky or isolating the country; worldwide relationships, interdependence and negotiating power are associated features.[34]

In 2000, Y. V. Reddy, (representative image) then the Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), spoke at some length on self-reliance during the Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture: "self reliance of a country lies in its economic strength and resilience to potential vulnerabilities".[35]

Private companies and their products such as the Maruti 800 car, Thums Up beverage, Amul, HDFC, and pharmaceutical companies Bharat Biotech and Serum Institute of India, have been considered examples of self-reliance in India.[36][37][38] In sectors such as food production, India is self-sufficient but problems such as poor nutrition and hunger remain.[39][40]

Policy and Five-Year Plans

[edit]

The Planning Commission of India's lead document, its twelve Five Year Plans, were published from 1951 to 2014 and contained some form of self-reliance or self-sufficiency as a goal.[41] The first two plans formed the basis of self-sufficiency and self-reliance in government policy, which was to be implemented through concepts such as import substitution.[41] This did not achieve adequate progress so the plans shifted to having a larger emphasis on promoting self-reliance.[41] According to the plans, India should have enough money to buy what it needed; by June 1991, however, India had only sufficient foreign exchange reserves for two weeks.[41] These situations and practices such those during Licence Raj led to renewed calls for self-reliance.[41] Bimal Jalan, who became a Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor, said the outlook towards self-reliance swung between plans, which were influenced by factors outside India.[42] He said self-reliance must be accompanied by improvements in other economic indicators.[43]

In an address to the National Development Council in 1976, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, spoke of "self-reliance in food and energy" and "economic self-reliance".[44] The fifth Five-Year Plan of India (1974–1978) has self-reliance was one of the three stated objectives, the other two being related to GDP and poverty.[45] Use also included the achievement of "self-reliance in terms of technology, production and conservation" in relation to non-renewable resources.[46] The report noted in sectors such as industrial machinery and chemicals, the ratio of imports had decreased, an indication of increased self-reliance.[46]

Increase in self-reliance in oil production, in atomic energy capabilities, space technologies, and agricultural and medical research were highlighted retrospectively in the seventh plan.[47] In prospect, self-reliance was a strategic necessity to make India capable of surviving external shocks.[47] "Excessive reliance" was used in the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007), which also stated "Science and Technology ... plays a lead role in contributing ... self-reliance."[48] The next plan mentioned a "desire for attaining and sustaining self-reliance in some sectors of the economy".[49]

Defence sector

[edit]
Initial operating capability variants of No. 45 Squadron doing air manoeuvres
Indigenous HAL Tejas, a multirole light fighter, with some imported technologies. Indigenous content is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenisation of a number of parts is underway.[50]

According to a statement by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Parliament on 27 May 1998, following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May:

In 1947 ... the nuclear age had already dawned. Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self-reliance, and freedom of thought and action. We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non-alignment ... These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self-reliance and independence of thought and action.[7][6]

India's principles governing its defence production have changed; self-sufficiency was followed by self-reliance, which in turn brought about an emphasis on public-private co-production and independent, private production.[52] The very first case of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' being used in practice before the scheme was the Fairchild-Dornier 228 manufacturing being done by the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, with Pushpindar Singh Chopra in charge of manufacture.[53] In 1992, a Self Reliance Review Committee was formed under A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the scientific advisor to the Defence Minister.[54] The committee created the self-reliance index to identify the degree of content that was made in India as a part of procurement.[55] The ten-year target to increase self-reliance in defence was never achieved.[55] This index did not take into account factors like critical components and sanctions during a conflict.[56] In 2000, K. Subrahmanyam of India's National Security Advisory Board emphasised the need to distinguish self-reliance from self-sufficiency in the defence sector.[57] He said most pragmatic way for India would be self-reliance rather than self-sufficiency. This would lead to challenges such as the reliance and integrity of the supplier.[57]

As of 2022, over half of India's military equipment is either Soviet or Russian.[58] The defence sector also required self-sufficiency in military logistics, including food during emergencies.[59]

Ministry of Defence (MoD) is going to amend Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020. Under the new rules, private sector will be allowed to form joint venture with public sector undertakings in India by acquiring 51% stake. The private sector will also be allowed to export 25% of the production to third countries. Indian Armed Forces also given assurance that they will purchase the end product. Indian Multi Role Helicopter is the first major project to follow this process.[60]

Atmanirbhar Bharat

[edit]

During the coronavirus pandemic in India, the lockdown, and an existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the economic impact of the pandemic, the government issued an adapted idea of self-reliance.[61] On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time when he said;[3] (trans.) "the state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) 'Self-reliant India' is the only path. It is said in our scriptures—EshahPanthah. That is—self-sufficient India."[41][2] While the speech was in Hindi, the reference by Press Information Bureau to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" caused some confusion.[41][2] In the days following Modi's speech, the Indian government issued an economic package called the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (transl. Self-reliant India Mission).[5] It was met with a mixed response.[62]

External videos
video icon PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12 May 2020), PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14) on YouTube

According to economist Swaminathan Aiyar, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. In the 1960s and 1970s, India's drive for self-sufficiency was unsuccessful,[63] and doing the same again is not advisable.[63] Sadanand Dhume was sceptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it meant a revival of pre-liberalisation era policies.[64] Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of Year in 2020.[65][8]

The adapted plan for self-reliance or aatmarnibharta that emerged included a readiness to associate with and challenge the global economy, unlike past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence swadeshi movement and with post-independence foreign aid.[66] Swadeshi, however, has been adapted with slogans such as "vocal for local" while at the same time, global interconnectedness is being promoted.[66] The government aims to reconcile this; according to Economist Intelligence Unit; "Modi's policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world".[67]

Along with the coronavirus pandemic, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India-China border relations and India's economic dependence on China in some sectors.[68] Calls for India to boycott Chinese products and promote an Atmanirbhar Bharat instead are practically difficult in the short term for India, which imports US$75 billion worth of goods every year from China, and parts of Indian industry are dependent on China.[69] Following the Galwan Valley skirmish on 15 June 2020, which resulted in a number of deaths, Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, an affiliate of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given contracts for projects such as the Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System.[70][71] A Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6 km (3.5 miles) of the project.[72]

While an Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the premiership of Narendra Modi, especially in rhetoric and speeches, this is not always apparent in government policies.[73] There has been concern Atmanirbhar Bharat is political messaging that has no economic impact.[74][75] India's trade deficit restricts a reduction in dependence on imports, restricting protectionism and isolationism.[76] Protectionist tendencies such as tariff increases, however, have been seen during this phase.[77] The general trend by the Modi government has been to support domestic industries rather than global ones.[78] Subsidies are being used as incentives to get global business leaders into India.[77] The initiative has been accused of crony capitalism and of giving false hope to small businesses that align with the messaging.[74] On 7 December 2021, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh said for India to be self-reliant, states must be self-reliant.[79][80]

Use by the NDA government

[edit]

Prime Minister Modi used the phrase "self-reliance" in June 2014 in relation to defence manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.[81] He reiterated this over the years; in 2018, he spoke of the need for India to make its own weapons.[82] In August 2014, he connected self-reliance to Digital India,[83] in September 2014 in reference to making the poor self-reliant,[84] and in March 2022 in relation to technologies.[85]

Proponents of Atmanirbhar Bharat, including Modi and his cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said this self-reliance policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist or isolationist. For India, self-reliance means being a larger and more important part of the world economy.[86][87] The concept requires policies that are efficient and resilient, and encourage equity and competitiveness.[4] It means being self-sustaining and self-generating;[4] and creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".[88] In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign is not about bringing back socialism or import substitution, rather the intent is to boost manufacturing.[89] The five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat are economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography and demand.[90]

COVID-19 pandemic initiatives

[edit]
A 5ml vial of Covaxin[91][92] has been conveyed as a symbol of atmanirbhar Bharat.[93]

The research, development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccinations in India was connected in separate statements to atmanirbharta by the President,[94] Vice-President,[95] Prime Minister,[93] and other Union ministers.[96] Modi stated; "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".[93]

On 12 May 12 October and 12 November 2020, the government announced a total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth ₹29.87 trillion (equivalent to ₹35 trillion or US$420 billion in 2023) in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.[97][98][99] As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages, the government decided to change the definition of Small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs),[100] boosting scope for private participation in several sectors,[101] increasing FDI[clarification needed] in the defence sector;[101] and the changes found support in many sectors such as solar energy manufacturing.[102]

The growth of India's personal protective equipment (PPE) sector from limited production before March 2020 to 4,50,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020, is considered an example of a self-reliant India.[103][104] The PPE industry in India became a ₹100 billion (equivalent to ₹120 billion or US$1.4 billion in 2023) industry in three months, the second largest after China.[105]

In July 2020 the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution issued a statement placing food rationing within the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat.[3] In August 2020, following the migrant workers crisis during the pandemic, the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants within the concept's ambit.[3]

Other initiatives

[edit]

The importance of education and research for self-reliance has been recognised.[106] In an address to the students of Visva-Bharati University, the new National Education Policy of India was connected to the creation of an Atmanirbhar Bharat,[107] and Prime Minister Modi challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.[14] The Indian Minister of Education has also stressed the link between education and Atmanirbhar Bharat.[108] Educationist and university administrator C. Raj Kumar said the vision of an 'Atmanirbhar University' combines the vision of John Henry Newman's work "Idea of a University" with the Humboldtian model of higher education.[108] Apex public education bodies such as AICTE have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote Atmanirbhar Bharat.[109] The home minister acknowledged the new policy also gives due importance to svabhasha, Indian languages.[15]

During a speech in 2017, Prime Minister Modi said his government was trying to tap human capital flight, and had the aim of engaging India's diaspora.[110] To this effect new organisations such as IN–SPACe in the space sector would aim to channel India's space talent.[111] Dependence in the pharmaceutical sector upon active pharmaceutical ingredients is being addressed; out of 53 raw materials that were imported, 35 were being produced in India by March 2022.[112]

The Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, addressing an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders in attendance.

In August 2020, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced the Defence Ministry was "now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on 101 military items in a staged manner over five years.[113][114] In the following months, more positive indigenisation lists and negative import lists were released.[115][116][117] New legislation[c] was portrayed as initiatives towards increasing India's self-reliance.[119][120] A new category of procurement, Indian Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured (Indian-IDDM) was created.[121] Reform of the Ordnance Factory Board and giving the new defence PSU units large-scale orders was a move towards military self-reliance.[122] Equipment manufactured under Indian-IDDM have been handed over to the military.[123][124] In the fiscal year 2022, the Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65% of its capital budget on domestic procurement.[125] Increased self-reliance is also being seen in the construction of its warships and submarines.[126]

The phrase was also connected to the 2021,[127] and 2022 Union budgets.[128][129] Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.[130] Government-backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance, and associated slogans such as 'vocal for local' have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair, which was digitally launched in February 2021,[131] and the associated brainstorming event Toycathon.[132] In July 2020, the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage the building of apps.[133] 6,940 entries were received, of which 24 apps were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps and cricket games. The challenge's success led to its continuation through another round of entry submission.[134] Government schemes also support the implementation of self-reliant initiatives.[135]

Slogans

[edit]

Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include "vocal for local", '"local for global", "make for world" and "brain drain to brain gain".[136][137]

Vocal for local

[edit]

Products should be "made in India" and promoted to make them competitive.[137][138] During the Independence Day speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said; "The mindset of free India should be 'vocal for local'. We should appreciate our local products, if we don't do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."[139][140] Amul managing director RS Sodhi said the phrase vocal for local "meant that products be made competitive vis-a-vis global brands" and that "it didn't mean that one must only buy products that have a logo 'made in India' on it".[137] An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', meaning locally made Indian products should have global appeal and reach.[137] The slogan has been extended to sectors such as the toy manufacturing; "time to be vocal for local toys".[141][142]

Make for the world

[edit]

Prime Minister Modi, during the 2020 Independence speech, said "make for world" should go together with 'make in India' and that the slogan "make for world" should be a key slogan like 'make in India' is.[139][143] A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".[144] Arvind Panagariya, the first vice-chairperson of NITI Aayog, said in an interview with Govindraj Ethiraj implementation of the slogan is a matter of optics and policy change.[145]

Indian diaspora

[edit]

Non-resident Indians and Overseas Citizens of India are an important part of the global nature of India's self-reliance.[146][147][148] According to the government's messaging, Indians who live abroad are part of India's "brain gain" rather than a liability for India.[149] The global nature of India's self reliance has "concern for the whole world's happiness, cooperation and peace".[146]

Domestic commentary

[edit]

In the context of India, the concept "self-reliance" was first defined during the Nehru era.[33] The concept of self-reliance has twice been re-defined; the first occurred during the prime-minister-ship of P. V. Narasimha Rao, and the second was during that of Modi.[33] Author Romesh Thapar wrote in 1968; "Self-reliance demands the courage, the guts, to sacrifice something for the future. If no one does, there will be only one new export our current efforts will yield—brain and talent."[150] In June 2020, India's Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said; "At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China".[151]

Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called a re-packaged version or revival of the Make in India movement using new slogans such as "Vocal for Local".[152][153][154] Opposition members have spoken about India enacting policies and building companies since its creation to make the nation self-reliant—Steel Authority of India (SAIL) for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) for medical science, Defence Research and Development Organisation for defence research, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for aviation, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for space research, Central Coalfields (CCL), NTPC and GAIL in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.[155] Some have re-phrased it as "Fend For Yourself" campaign;[156] it has also been called "economic nationalism".[157] It has been noted the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy ... for growth and development".[3] Unfinished reforms in the atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.[158]

Arvind Panagariya has criticised policies of self-sufficiency and protectionism as opposed to free trade in the context of India's past.[159][160][161]

International reactions

[edit]

By mid-2021 a number of global policy experts and those in the Indian diaspora acknowledged Atmanirbhar Bharat is a good initiative while acknowledging doubts the initiative still carries.[162] In June 2021, Vinai Thummalapally, former US ambassador to Belize, said India's global exports of manufacturing products is low and that through this program, competitive, valuable products would lead to export-led growth.[162] Nisha Desai Biswal, an American businesswoman, has said the lack of clarity on the definition of Atmanirbhar Bharat has resulted in a "pause" and that the program could be counter-productive.[162] Freddy Svane, Denmark's ambassador to India, and Himanshu Gulati, Member of Parliament Norway, have both stated Denmark and Norway can help India in its self-reliant mission in the area of energy-efficient technologies.[162]

In June 2021, the UK India Business Council conducted a survey that found a majority of companies found Atmanirbhar Bharat an opportunity to increase business in India.[163] In January 2021 Kenneth Juster, the US ambassador to India, said Atmanirbhar Bharat and the desire to play a larger economic role in the world may not be compatible.[164] In April 2022, the United States Trade Representative wrote in a report of foreign trade barriers in India: "U.S. exporters continue to encounter significant tariff and non-tariff barriers that impede imports of U.S. goods and services into India. While the Government of India has pursued ongoing economic reform efforts, it also continues to promote programs such as 'Make in India' (2014) and 'Self-Reliant India' (Atmanirbhar Bharat – May 2020) that seek to increase India's self-sufficiency by promoting domestic industry and reducing reliance on foreign suppliers and imported goods".[165][166]

In July 2020, the Chief Executive of Lockheed Martin India stated the company is "committed to supporting the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of self-reliance".[167]

See also

[edit]

References and notes

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ Alternatives and variations in spelling include Aatma Nirbhar Bharat,[1] AtmaNirbhar Bharat,[2] AatmaNirbhar Bharat,[3] Aatmanirbhar Bharat,[4] and Atman Nirbhar Bharat.[5] In 1998, PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term आत्मनिर्भरता / Aatmanirbharta,[6] officially translated as self-reliance.[7]
  2. ^ Swadeshi is an adjective meaning "of one's own country"[17]
  3. ^ The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)[118]
Citations
  1. ^ "PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back'". Jagran English. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020". pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau). Prime Minister's Office, Government of India. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e Mohanty, Prasanna (14 November 2020). "Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?". Business Today. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  4. ^ a b c "Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment: PM assures global investors". Outlook India. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b Joshi et al. 2021, p. 1.
  6. ^ a b Hosted by National Informatics Centre. (27 May 1998). "Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran (Hindi)". Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021 – via Digitisation Unit, Lok Sabha Secretariat.
  7. ^ a b Hosted by National Informatics Centre (27 May 1998). "Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran". Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021 – via Digitisation Unit, Lok Sabha Secretariat.
  8. ^ a b "Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020". languages.oup.com. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is... Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance.
  9. ^ a b Gopalkrishnan, Gita (2002), M. S. Swaminathan. One Man's Quest for a Hunger-Free World (PDF), Education Development Center, Inc, pp. 122, 128, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2007 Produced for the Youth Employment Summit 2002
  10. ^ Trivedi, Madhur (5 June 2020). "Self-reliance is a process, Prime Minister, which began long before you". National Herald. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  11. ^ Sarukkai 2021, p. 357.
  12. ^ a b Sarukkai 2021, p. 364.
  13. ^ a b Shrivastava, Aseem (1 October 2019). "Gandhi at 150: He believed in natural self-rule". Down to Earth. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2021. ...both Gandhi and Rabindranath are clear that such self-rule is not crudely reducible to the struggle for national liberation that constituted anti-colonial movements like the Indian freedom struggle.
  14. ^ a b Sarkar, Shankhyaneel, ed. (19 February 2021). "New education policy will pave path for Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  15. ^ a b c "Make In India, Atmanirbhar Bharat New Definitions Of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi Movement: Amit Shah". Outlook India. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  16. ^ "Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat new definitions of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement: Amit Shah". Udayavani. Press Trust of India. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Swadeshi". Metta Center for Nonviolence. 3 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  18. ^ Mohan Jha, Anand; Kumar Jha, Amrit; Kumar Jha, Sanjeev (2020). "National Education Policy 2020: A Step towards Technology Driven Education and Self-reliant India". Solid State Technology. 63 (6).
  19. ^ Bansal, Akhil (4 June 2020). "Atmanirbhar Bharat: Success depends on how India negotiates terms with US, EU". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  20. ^ Biswas 1995, p. 39.
  21. ^ Baru 1983, p. 34.
  22. ^ a b Chakrabarty 1992, p. 279.
  23. ^ Nehru 1994, p. 395.
  24. ^ Chakrabarty 1992, p. 282-284.
  25. ^ Baru 1983, p. 35.
  26. ^ Mohanty, Prasanna (27 February 2021). "Rebooting Economy 70: The Bombay Plan and the concept of AatmaNirbhar Bharat". Business Today. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  27. ^ Baru 1983, p. 40.
  28. ^ Baru 1983, p. 35-36.
  29. ^ Baru 1983, p. 34-36.
  30. ^ Tiwari, Brajesh Kumar (16 August 2020). "Changing scenario of Indian economy: 1947-2020". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  31. ^ a b c Baru 1983, p. 36.
  32. ^ Baru 1983, p. 45.
  33. ^ a b c Baru, Sanjaya (7 June 2020). "Self-reliance; third edition". The Week. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  34. ^ "PM's speech at the release of Dandi March Commemorative Coins". archivepmo.nic.in. Prime Minister of India - Dr. Manmohan Singh (22 May 2004 - 26 May 2014). 2 October 2005. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  35. ^ Reddy, Y. V. (13 July 2000). Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined (Speech). Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture. Chennai.
  36. ^ Khanna, Sundeep (21 February 2021). "The best symbols of Atmanirbhar Bharat". Moneycontrol. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  37. ^ "Covaxin's efficacy shows immense strength of Atmanirbhar Bharat: ICMR chief". Business Standard India. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  38. ^ "Iconic Brands of India: Indigenous brands step into the spotlight". The Economic Times. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  39. ^ Jitendra (19 November 2018). "India claims to be self-sufficient in food production but facts say otherwise". Down to Earth. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  40. ^ Singh, Joginder (3 October 2016). "India is self-sufficient, but millions go hungry". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g Misra, Udit (17 August 2020). "Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history". The Indian Express. Explained Desk. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  42. ^ Jalan 1972, p. 759, 761.
  43. ^ Jalan 1972, p. 761.
  44. ^ "Address of the Prime Minister to the meeting of the National Development Council on September 24, 1976 (Reproduced as foreword of the 5th Five Year Plan of India)". NITI Aayog. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  45. ^ Tendulkar 1974, p. 27.
  46. ^ a b "5th Five Year Plan: Chapter 2". NITI Aayog. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  47. ^ a b "7th Five Year Plan (Vol-1): Planned Development: Retrospect and Prospect". NITI Aayog. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  48. ^ "Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 (Volume 1)" (PDF). NITI Aayog. Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  49. ^ "Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-12 (Volume 3)" (PDF). NITI Aayog. Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 344. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  50. ^ "Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  51. ^ "31st Annual Report 2015 - 2016" (PDF). ada.gov.in. Aeronautical Development Agency, Ministry of Defence, India. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  52. ^ Behera 2013, p. 34-35.
  53. ^ "Know Your 'Rafale'". Indian Defence Forum. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  54. ^ Singh 2013, p. 248.
  55. ^ a b Behera 2013, p. 32.
  56. ^ Behera 2013, p. 46.
  57. ^ a b Subrahmanyam, K. (October 2000). "Self-Reliant Defence and Indian Industry". Strategic Analysis. 24 (7): 1221–1234. doi:10.1080/09700160008455283. S2CID 154513315. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021 – via idsa-india.org (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi).
  58. ^ Bedi, Rahul (23 February 2022). "New Sanctions on Russia Spell Trouble for India's Defence Procurement". The Wire. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  59. ^ Fazalbhoy, Y. A. (1966). Towards Self-Reliance (PDF). Forum of Free Enterprise. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2022.
  60. ^ Gupta, Shishir (17 July 2022). "Defence ministry to allow private companies to develop military helicopters". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  61. ^ Joshi et al. 2021, p. 2.
  62. ^ Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative (2021), p. 3.
  63. ^ a b "Govt needs to understand the difference between self-sufficiency and self-reliance: Swaminathan Aiyar". The Economic Times. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  64. ^ Dhume, Sadanand (1 June 2020). "The false promise of self-reliance: An inward-looking India could quickly slide towards closed-mindedness, cronyism and mediocrity". The Times of India Blog. Retrieved 10 November 2021. From TOI print edition
  65. ^ Canton, Naomi (3 February 2021). "'Aatmanirbharta' chosen Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  66. ^ a b Joshi et al. 2021, p. 7.
  67. ^ Sharma, Samrat (23 September 2020). "Modi's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' has downside risks too; will India take pre-liberalisation stand again?". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  68. ^ Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative (2021), p. 14.
  69. ^ HV, Harish (5 June 2020). "'Atmanirbharta' from China—easier said than done". The Hindu @businessline. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  70. ^ Arnimesh, Shanker (15 June 2020). "RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project". ThePrint. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  71. ^ Shrivastava, Rahul (16 June 2020). "Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid". India Today. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  72. ^ "Chinese firm to build stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor". The Indian Express. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  73. ^ Joshi et al. 2021, p. 1, 8.
  74. ^ a b Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative (2021), p. 18.
  75. ^ D'souza, Renita (29 June 2020). "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan: A true commitment or a cosmetic gimmick?". ORF. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  76. ^ Alam et al. 2021, p. 6.
  77. ^ a b Mukherjee, Andy (17 January 2022). "View: Will India's self-reliance stance prove to be a costly mistake?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  78. ^ Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative (2021), p. 18-19.
  79. ^ "States need to be 'self-reliant' for 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': MP CM". Ahmedabad Mirror. Indo-Asian News Service. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  80. ^ PHD Research Bureau (December 2021). "States' Policy Conclave 2021. Role of States' in Making Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India)" (PDF). PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
  81. ^ "PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 14 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  82. ^ "Indigenous defence production must for India's self-reliance: PM Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. 14 July 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  83. ^ "PM Narendra Modi calls for 'Digital India' to improve governance". Business Today. Press Trust of India. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  84. ^ "Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitches schemes to make poor self-reliant". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  85. ^ "PM Modi bats for self-reliance in technology sector". Livemint. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  86. ^ "'To spur growth': Nirmala Sitharaman on PM Modi's Atamanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan". Hindustan Times. 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  87. ^ "Bennett University webinar: Need to tap Artificial Intelligence to fight Covid, says IT minister Ravi Shankar Prasad". The Economic Times. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  88. ^ "Creating wealth, values for humanity at core of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  89. ^ "Atmanirbhar Bharat not to stop imports but to boost manufacturing: FM". Business Today. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  90. ^ "Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliant India, lays down 5 pillars". The Times of India. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  91. ^ Bhaduri, Ayshee, ed. (3 March 2021). "Covaxin demonstrates prowess of Atmanirbhar Bharat, says ICMR chief". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  92. ^ "Humbled,' tweets Bharat Biotech after PM Modi takes Covaxin dose at AIIMS". The Financial Express. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  93. ^ a b c "'Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi". Livemint. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  94. ^ "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan will make world order more just and fair: Kovind". Livemint. 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  95. ^ "India's emergency approval to 2 Covid vaccines a leap of science, says Venkaiah Naidu". ThePrint. Press Trust of India. 4 January 2021. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  96. ^ "Manufacture Of Covid-19 Vaccine, A Fulfilment Of Atmanirbhar Bharat Vision: Prakash Javedekar". Outlook India. 23 January 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  97. ^ Misra, Udit (13 May 2020). "PM Modi's self-reliant India Mission economic package: Here is the fine print". The Indian Express. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  98. ^ "PM Modi Speech LIVE Updates: To battle Covid-19, Rs 20,00,000 crore economic package". The Indian Express. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  99. ^ Sharma, Manoj (12 November 2020). "Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore". Business Today. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  100. ^ "Atmanirbhar Bharat: Union Cabinet approves changes in definition of MSMEs". Business Standard India. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  101. ^ a b Mishra, Hari Hara (1 June 2020). "Post-COVID-19 Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Time to usher in an industrial and agricultural revolution". Business Today. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  102. ^ "Solar manufacturers extend support to govt's Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan". Economic Times Energyworld. 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  103. ^ "Building Atmanirbhar Bharat & Overcoming COVID-19". india.gov.in (National Portal of India). Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  104. ^ ANI (5 May 2020). "From zero, India now produces around 4 lakh PPE kits per day". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  105. ^ Bhushan, Ranjit (10 June 2020). "From PPE kits to sanitisers to ventilators, COVID-19 has sparked off an indigenous cottage industry boom". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  106. ^ "National Education Policy will help make India self-reliant: PM Modi". The Indian Express. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  107. ^ "NEP will play key role in creating 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 22 September 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  108. ^ a b Kumar, C. Raj (28 September 2020). "Building India's Atmanirbhar Universities". Education World. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  109. ^ Sharma, Kritika (5 February 2021). "Use books by Indian authors to promote PM's Atmanirbhar Bharat mission — AICTE to colleges". ThePrint. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  110. ^ Peermohamed, Alnoor; Pramanik, Ayan (9 January 2017). "India to tap NRIs for R&D and turn 'brain drain' into 'brain gain': Modi". Business Standard India. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  111. ^ Saxena, Sparshita, ed. (24 June 2020). "'Another step towards making India self-reliant': PM Modi lauds govt's 'historic' move in space sector". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  112. ^ Ghosh, Abantika (29 March 2022). "Inching towards self-reliance: India now makes 35 drug raw materials that were imported before". ThePrint. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  113. ^ Kaushik, Krishn (10 August 2020). "Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  114. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (9 August 2020). "Artillery guns, assault rifles, AFVs — Here's a list of 101 items MoD won't import in future". ThePrint. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  115. ^ IANS (29 December 2021). "India stops import of 2,851 components used in defence platforms". Business Standard India. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  116. ^ "Defence ministry puts restrictions on import of 351 items under staggered timeline". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 29 December 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  117. ^ Ray, Kalyan (7 April 2022). "Defence ministry's third negative import list prohibits import of another 101 items". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  118. ^ "Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020" (PDF). Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  119. ^ Saxena, Lt Gen (Dr) (Retd.) VK (16 October 2020). "DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation". Indian Defence Review. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  120. ^ Das, Pushan (15 April 2020). "India's defence procurement policy 2020: Old wine in a new bottle". ORF. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  121. ^ "Defence Procurement Policy". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Defence. 24 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  122. ^ Kaushik, Krishn (16 October 2021). "PM push to Atmanirbhar Bharat: Goal is to make India major military power". The Indian Express. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  123. ^ "PM Modi to lay foundation of defence plant in Jhansi". The Indian Express. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  124. ^ Shreya (31 December 2021). "From Atmanirbhar Bharat to Women's Empowerment: A year of reforms for defence ministry". Oneindia. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  125. ^ Shukla, Ajai (20 April 2022). "Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65% of FY22 capital budget on domestic procurement". Business Standard.
  126. ^ "Navy becoming self-reliant for Atmanirbhar Bharat, says Prez at fleet review". The Indian Express. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  127. ^ Prasad, Gireesh Chandra (16 December 2020). "Mint Budget 2021: Atmanirbhar Bharat is govt's mantra for economic revival". Livemint. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  128. ^ "Budget 2022-2023 Speech of Nirmala Sitharaman, Minister of Finance" (PDF). Union Budget. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 1 February 2022.
  129. ^ Kumar, Shivani (1 February 2022). Chaturvedi, Amit (ed.). "Union Budget 2022: In push for Atmanirbhar defence, procurement budget raised to 68%". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  130. ^ "India to be self-reliant in fertilisers production by 2023: Sadananda Gowda". The Financial Express. Press Trust of India. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  131. ^ "'The India Toy Fair, 2021' to be held virtually from 27th February 2021 to 2nd March 2021". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  132. ^ Ministry of Textiles (11 February 2021). "First Ever India Toy Fair to be held from 27 February to 02 March, 2021; website launched today". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  133. ^ "MyGov Announces Winners of 'AatmaNirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge'; Encourages the Spirit of Self-Reliance & Innovation". Ministry of Electronics and IT, Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  134. ^ "Amrit Mahotsav App Innovation Challenge 2021". innovateindia.mygov.in. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  135. ^ Mandaviya, Mansukh (25 October 2021). "Making India self-reliant in health care". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  136. ^ "PM Modi pushes for self-reliant India with 'Make for World' call". The Times of India. 16 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  137. ^ a b c d James, Nandana; Gandhi, Forum (2 July 2020). "How Modi's 'vocal for local' campaign is going places". The Hindu @businessline. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  138. ^ "'Vocal for local': PM Modi urges people to buy 'Made in India' products on Diwali". WION. 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  139. ^ a b ANI (15 August 2020). "'Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Modi". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  140. ^ Chaturvedi, Amit, ed. (15 August 2020). "'Mindset for free India should be vocal for local': PM Modi pushes for self-reliance in Independence Day speech". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  141. ^ "PM Modi: Time to be vocal for local toys, India can be major hub". The Indian Express. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  142. ^ "Toycathon Grand Finale: PM Modi urges people to be 'vocal for local toys'". The Indian Express. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  143. ^ Jayaswal, Rajeev (15 August 2020). "New focus of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' is 'make for world' : PM Modi in Independence Day speech". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  144. ^ Mukul, Jyoti (11 September 2020). "L&T deal will push Make in India for the world: Schneider India chief". Business Standard India. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  145. ^ Govindraj Ethiraj, IndiaSpend (28 August 2020). "Arvind Panagariya interview: India can't become an export powerhouse unless it's open to imports". Scroll.in. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  146. ^ a b "Address by External Affairs Minister at the Plenary Session on Role of Diaspora in Aatmanirbhar Bharat". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 9 January 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  147. ^ Roche, Elizabeth (9 January 2021). "PM Modi urges Indian diaspora to showcase Brand India globally". Livemint. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  148. ^ "Indians around world can help make country self-reliant: Minister Shripad Naik". The Tribune India. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  149. ^ Teckchandani, Jyotika (10 January 2022). "Indian diaspora and economic development of India". WION. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  150. ^ Thapar, Romesh (12 October 1968). "Myth of Self-Reliance". Economic and Political Weekly. 3 (4): 1567–1568. JSTOR 4359165.
  151. ^ "'At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China': FM Sitharaman irked over non-essential imports". The Financial Express. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  152. ^ "'Repackaged version of Make in India': Shashi Tharoor on PM Modi's Self-reliant India Mission". Hindustan Times. ANI. 13 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  153. ^ Bijoor, Harish (26 May 2020). "Self-reliant India: The bounce of vocal for local". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  154. ^ Joseph, M.P. (19 May 2020). "OPINION: How Modi's Atmanirbhar Bharat reminds us of Ambassador car". The Week. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  155. ^ Kumar, Abhay (31 May 2020). "Shatrughan Sinha takes jibe at PM over 'Atma-nirbhar Bharat'". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  156. ^ Sahay, Anand K. (29 May 2020). "'Atma Nirbhar Bharat': A mantra to mask failure?". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  157. ^ Vij, Shivam (27 January 2021). "The political success of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'". ThePrint. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  158. ^ Sabharwal, Manish (18 May 2020). "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan lays strong foundations for raising our per capita GDP". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  159. ^ Panagariya, Arvind (17 November 2021). "Why we must trade freely". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  160. ^ Panagariya, Arvind (3 March 2021). "Self-sufficiency held India back: Some useful economic history lessons on how we manage to handicap ourselves". Times of India Blog. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  161. ^ "Our love of self-reliance and the perils of autarky". Livemint. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  162. ^ a b c d "Atmanirbhar Bharat. Marching to a $5 trillion Economy" (PDF). Amway. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. March 2021.
  163. ^ Finnigan, Kealan (29 June 2021). "UKIBC launch report in support of UK-India ETP and Atmanirbhar Bharat". UK India Business Council. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  164. ^ Roche, Elizabeth (5 January 2021). "Atmanirbhar Bharat may limit trade ties: US envoy". Livemint. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  165. ^ "Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat seek to increase India's self-sufficiency: US report". The New Indian Express. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  166. ^ "2022 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. p. 245.
  167. ^ Siddiqui, Huma (28 July 2020). "Lockheed Martin committed to strengthening India's strategic security, industrial capabilities: William L Blair, VP, Chief Executive, LM India". The Financial Express. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
Bibliography

Further reading

[edit]

Speeches

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • Ramanujam S, Siddiq EA, Chopra VL, Sinha SK (1980). Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance. Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India.
  • Mohanty, Prasanna (2021). "6: AatmaNirbhar Bharat: Turning the Clock Back". An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5479-189-5.

Journals

[edit]

News

[edit]

Think-tanks

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Atmanirbhar_Bharat&oldid=1255903828"