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Vegetarian finch

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Vegetarian finch
Female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Platyspiza
Ridgway, 1897
Species:
P. crassirostris
Binomial name
Platyspiza crassirostris
(Gould, 1837)
Synonyms

Camarhynchus crassirostris (Gould, 1837)
Camarhynchus variegatus (Sclater & Salvin, 1870)[2]

The vegetarian finch (Platyspiza crassirostris) is a species of bird in the Darwin's finch group of the tanager family Thraupidae endemic to the Galápagos Islands. It is the only member of the genus Platyspiza.

Taxonomy

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The vegetarian finch is one of Darwin's finches, a group of closely related birds that evolved on the Galápagos Islands. The group is related to the yellow-faced grassquit (Tiaris olivaceus) which is found in South and Central America and the Caribbean.[3] An ancestral relative of the grassquit arrived on the Galápagos Islands some 2–3 million years ago, and the vegetarian finch is an early evolutionary radiation from that ancestor.[4]

When Darwin first collected the species in 1835, he assumed it was a finch.[5] John Gould, who formally described the vegetarian finch in 1837, placed it in a new genus Camarhynchus and coined the binomial name Camarhynchus crassirostris.[6][7] The vegetarian finch is now placed in the genus Platyspiza that was introduced by Robert Ridgway in 1897.[8][9] Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Darwin's "finches" are actually members of the subfamily Coerebinae within the large tanager family Thraupidae.[10][11]

The vegetarian finch is the sole member of the genus Platyspiza,[12] which some taxonomists still subsume into the genus Camarhynchus.[13]

Etymology

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The genus name Platyspiza comes from the Greek platus, meaning "broad" and spiza, meaning "finch".[14] The specific name crassirostris comes from the Latin crassus, meaning "heavy" or "thick" and rostris, meaning "-billed" (rostrum = bill).[15] The "vegetarian" of its common name refers to its primary diet.[16]

Description

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The vegetarian finch is one of the largest Galápagos finches, measuring 16 cm (6.3 in) in length[13][nb 1] and ranging from 29 to 40 g (1.0 to 1.4 oz) in mass.[18] Its upright stance is described as "parrot-like".[19] Its beak is broad and stout, with a strongly curved culmen. Males have upper parts which are olive-colored, with underparts that are whitish, with smudgy streaking on the lower breast and flanks; some birds show rufous on the underparts. Their lower flanks and undertail coverts are buffy, with a black hood, throat, breast and upper flanks. Their iris is dark, and the bill is black in the breeding season and horn-colored during the rest of the year.[13] Females are principally brown above and off-white below, with a buffy rump and flanks streaked with brown on the face, crown, upperparts, throat, breast and flanks, and show two indistinct buffy wingbars on the brown wings. Their beak is two-toned; the upper mandible ranges in color from dusky brown to black, while the lower mandible is dull orange or dull pink. The immature male is intermediate in appearance between the adult male and the adult female; it appears blackish on the face and throat, but is more streaked below than the adult male.[13]

Voice

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The song of the vegetarian finch is nasal and drawn out, with each note lasting about two seconds. Transcribed as ph'wheeeuuuuu-íííúúú, it is accented towards the end. The bird's primary call is high-pitched and squealing, said to resemble the sound of a radio tuner. It also gives a whiny pheep.[13]

Range and habitat

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Endemic to the Galápagos, the vegetarian finch is found on eight islands: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Santiago, Pinta and Fernandina.[20] Although it was previously found on Pinzón and Santa Fé, the species is now extirpated from both islands.[21] It is found from 0 to 500 m (0 to 1,640 ft) above sea level.[22] Although it is most common in montane evergreen forest, particularly the transition zone, its range also extends up into the humid zone and down into the arid zone.[13]

Behavior

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Breeding

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Little is known about the breeding ecology of this species. It breeds primarily in the wet season, building a grassy domed nest with a side entrance.[13] Courtship feeding is known to occur throughout courtship and incubation, with some pairs passing food items back and forth several times.[23]

Feeding

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As its name suggests, the vegetarian finch is largely a plant-eater. It feeds primarily on buds, leaves, flowers and fruit,[24] and will strip the bark off twigs to get to the cambium and phloem which lies underneath.[25] Although it forages mainly in trees, it will descend to the ground to search for fallen fruits and young plant shoots.[19] It also occasionally eats caterpillars.[26] It feeds primarily at mid-levels,[13] in what has been described as a "rather leisurely" manner.[19] Because its principal food items are soft, the vegetarian finch has a beak morphology unlike those of Darwin's finches which specialize on hard seeds.[16] Described as "parrot-like",[27] the beak is small and stout, with a steep profile and a strong curve in the upper mandible. Its primary function is food manipulation at the tip, rather than seed crushing at the base.[28] The vegetarian finch has a disproportionately large gizzard for its size, as well as a long intestine and a disproportionately small heart.[28] These allow it to process the "relatively indigestible" leaves and buds that make up a large proportion of its diet.[29]

Conservation and threats

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Although the vegetarian finch is uncommon, it is widespread across the Galápagos Islands. Its numbers appear to be stable,[13] though they have not been quantified.[1] The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as a species of Least Concern, as neither its population size nor its range size approach thresholds for concern.[1] Like all endemic wildlife on the Galápagos Islands, though, it is impacted by some human activities. Fires, overgrazing by domestic and feral animals, and the introduction of exotic species are among the most serious threats it faces.[30] It is found in seven of the important bird areas established on the islands.[1]

Note

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  1. ^ By convention, length is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail on a dead bird (or skin) laid on its back.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2016). "Platyspiza crassirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22723762A94831686. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22723762A94831686.en. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  2. ^ Donahue (2011), p. 205.
  3. ^ Newton, Ian (2003). Speciation and Biogeography of Birds. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-12-517375-9.
  4. ^ Grant & Grant (2008), p. 25.
  5. ^ Donahue (2011), p. 156.
  6. ^ Gould, John (1837). "Remarks on a group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin's collection, with characters of new species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 5 (49): 4-7 [6].
  7. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 164.
  8. ^ Ridgway, Robert (1897). "Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 19 (1116): 459–670 [545]. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.19-1116.459. hdl:2027/mdp.39015068571168. S2CID 84705983.
  9. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  10. ^ Burns, K.J.; Hackett, S.J.; Klein, N.K. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Darwin's finches and their relatives". Evolution. 56 (6): 1240–1252. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01435.x. PMID 12144023. S2CID 16764465.
  11. ^ Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
  12. ^ Freeland, Joanna R.; Boag, Peter T. (July 1999). "Phylogenetics of Darwin's Finches: Paraphyly in the Tree-finches, and Two Divergent Lineages in the Warbler Finch" (PDF). The Auk. 116 (3): 577–588. doi:10.2307/4089320. JSTOR 4089320.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jaramillo, Alvaro; Rising, J. D.; Copete, J. L.; Ryan, P. G.; Madge, Steve C. (2011). "Family Emberizidae (Buntings and New World Sparrows)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.). Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 16: Tanagers to New World Blackbirds. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 675–676. ISBN 978-84-96553-78-1.
  14. ^ Jobling (2010), p. 309.
  15. ^ Jobling (2010), p. 121.
  16. ^ a b Grant & Grant (2008), p. 8.
  17. ^ Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-857358-6.
  18. ^ Dunning Jr., John Barnard, ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 564. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  19. ^ a b c Heinzel (2000), p. 239.
  20. ^ Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). Wildlife of the Galápagos. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.
  21. ^ Heinzel (2000), p. 248.
  22. ^ "BirdLife International Species: Vegetarian Finch Platyspiza crassirostris". BirdLife International. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  23. ^ Zerba, Eileen; Baptista, Luis F. (April–June 1980). "Courtship feeding in some emberizine finches" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 92 (2): 245–246.
  24. ^ Kricher (2006), p. 137.
  25. ^ Weiner, Jonathan (1994). The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York: Vintage Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-679-40003-5.
  26. ^ Kricher (2006), p. 143.
  27. ^ Hess, John (2009). The Galapagos: Exploring Darwin's Tapestry. Columbia, MS, USA: University of Missouri Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8262-1837-7.
  28. ^ a b Grant (1986), p. 360.
  29. ^ Grant (1986), p. 86.
  30. ^ Stattersfield, Alison J. (1998). Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-946888-33-7.

Cited works

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