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Foreign relations of Uzbekistan

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Uzbekistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in United Nations-organized groups to help solve the Tajik and Afghan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability. Uzbekistan is an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism and joined the coalitions which have dealt with both Afghanistan and Iraq (although, in 2005, relations with the U.S. were strained after the May 2005 unrest and Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. leave Karshi-Khanabad). It is a member of the United Nations, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It belongs to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Economic Cooperation Organization, which comprises 7 Central Asian countries: Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.

In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the GUAM alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), which was formed in 1997 (temporarily making it GUUAM until Uzbekistan withdrew in 2005). Uzbekistan is also a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and hosts the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan is also candidate state of the new Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.

Finland

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In 2006, Antti Turunen, head of the Finnish Foreign Ministry's Eastern European and Central Asian department, led a European Union fact-finding mission to Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The Uzbek deputy foreign minister had indicated that the Uzbek government was interested in talks with the EU during a visit to Helsinki, Finland in June 2006, just before Finland assumed the EU presidency. Radio Free Europe journalists spoke to Turunen on September 1. Turunen's visit to Uzbekistan was the first EU visit since October, when sanctions were imposed after the Uzbek government refused to allow an international investigation into the Andijan massacre.[1]

Embassy of Uzbekistan in Washington, D.C.

Turunen said that the visit went smoothly and that Uzbek Foreign Minister Vladimir Norov offered a warm reception. The EU delegation met with officials from the Justice Ministry, the Attorney General's office, and Uzbek parliament members. He stressed that the real issue for the EU was the Uzbek government's response to the Andijan massacre and human rights abuses.[1] He said Russia-Uzbek relations and possible EU development of Uzbek energy reserves were not directly discussed but that EU investment might be possible in this area.[1]

Persian Gulf states

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On 31 March 2009, Uzbekistan and the Sultanate of Oman agreed upon a legal framework to protect Omani investments in central Asia and guarantee trade from both nations was free from double taxation. The Sultanate's government had been pursuing economic diversification and privatisation policies for nearly a decade after signeding similar agreements with thirty other trading partners.[2]

Netherlands

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In July 2024, the ambassador of Uzbekistan met Director of the Europe Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Erik Weststrate, to discuss bilateral and multilateral cooperation. [3]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Uzbekistan maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[4]
1  Australia 26 December 1991
2  China 2 January 1992
3  Vietnam 17 January 1992
4  Egypt 23 January 1992
5  Mongolia 25 January 1992
6  Denmark 25 January 1992
7  Japan 26 January 1992
8  South Korea 29 January 1992
9  North Korea 7 February 1992
10  United Kingdom 18 February 1992
11  United States 19 February 1992
12  Saudi Arabia 20 February 1992
13  Malaysia 21 February 1992
14  Israel 21 February 1992
15  Finland 26 February 1992
16  France 1 March 1992
17  Hungary 3 March 1992
18  Turkey 4 March 1992
19  Germany 6 March 1992
20  Belgium 10 March 1992
21  New Zealand 11 March 1992
22  Greece 16 March 1992
23  Mexico 16 March 1992
24  Spain 17 March 1992
25  India 18 March 1992
26  Poland 19 March 1992
27  Russia 20 March 1992
28  Italy 24 March 1992
29  Syria 24 March 1992
30  Austria 25 March 1992
31  Canada 7 April 1992
32  Sweden 8 April 1992
33  Philippines 13 April 1992
34  Oman 22 April 1992
35  Thailand 6 May 1992
36   Switzerland 7 May 1992
37  Iran 10 May 1992
38  Pakistan 10 May 1992
39  Yemen 25 May 1992
40  Bahrain 29 May 1992
41  Luxembourg 10 June 1992
42  Norway 10 June 1992
43  Indonesia 23 June 1992
44  Algeria 30 June 1992
45  Lithuania 5 August 1992
46  Portugal 12 August 1992
47  South Africa 12 August 1992
48  Ukraine 25 August 1992
49  Nigeria 28 August 1992
50  Laos 10 September 1992
51  Bulgaria 12 September 1992[5]
52  Afghanistan 13 October 1992
53  Bangladesh 15 October 1992
—  Holy See 17 October 1992
54  Tajikistan 20 October 1992
55  Kazakhstan 23 October 1992
56  United Arab Emirates 25 October 1992
57  Latvia 3 November 1992
58  Netherlands 24 November 1992
59  Tunisia 26 November 1992
60  Czech Republic 1 January 1993
61  Slovakia 1 January 1993
62  Turkmenistan 8 January 1993
63  Belarus 21 January 1993
64  Jordan 15 February 1993
65  Kyrgyzstan 16 February 1993
66  Malta 25 February 1993
67  Brazil 30 April 1993
68  Iraq 19 June 1993
69  Guinea 24 June 1993
70  Argentina 9 September 1993
71  Morocco 11 October 1993
72  Ghana 28 October 1993
73  Albania 23 November 1993
74  Zambia 1 February 1994
75  Kuwait 8 July 1994
76  Georgia 19 August 1994
77  Moldova 23 August 1994
78  Chile 15 September 1994
79  Chad 16 September 1994
—  State of Palestine 25 September 1994
80  Estonia 25 November 1994
81  Maldives 7 December 1994
82  North Macedonia 31 December 1994
83  Slovenia 16 January 1995
84  Serbia 18 January 1995
85  Croatia 6 February 1995
86  Cambodia 7 September 1995
87  Azerbaijan 2 October 1995
88  Romania 6 October 1995
89  Senegal 6 October 1995
90  Armenia 27 October 1995
91  Venezuela 26 April 1996
92  Bosnia and Herzegovina 14 May 1996
93  Brunei 20 June 1996
94  Ethiopia 15 July 1996
95  Jamaica 8 August 1996
96  Mali 13 February 1997
97  Singapore 8 April 1997
98  Cyprus 30 May 1997
99  Iceland 25 September 1997
100  Ireland 7 November 1997
101  Qatar 27 November 1997
102  Uruguay 25 May 1998
103  Lebanon 22 October 1998
104  Mauritius 4 August 1999
105  Namibia 30 August 1999
106  Sri Lanka 11 October 1999
107  Peru 22 December 1999
108  Myanmar 8 February 2001
109  Costa Rica 7 June 2001
110  Paraguay 27 August 2001
111  Angola 31 May 2002
112  Sudan 6 January 2005
113  Comoros 21 May 2005
114  Benin 17 August 2005
115  Cuba 13 March 2006
116  Montenegro 19 December 2006
117  Guatemala 9 February 2007
118  Nicaragua 23 February 2007
119  Honduras 26 April 2007
120  Dominican Republic 28 September 2007
121  Zimbabwe 18 January 2008
122  Mauritania 2 July 2008
123  Andorra 1 December 2009
124  Fiji 16 June 2010
125  Libya 27 October 2010
126  Ecuador 17 July 2011
127  Colombia 2 October 2012
128  Bolivia 28 November 2012
129  Monaco 29 November 2013
130  El Salvador 3 December 2014
131    Nepal 26 January 2018
132  Grenada 11 October 2019
133  San Marino 3 February 2021
134  Dominica 14 May 2021
135  Panama 29 November 2021
136  Saint Kitts and Nevis 9 March 2022
137  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10 May 2022
138  Antigua and Barbuda 13 June 2022
139  Guyana 10 October 2022
140  Sierra Leone 28 April 2023
141  Trinidad and Tobago 15 June 2023
142  Uganda 18 January 2024
143  Belize 5 March 2024
144  Liechtenstein 5 March 2024
145  Gambia 14 March 2024
146  Djibouti 2 May 2024
147  Cape Verde 23 September 2024
148  Seychelles 23 September 2024
149  Burundi 24 September 2024
150  Bahamas 26 September 2024
151  Botswana 26 September 2024
152  Liberia 26 September 2024
153  Togo 26 September 2024

Relations by country

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Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan

See Afghanistan–Uzbekistan relations

 Albania 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1993.[6]

 Armenia 1995
 Azerbaijan 1995
  • The countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1995 by protocol.[9]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tashkent.[9]
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Baku.[9]
 Belarus 1992
 Bulgaria 1992-09-12 See Bulgaria–Uzbekistan relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Tashkent.[11]
  • Uzbekistan is represented in Bulgaria through a non resident ambassador based in Tashkent (in the Foreign Ministry.)[12]
 Burkina Faso 1992

Burkina Faso recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on January 25, 1992.[13]

 China 3 January 1992[14] See China–Uzbekistan relations
 Comoros 2005
 Cuba 2006
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 13, 2006.[16]
  • Uzbekistan is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in the United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Uzbekistan from its embassy in Azerbaijan.
  • In May 1963, Fidel Castro visited the Uzbek SSR on an official visit, being bosted by the Uzbek Communist First Secretary Sharof Rashidov.[17]
  • In 2016, Cuba became the only country in the world (other than Uzbekistan itself) that declared an official period of mourning in connection with the death of President Islam Karimov, with many speculating that this was because of Castro's reported liking towards the late Uzbek leader.[18][19][20]
 Djibouti 1992

Djibouti recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on January 6, 1992. However both countries have not yet established diplomatic relations.[15]

 France
  • France has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Paris.
 Germany 1992 See Germany–Uzbekistan relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate general in Frankfurt.
 India 18 March 1992 See India–Uzbekistan relations
  • India has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in New Delhi.
 Indonesia 23 June 1992 See Indonesia–Uzbekistan relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Tashkent that is also accredited to Tajikistan.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran 1991 See Iran–Uzbekistan relations
  • The two countries have deep cultural and historical ties, and Uzbekistan is considered as a part of Greater Iran. Iran has been especially active in pursuing economic projects and social, cultural, and diplomatic initiatives in Uzbekistan. The two nations have also worked on overland links and other joint ventures. The countries' conflicting political set-ups (Iran's Islamic theocracy versus Uzbekistan's secular republic) does not appear to have deterred efforts to improve relations.[21]
 Japan 26 January 1992[22]
  • Japan opened an embassy in Tashkent in January 1993.
  • Uzbekistan opened an embassy in Tokyo in February 1996
  • Ministerial level visits are frequent between the two countries.
 Kazakhstan See Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations
 Kyrgyzstan See Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan relations
  • Uzbekistan dominates southern Kyrgyzstan both economically and politically, based on the large Uzbek population in that region of Kyrgyzstan and on economic and geographic conditions.[23]
 Malaysia 1992[24] See Malaysia–Uzbekistan relations
 Mexico 14 January 1992
 Mauritania 2 July 2008
 Pakistan See Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations
  • Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR, the relations between the two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as they supported different Afghan factions.[27]
  • However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both countries seeking to improve relations for the sake of trade, Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean.[27]
 Poland 1992-03-19 See Poland–Uzbekistan relations
 Romania 1995-10-06 See Romania–Uzbekistan relations
  • Romania recognized Uzbekistan's independence on December 20, 1991.
  • Romania has an embassy in Tashkent, although Uzbekistan does not have any representation in Romania.
  • Romania sees Uzbekistan as a potentially important partner in Central Asia, where it is trying to increase its standing, while Uzbekistan hopes to receive increased access to technology and European markets via Romania.[29]
 Russia 1992
Main article: Russia–Uzbekistan relations
 South Korea 29 January 1992[30] See South Korea–Uzbekistan relations
  • Number of Ethnic Koreans living in Uzbekistan: About 180,000 (Largest number among the CIS nations).[30]
 Spain See Spain–Uzbekistan relations
 Tajikistan
Main article: Tajikistan–Uzbekistan relations
 Turkey March 4, 1992[32] See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations
 Turkmenistan
Main article: Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan relations
 Ukraine 1992
Main article: Ukraine–Uzbekistan relations
Inter-parliamentary cooperation with the Republic of Uzbekistan is currently in the making. The deputy group of friendship with the Republic of Uzbekistan was established in the Verkhovna Rada. Uzbekistan has clearly expressed its position on the events in Ukraine: the rejection of force options and the use of political efforts to resolve the problems that have arisen, through negotiations, based on the fundamental norms of international law and the UN Charter.

The development of cultural and humanitarian cooperation remains one of the important areas of bilateral relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The legal framework in this sphere consists of ten bilateral agreements, the most important of which is the "Agreement between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of culture."

Cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of science and education is carried out taking into account the ancient traditions of interaction between scientific and educational institutions, the presence of a large Ukrainian diaspora and the established legal framework.

 United Kingdom 1992 See United Kingdom–Uzbekistan relations

Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 February 1992.

  • Uzbekistan maintains an embassy in London.[35]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Uzbekistan through its embassy in Tashkent.[36]

Both countries share common membership of the OSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.[37]

 United States 1992 See United States–Uzbekistan relations
  • The United States recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on December 25, 1991, and opened an embassy in Tashkent in March 1992.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Uzbekistan: EU Officials Hold Talks In Tashkent". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  2. ^ Unattributed (2009-04-01). "Oman, Uzbekistan sign agreements on double taxation, investment protection". Oman Daily Observer. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  3. ^ Uzbekistan and the Netherlands discuss cooperation in political, economic and cultural areas
  4. ^ "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan Estblished Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  5. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  6. ^ a b "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  7. ^ "Uzbekistan - Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  8. ^ "Uzbekistan - by country - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  9. ^ a b c "Uzbekistan". mfa.gov.az. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  10. ^ "belembassy.org". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  11. ^ "Bulgarian embassy in Tashkent". Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  12. ^ "Uzbek Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  13. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan — States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  14. ^ "中国与乌兹别克斯坦共和国的关系". Embassy of China in Tashkent. 2004-06-11. Archived from the original on 2015-05-02. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
  15. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan — States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  16. ^ "Страны, с которыми Узбекистан установил дипломатические отношения". mfa.uz. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  17. ^ Riccardo Mario Cucciolla, Sharaf Rashidov and the international dimensions of Soviet Uzbekistan, Central Asian Survey, 39, 2, 2020, pp. 185-201 (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2019.1708269)
  18. ^ "Decreta el Consejo de Estado de Cuba duelo oficial por fallecimiento de Presidente uzbeko" (in Spanish). www.cubadebate.cu. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  19. ^ "Куба объявила траур по случаю кончины президента Узбекистана". tass.ru. Archived from the original on 2016-11-13. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  20. ^ "Куба объявила траур по случаю кончины Ислама Каримова". mir24.tv. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  21. ^ "Uzbekistan - The Middle East and Pakistan". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
  22. ^ "Japan-Papua New Guinea Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  23. ^ Martha Brill Olcott. "Central Asian Neighbors". Kyrgyzstan: a country study Archived 2012-12-13 at archive.today (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 1996). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  24. ^ "Interview of Ambassador of Malaysia to Uzbekistan". The Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  25. ^ "Inicio". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
  26. ^ "Home". April 9, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-04-09.
  27. ^ a b "BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Musharraf signs Uzbek agreements". 6 March 2005. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Konsulat Republiki Uzbekistanu". Poznan.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  29. ^ "Romanian foreign minister to attend EU-Central Asia security forum in Paris". BBC Monitoring Service. September 18, 2008.
  30. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea". www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  31. ^ Stern, David L. (September 1, 2008). "Tajikistan Hopes Water Will Power Its Ambitions". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-02-14. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  32. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  33. ^ "Samarkand Consulate General of Turkey was opened with ceremon".[permanent dead link]
  34. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  35. ^ "About the Embassy". Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  36. ^ "British Embassy Tashkent". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  37. ^ Pincher, Christopher (31 October 2019). "UK and Uzbekistan sign partnership and co-operation agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
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