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: Bande Mataram redirects here, for other uses of the term, see [[Bande Mataram (disambiguation)]].'' |
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{{IndicText}} [[Image:Bharat Mata Abanindranath.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Typical depiction of [[Bharat Mata]] by [[Abanindranath Tagore]]]] |
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'''''Vande Mataram''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: वन्दे मातरम् ''Vande Mātaram'', [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: <big>বন্দে মাতরম</big> ''Bônde Matorom''; ''English translation: Bow to Mother.'') is the national song of [[India]]<ref name="National Symbols of India">{{cite web| url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_song.php| title=National Symbols of India| publisher= [[Government of India]]| accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref>, distinct from the [[national anthem of India]] "[[Jana Gana Mana]]". The song was composed by [[Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay]] in a mixture of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]].<ref name="mustard">[http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/mataram.htm Vande Mataram<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the first political occasion where it was sung was the 1896 session of the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="National Symbols of India"/>. |
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In 2003, [[BBC World Service]] conducted an international poll to choose ten most famous songs of all time. Around 7000 songs were selected from all over the world. According to BBC, people from 155 countries/island voted. ''Vande Mataram'' was ranked second in the top ten songs. |
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However, many [[muslim]] organizations in India have declared [[fatwa]]s against singing ''Vande Mataram'', due to the song giving a notion of worshipping ''Mother India'', which is unislamic<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jamiat-upholds-fatwa-against-Vande-Mataram/articleshow/5194439.cms] "Fatwa against Vande Mataram"</ref>. The song remains to this day very unpopular among muslims of India. |
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==History and significance== |
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It is generally believed that the concept of ''Vande Mataram'' came to [[Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay]] when he was still a government official under the [[British Raj]]. Around 1870, the British rulers of India had declared that singing of ''[[God Save the Queen]]'' would be mandatory.<ref name="mustard" /> He wrote it in a spontaneous session using words from two languages he was expert in, Sanskrit and Bengali. However, the song was initially highly criticized for the difficulty in pronunciation of some of the words.<ref name="mustard" /> The song first appeared in [[Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay]]'s book ''[[Anandamatha]]'' (pronounced ''Anondomôţh'' in Bengali), published in 1882 amid fears of a ban by [[British Raj]]. However, the song itself was actually written in 1876.<ref name="mustard" /> Jadunath Bhattacharya set the tune for this song just after it was written.<ref name="mustard" /> |
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[[Image:India1907Flag.png|thumb|220px|The flag raised by [[Bhikaiji Cama]] in 1907]] |
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''"Vande Mataram"'' was the national cry for freedom from British rule during the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]]. Large rallies, fermenting initially in [[Bengal]], in the major metropolis of [[Calcutta]], would work themselves up into a patriotic fervour by shouting the slogan "Vande Mataram", or "Hail to the Mother(land)!". The British, fearful of the potential danger of an incited Indian populace, at one point banned the utterance of the motto in public forums, and imprisoned many [[Freedom fighters of India|freedom fighters]] for disobeying the proscription. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] sang ''Vande Mataram'' in 1896 at the [[Calcutta]] Congress Session held at Beadon Square. [[Dakhina Charan Sen]] sang it five years later in 1901 at another session of the Congress at [[Calcutta]]. Poet [[Sarala Devi Chaudurani]] sang the song in the [[Benares]] Congress Session in 1905. [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] started a journal called ''Vande Mataram'' from [[Lahore]].<ref name="mustard" /> [[Hiralal Sen]] made India's first political film in 1905 which ended with the chant. [[Matangini Hazra]]'s last words as she was shot to death by the [[Crown colony|Crown police]] were ''Vande Mataram''<ref name="Local">{{cite book |
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| last = Chakrabarty |
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| first = Bidyut |
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| year = 1997 |
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| title = Local Politics and Indian Nationalism: Midnapur (1919-1944) |
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| publisher = Manohar |
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| location = New Delhi |
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| pages = 167 |
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}}</ref> |
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In 1907, [[Bhikaiji Cama]] (1861-1936) created the first version of India's national flag (the [[Tiranga]]) in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. It had ''Vande Mataram'' written on it in the middle band.<ref>[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/photo/pm/p2.html p2<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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A number of lyrical and musical experiments have been carried out, and many versions of the song were created and released throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century. Many of these versions have employed traditional [[South Asian]] [[Hindustani classical music|classical]] [[raga]]s. Versions of the song have been visualized on celluloid in a number of films, including ''[[Leader (film)|Leader]]'', ''[[Amar Asha]]'', and ''[[Anandamath]]''. It is widely believed that the tune set for [[All India Radio]] station version was composed by [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref name="mustard" /> |
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==Controversy== |
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[[Jana Gana Mana]] was chosen as the [[National Anthem]] of independent India. ''Vande Mataram'' was rejected on the grounds that [[Muslim]]s, Christians, Parsis, Sikhs, Arya Samajis and others who opposed idol worship felt offended by its depiction of the nation as "Mother [[Durga]]"—a [[Hindu]] goddess. Muslims also felt that its origin as part of ''[[Anandamatha]]'', a novel they felt had an [[anti-Muslim]] message (see [[Vande Mataram#External links|External links]] below). |
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In 1937, the Indian National Congress discussed at length the status of the song. It was pointed out then that though the first two stanzas began with an unexceptionable evocation of the beauty of the motherland, in later stanzas there are references where the motherland is likened to the Hindu goddess [[Durga]]. Therefore, the Congress decided to adopt only the first two stanzas as the national song. To this day the national songs of India consists of only these first two stanzas of Vande Mataram, along with the national anthem Jana gana mana and Saare Jahan Se accha. |
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===Rabindranath Tagore on ''Vande Mataram''=== |
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"''Vande Mataram''! These are the magic words which will open the door of his iron safe, break through the walls of his strong room, and confound the hearts of those who are disloyal to its call to say ''Vande Mataram''." ([[Rabindranath Tagore]] in Glorious Thoughts of Tagore, p.165) |
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The controversy becomes more complex in the light of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s rejection of the song as one that would unite all communities in India. In his letter to [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] (1937), Rabindranath wrote: |
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<blockquote>"The core of ''Vande Mataram'' is a [[hymn]] to Bharat Mata( Mother India): this is so plain that there can be no debate about it. Of course Bankimchandra does show Durga to be inseparably united with Bengal in the end, but no Mussulman [Muslim], christians and Arya Samajis can be expected patriotically to worship the ten-handed deity as 'Swadesh' [the nation]. This year many of the special [Durga] Puja numbers of our magazines have quoted verses from ''Vande Mataram'' - proof that the editors take the song to be a hymn to Durga. The novel ''Anandamath'' is a work of literature, and so the song is appropriate in it. But Parliament is a place of union for all religious groups, and there the song cannot be appropriate. When Bengali Mussulmans show signs of stubborn fanaticism, we regard these as intolerable. When we too copy them and make unreasonable demands, it will be self-defeating."</blockquote> |
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In a postscript to this same letter, Rabindranath says: |
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<blockquote>"Bengali Hindus have become agitated over this matter, but it does not concern only Hindus. Since there are strong feelings on both sides, a balanced judgment is essential. In pursuit of our political aims we want peace, unity and good will - we do not want the endless tug of war that comes from supporting the demands of one faction over the other." |
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<ref> (Letter #314, ''Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore'', edited by K. Datta and A. Robinson, Cambridge University Press)</ref></blockquote> In the last decade, ''Vande Mataram'' has been used as a rallying cry by Hindu nationalists in India, who have challenged the status of the current national anthem by Rabindranath. |
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===Dr. Rajendra Prasad on ''Vande Mataram''=== |
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Dr.[[Rajendra Prasad]], who was presiding the [[Constituent Assembly]] on [[January 24]], [[1950]], made the following statement which was also adopted as the final decision on the issue: |
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:''The composition consisting of words and music known as Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations as the Government may authorise as occasion arises, and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honored equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it. (Applause) I hope this will satisfy members.'' (Constituent Assembly of India, Vol. XII, 24-1-1950) |
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===Controversy in 2006=== |
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On August 22, 2006, there was a row in the [[Lok Sabha]] of the Indian Parliament over whether singing of ''Vande Mataram'' in schools should be made mandatory. The ruling coalition (UPA) and Opposition members debated the Government's stance that singing the national song ''Vande Mataram'' on September 7, 2006, to mark the 125th year celebration of its creation should be voluntary. This led to the House being adjourned twice. Human Resources Development Minister [[Arjun Singh]] noted that it was not binding on citizens to sing the song. Arjun Singh had earlier asked all state governments to ensure that the first two stanzas of the song were sung in all schools on that day. [[BJP]] Deputy Leader [[V K Malhotra|V. K. Malhotra]] wanted the Government to clarify whether singing the national song on September 7 in schools was mandatory or not. On August 28, targeting the BJP, Congress spokesman Abhishek Singhvi said that in 1998 when [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]] of the BJP was the Prime Minister, the BJP supported a similar circular issued by the Uttar Pradesh government to make the recitation compulsory. But Vajpayee had then clarified that it was not necessary to make it compulsory.<ref name="asian age-08-28">{{cite news|title=BJP vs Congress: It’s Vande vs Kandahar|date=[[2006-08-28]]|publisher=[[Asian Age]]|url=http://www.asianage.com/main.asp?layout=2&cat1=5&cat2=154&newsid=243846&RF=DefaultMain}}</ref> |
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On September 7, 2006, the nation celebrated the national song. Television channels showed school children singing the song at the notified time.<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5324398.stm BBC NEWS | South Asia | Indians celebrate national song<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some Muslim groups had discouraged parents from sending their wards to school on the grounds, after the BJP had repeatedly insisted that the national song must be sung. However, many Muslims did participate in the celebrations<ref name="bbc" />. |
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==Support for ''Vande Mataram''== |
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===Muslim institutions and ''Vande Mataram''=== |
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Though a number of Muslim organizations and individuals have opposed ''Vande Mataram'' being used as a "national song" of India, citing many religious reasons, some Muslim personalities have admired and even praised ''Vande Mataram'' as the "National Song of India" . Arif Mohammed Khan, a former member of parliament for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], wrote an Urdu translation of ''Vande Mataram'' which starts as ''Tasleemat, maan tasleemat''.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20060906&fname=vandematarm&sid=1 outlookindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2006, amidst the controversy of whether singing of the song in schools should be mandatory or optional, no Indian Muslims did show support for singing the song.<ref name="bbc" /> |
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All India Sunni Ulema Board on Sept 6, 2006, issued a fatwa that the Muslims can sing the first two verses of the song. The Board president Moulana Mufti Syed Shah Badruddin Qadri Aljeelani said that "If you bow at the feet of your mother with respect, it is not [[Shirk (polytheism)|''shirk'']] but only respect."<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1964371.cms Now, a fatwa to sing Vande Mataram-Hyderabad-Cities-The Times of India<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Shia scholar and All India Muslim Personal Law Board vice-president Maulana Kalbe Sadiq stated on Sept 5, 2006 that scholars need to examine the term "''vande''." He asked, "Does it mean salutation or worship?"<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/if-vande-means-salutation-muslims-to-sing-along/20762-3.html Muslims will sing, but omit Vande<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===Sikh institutions and ''Vande Mataram''=== |
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Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee or [[SGPC]], the paramount representative body in the Sikh [[Panth]], stated through its media department that all its 100 schools and colleges had been ordered to say `Yes' to the song. In a subsequent interview, their chief Jathedar Avtar Singh Makkar stated that "The Sikh children would sing ''Vande Mataram'' and ''[[Deh Shiva Var Mohe]]'', the song scripted by tenth Guru of the Sikhs, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], in the morning prayers". He also said "What is wrong with the ''Vande Mataram''? It is a national song and speaks of patriotism. We are part of the Indian nation and Sikhs have greatly contributed for its independence."<ref>[http://indiamonitor.com/news/readNews.jsp?ni=564 Alternative & Independent Source of Indian Subcontinent News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, fringe pro-[[Khalistan]] organizations such as [[Dal Khalsa (International)]] and [[Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee]] have criticized the SGPC chief for his statements.<ref>[http://www.sikhsangat.org/publish/article_1327.shtml Sikh Sangat]</ref> |
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===Christian institutions and ''Vande Mataram''=== |
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Fr. Cyprian Kullu from Jharkhand stated in an interview with AsiaNews: "The song is a part of our history and national festivity and religion should not be dragged into such mundane things. The ''Vande Mataram'' is not a national song and any connotation that could violate the tenets of chritianity religion can not be accepted."<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=7158 INDIA India: fatwa against national song celebrating motherland - Asia News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, some Christian institutions such as Our Lady of Fatima Convent School in [[Patiala]] did not sing the song on its 100th anniversary as mandated by the state. <ref>[http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/1477/38/ PunjabNewsline.com - Sikhs and christians in Punjab stayed away from 'Vande Matram'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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==Popularity== |
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BBC World Service conducted an international poll In 2003, to choose ten most famous songs of all time. Around 7000 songs were selected from all over the world. According to BBC, people from around the world voted [[Vande mataram]] was Second in top 10 songs<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/profiles/index.shtml</ref> |
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==Text of ''Vande Mataram''== |
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===Version adopted by Congress, 1905=== |
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<BLOCKQUOTE> |
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{| |
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|----- |
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In [[Devanagari script]] <br> |
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<font size="3"> |
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वन्दे मातरम्<br> |
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सुजलां सुफलां मलयजशीतलाम्<br> |
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शस्यश्यामलां मातरम् |<br> |
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शुभ्र ज्योत्स्ना पुलकित यामिनीम्<br> |
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फुल्ल कुसुमित ध्रुमदलशोभिनीम्,<br> |
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सुहासिनीं सुमधुर भाषिणीम् <br> |
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सुखदां वरदां मातरम् ||<br> |
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In [[Bengali script]]</br> |
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<font size="4.9"> |
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বন্দে মাতরম্ <br> |
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সুজলাং সুফলাং মলযজশীতলাম্<br> |
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শস্য শ্যামলাং মাতরম্ |<br> |
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শুভ্র জ্যোৎস্না পুলকিত যামিনীম্<br> |
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ফুল্ল কুসুমিত দ্রুমদলশোভিনীম্,<br> |
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সুহাসিনীং সুমধুর ভাষিণীম্ <br> |
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সুখদাং বরদাং মাতরম্ ||<br> |
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|----- |
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Devanagari [[transliteration]] <br> |
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''{{IAST|vande mātaram}}''<br> |
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''{{IAST|sujalāṃ suphalāṃ malayajaśītalām}}''<br> |
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''{{IAST|śasya śyāmalāṃ mātaram}}''<br> |
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''{{IAST|śubhra jyotsnā pulakita yāminīm}}''<br> |
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''{{IAST|phulla kusumita drumadalaśobhinīm}}''<br> |
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''{{IAST|suhāsinīṃ sumadhura bhāṣiṇīm}}''<br> |
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''{{IAST|sukhadāṃ varadāṃ mātaram}}'' |
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[[Romanization of Bengali|Bengali Romanization]] <br> |
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''bônde matorom ''<br> |
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''shujolang shufolang môloeôjoshitolam''<br> |
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''shoshsho shêmolang matorom''<br> |
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''shubhro jotsna pulokito jaminim''<br> |
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''fullo kushumito drumodôloshobhinim''<br> |
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''shuhashining shumodhuro bhashinim''<br> |
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''shukhodang bôrodang matorom'' |
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|} |
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</BLOCKQUOTE> |
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===Translation=== |
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Several English translations of Vande Mataram have been made.<ref name="julius">[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZjJonbUz_2gC&pg=PA299&dq=%22Thou+art+Durga%22+vande#PPA298,M1 Ānandamaṭh, or, The sacred brotherhood] by Bankim Chandra Chatterji (translated and annotated by Julius Lipner). Oxford University Press US, 2005. ISBN 9780195178579.</ref> |
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Here is a translation{{By whom|date=May 2009}} of the part that has been adopted as India's National song: |
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<blockquote> |
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{| |
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|- |
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<poem> |
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Vande Mataram |
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sujalaam |
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suphalaam |
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malayaja sheethalam |
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shashya shyamalaam |
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Maataram, vande maataram |
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Shubhra jothsana pulakitha yaminim |
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Phulla kusumitat drumah dala shobhinim |
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Suhasinim, Sumadhura bhAshinim |
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sukhadaam varadhaam, maataram |
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Vande mataraam |
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</poem> |
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<poem> |
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My obeisance to Mother India! |
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With flowing beneficial waters |
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Filled with choicest fruits |
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With cooling breeze |
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Green with the harvest |
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O mother! My obeisance to you! |
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Ecstatic moonlit nights |
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The plants blooming with flowers |
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Sweet speaker of sweet languages |
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Fount of blessings, |
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Mother, I salute you! |
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</poem> |
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|} |
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</blockquote> |
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Following is [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s translation of the original Vande Mataram (verses 1, 3, 4, 6):<ref name="julius"/> |
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<blockquote> |
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{| |
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|- |
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<poem> |
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Vande Mataram |
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Sujalam Suphalam |
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Malayaja Seetalam |
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Sasya Shamalaam Mataram |
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Vande Mataram |
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</poem> |
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<poem> |
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Mother, I bow to thee! |
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Rich with thy hurrying streams, |
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bright with orchard gleams, |
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Cool with thy winds of delight, |
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Dark fields waving Mother of might, |
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Mother free. |
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</poem> |
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|- |
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<poem> |
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Shubra Jyotsnaa |
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Pulakita Yaminim |
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Pullakusumita |
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Drumadala Shobhinim |
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Subhashinim |
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Sumadhura Bhashinim |
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Sukhadaam Varadaam |
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Mataram |
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Vande Mataram |
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</poem> |
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<poem> |
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Glory of moonlight dreams, |
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Over thy branches and lordly streams, |
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Clad in thy blossoming trees, |
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Mother, giver of ease |
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Laughing low and sweet! |
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Mother I kiss thy feet, |
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Speaker sweet and low! |
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Mother, to thee I bow. |
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</poem> |
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|- |
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<poem> |
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Sapta Ko Ti Kan Tha |
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Kalakalaninaada |
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Karale Dwisapta Ko Ti Bhujai |
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Rdhr^Itakhara Karavaale |
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Abalaa Keno Maa Eto Bale |
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Bahubhaladharinim |
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Namaami Taarinim |
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Ripudala Varinim |
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Mataram |
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Vande Mataram |
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</poem> |
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<poem> |
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Who hath said thou art weak in thy lands |
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When the sword flesh out in the seventy million hands |
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And seventy million voices roar |
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Thy dreadful name from shore to shore? |
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With many strengths who art mighty and stored, |
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To thee I call Mother and Lord! |
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Thou who savest, arise and save! |
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To her I cry who ever her foeman drove |
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Back from plain and Sea |
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And shook herself free. |
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</poem> |
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|- |
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<poem> |
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Tumi Vidyaa, Tumi Dharmaa |
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Tumi Hridi, Tumi Marma |
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Tum Hi Pranaah Shariire |
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Bahute Tumi Maa Shakti |
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Hridaya Tumi Maa Bhakti |
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Tomaraa I Pratimaa Gadi |
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Mandire Mandire |
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</poem> |
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<poem> |
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Thou art wisdom, thou art law, |
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Thou art heart, our soul, our breath |
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Thou art love divine, the awe |
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In our hearts that conquers death. |
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Thine the strength that nerves the arm, |
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Thine the beauty, thine the charm. |
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Every image made divine |
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In our temples is but thine. |
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</poem> |
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|- |
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<poem> |
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Tvam Hi Durgaa |
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Dasha Prahara Nadhaarini |
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Kamala Kamaladala Viharini |
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Vani Vidhyadayini Namaami Tvam |
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Namaami Kamalaam, |
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Amalaam, Atulaam |
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Sujalaam Suphalaam Mataram |
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Vande Mataram |
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</poem> |
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<poem> |
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Thou art Durga, Lady and Queen, |
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With her hands that strike and her |
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swords of sheen, |
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Thou art Lakshmi lotus-throned, |
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And the Muse a hundred-toned, |
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Pure and perfect without peer, |
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Mother lend thine ear, |
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Rich with thy hurrying streams, |
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Bright with thy orchard gleams, |
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Dark of hue O candid-fair |
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</poem> |
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|- |
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<poem> |
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Shyamalaam Saralaam |
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Susmitaam Bhuushitaam |
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Dharanim Bharanim |
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Mataram |
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Vande Mataram |
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</poem> |
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<poem> |
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In thy soul, with jeweled hair |
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And thy glorious smile divine, |
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Loveliest of all earthly lands, |
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Showering wealth from well-stored hands! |
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Mother, mother mine! |
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Mother sweet, I bow to thee, |
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Mother great and free! |
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</poem> |
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|} |
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</blockquote> |
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==Media== |
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{{listen|filename=Vande_Mataram_Vocal.ogg|title=Vande Mataram Vocal|description=Vocal version of Vande Mataram, official version (short version) from the [http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_song.php Government of India website] |format=[[Ogg]]}} |
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==Miscellany== |
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# The continuing popularity of ''Vande Mataram'' today is documented by the fact that in 2002 it was the [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/ voted] the second most requested song by listeners on the [[BBC]] World Service radio. However, in the final ranking details, the origin was miscredited to a 1950's film.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/profiles/index.shtml#vande The Worlds Top Ten | BBC World Service<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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# Throughout its history there have been numerous remakes, recreations, and interpretations of this song. Notable is music composer [[A.R. Rahman|A. R. Rahman's]] ''Vande Mataram'' released to commemorate fifty years of India's Independence in 1997 produced by Bharat Bala Productions. |
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# The controversy surrounding ''Vande Mataram'' is not unique. There has also been some [[Jana Gana Mana#Controversies|controversy]] around ''Jana Gana Mana'' as the national anthem. |
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# This is not the only song/verse with ''Vande Mataram'' as its opening. There is a Sanskrit verse that has been quoted since time immemorial and is very popular as a felicitation/sloka [http://ww.smashits.com/music/carnatic/play/songs/7069/devi-krithis/64657/VANDE-MATHARAM-SLOKAM-SOWMYA.html singing] in south Indian carnatic music. The verses are as follows: |
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<center>Vande maataram Ambikaam Bhagavathi <br> |
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Vaaneeramaa Sevitham <br> |
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Kalyaani Kamaneeya Kalpalathikaa Kailaasa Naadha Priyaam <br> |
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Vedaantha Prathipaadyamaana Vibhavam <br> |
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Vidhvan Manoranjani Sri Chakraankitha Ratna Peettha Nilayaam <br> |
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Sreeraja Rajeswari <br> |
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Sreeraja Rajeswari <br> |
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Sreeraja Rajeswari</center> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Jana Gana Mana|Indian National Anthem]] |
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* [[Saare Jahan Se Achcha]] |
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==References== |
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<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> |
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<references /></div> |
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==Notes== |
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# ''Much Ado About A Song'' By [[Sumit Sarkar]] ''The Times of India'', Bangalore, August 31, 2006. |
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==External links==<!-- This section is linked from [[Vande Mataram]] --> |
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xj1Iy4nRMkc Vande Matharam Sung by Lata Mangeshkar in Anand Math ] |
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Os_8BN2qmw&feature=related Vande Matharam Sung by Hemant Kumar Mukhopadhaya in Anand Math] |
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* [http://india.gov.in/myindia/code_readmore.php Download the most simple and most elegant version of Vande Mataram from the National Portal of India, Government of India.] |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/ Vande Mataram voted 99 in The World's Top 100 - BBC] |
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* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060907/delhi.htm#11 Vande Mataram against Sikh tenets] |
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* [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1601/16010940.htm "How Secular is Vande Mataram?" AG Noorani on the controversy] |
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5300996.stm Boycott threat over Indian song - BBC] |
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* [http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20060902&fname=vandemataram&sid=4 1937 Congress Resolution on validity of Muslim objection to this song] |
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* [http://islamicvoice.com/September2006/Controversy/index.php#VandeMataramandtheMuslims "Vande Mataram and Muslims" - [[Islamic Voice (magazine)]]] |
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* [http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15082002/1508200250.htm Vande Matram is back as a handle to beat Muslims with] |
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* [http://www.islamicvoice.com/december.98/community.htm#VAN Historical perspective from Islamic Voice] |
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[[Category:Indian culture]] |
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[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]] |
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[[Category:Sanskrit texts]] |
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[[Category:National symbols of India]] |
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