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Punishment for telling me off on my talk page. Fucking bitch
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[[File:Russisches Bistro.JPG|thumb|Russian bistro in Germany]]
== I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again ==
[[File:Russian food at Kaufland supermarket in Germany.jpg|thumb|Russian food at a supermarket in [[Herford]]]]
There is a significant '''Russian population in Germany'''. The collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991 triggered mass immigration to the West, with [[Germany]] being the top destination, mostly for economic and ethnic reasons. Russians are the biggest migrant group in Germany, together with [[Turks in Germany|Turks]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924933807001460
| title = Addiction among Russian and Turkish migrants in Germany: developing prevention strategies
| last1 = Bondar
| last2 = Machleidt
|date=March 2007
| work = European Psychiatry
| publisher = Elsevier
| accessdate = 22 June 2012
| quote = The largest populations of migrants in Germany are Turks and Russians.
}} {{subscription required}}</ref>


==Soviet and post-Soviet emigration from Russia==
Could you please write a short summary of the ISIRTA story "Professor Prune and the Electric Time Trousers" for ''[[I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again]]'', as well as creating a page for the radio serial (to create the page for the serial, please click on the 'red link'). Thank you.
German population data {{as of | 2012 | alt = from 2012}} records 1,213,000 Russian migrants residing in Germany—this includes current and former citizens of the [[Russian Federation]] as well as former citizens of the Soviet Union.<ref>Persons with a migrant background. Population, 2012, by migrant status and citizenship. De Statis: Statistisches Bundesamt [Federal Statistical Office (Germany)]. Accessed 24 June 2014.
https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/MigrationIntegration/PersonsMigrationBackground/Tables/MigrantStatusFormerCitizenhip.html</ref> The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports that about 3,500,000 speakers of Russian live in Germany,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kamynin|first1=Mikhail|title=Russian MFA Spokesman Mikhail Kamynin Interview with RIA Novosti Regarding Upcoming Conference on Status of Russian Language Abroad|url=http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/55cec39404735aadc32572ea005b9953!OpenDocument|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation|accessdate=24 June 2014|date=28 May 2007}}</ref> split largely into three ethnic groups:


# [[Russian people|ethnic Russians]]
I can't write a summary of the story, myself, or create a page for it, because I have never heard this story serial. If you could write the summary of the story for the article, I would be very grateful. All the best. [[User:Figaro|Figaro]] ([[User talk:Figaro|talk]]) 12:25, 26 November 2015 (UTC)
# Russians [[History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union|descended from German migrants to the East]] (known as ''Aussiedler'')
# [[Russian Jews]]

Immigration to Germany surged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. According to [[Global Commission on International Migration]] research, "In the 1990s ethnic Germans and Jews comprised the largest components of emigration, and the most attractive destinations were Germany, Israel and the United States."<ref>Valery Tishkov, Zhanna Zayinchkovskaya, and Galina Vitkovskaya, "Migration in the countries of the former Soviet Union", Global Commission on International Migration, September 2005, 15. http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/gcim/rs/RS3.pdf</ref> Between 1992 and 2000 Germany purportedly received 550,000 emigrants from Russia, 60% of the total amount emigrating to the three main destinations.<ref>
Irina Ivakhnyuk, "The Russian Migration Policy and Its Impact on Human Development: The Historical Perspective," ''Human Development Reports: Research Paper 2009/14'' (United Nations Development Programme, April 2009), 19. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/russian-migration-policy-and-its-impact-human-development
</ref>

==Ethnic background==

===Aussiedler from Russia===
{{See also|Volga Germans}}

Earlier in history, particularly during the 17th century, a number of Germans migrated to [[Russia]] and modern-day [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Article 116 of [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Germany's Basic Law]], approved in 1949, provides individuals of German heritage with the [[right of return]] to Germany and the means to acquire German citizenship if they suffered persecution after the Second World War as a result of their German heritage.<ref name=Martin>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Philip L.|title=Germany: Reluctant Land of Immigration|journal=German Issues|date=1998|issue=21|pages=24|url=http://www.aicgs.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/martin.pdf|accessdate=25 June 2014}}</ref> As a result, roughly 3.6 million ethnic Germans moved to West Germany between 1950 and 1996.<ref name=Martin /> These German descendents increasingly petitioned to return to Germany under First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. According to historian [[John Glad]], by 1957 the petitioners, commonly known as [[Aussiedler#Germany|"''Aussiedlers''"]] or transferred settlers, filed over 100,000 applications a year to migrate to [[West Germany]]—several thousands returned in the 1970s.<ref name="Glad">John Glad, ''Russia Abroad: Writers, History, Politics'' (Tenafly, NJ: Hermitage Publishers, 1999), 415-416.</ref> The flow of ''Aussiedlers'' increased with the breakup of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Glad" /> For instance, between 1992 and 2007, a total of 1,797,084 ethnic Germans from the former USSR emigrated to Germany. Of this total number 923,902 were from Kazakhstan, 693,348 were from Russia, 73,460 were from Kyrgyzstan, 40,560 from Ukraine, 27,035 from Uzbekistan, and 14,578 from Tajikistan.<ref>Stefan Wolff, "German and German minorities in Europe," in ''Divided Nations and European Integration'', edited by Tristan James Mabry (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013). Also available at http://www.stefanwolff.com/research/germany-and-german-minorities-in-europe</ref> Numbers peaked in 1994–213,214 ''Aussiedlers''—and then gradually began to decline.<ref>Anlage 4 zum Integrationsbericht LK-GF 2008-06-09 Aussiedlerstatistik seit 1950 - Bundesverwaltungsamt [German], accessed 25 June 2014, http://www.gifhorn.de/pics/medien/1_1222325613/Anlage_4_Aussiedlerstatistik_seit_1950.pdf</ref> The number of non-German relatives who emigrated along with them is not known, but many if not most are presumably members of Germany's ethnic Russian community (see below). The number of emigrated ''Aussiedlers'' fluctuates as many retained housing in the Former Soviet Union—some are presumed to have returned to their residences in Former Soviet Republics.<ref name="Glad" />

===Soviet Jews===
After the Second World War Germany's Jewish population was 15,000, a small percentage of the country's pre-war Jewish population of 500,000.<ref>Ludmila Isurin, ''Russian Diaspora: Culture, Identity, and Language Change'' (Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011), 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=gcl9Zv-SuwYC&lpg=PA6&dq=third%20wave%20russian%20emigration&pg=PA17#v=snippet&q=Germany&f=false</ref> That number grew to 30,000 by the late 1980s. Then between 1991 and 2005, more than 200,000 Jews from the former Soviet Union moved to Germany.<ref>{{cite news|title=Latkes and vodka: Immigrants from the former Soviet Union are transforming Jewish life in Germany|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10424406|accessdate=24 June 2014|agency=The Economist|date=Jan 3, 2008}}</ref> In total, the Berman Jewish DataBank estimates that over 225,000 Jews from the Former Soviet Union (Russia and various republics) immigrated to Germany between 1989 and 2012.<ref name="Berman">Sergio DellaPergola. “World Jewish Population, 2013,” in Arnold Dashefsky and Ira M. Sheskin. (Editors) The American Jewish Year Book, 2013, Volume 113(2013) (Dordrecht: Springer) pp. 279-358. Available at http://jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113</ref> Many, speaking [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] as well as Russian, picked up the German language easily. The Berman Jewish DataBank estimates "Germany's ''core'' Jewish population at 118,000 in 2013," of which all but about 5,000-6,000 are post-Soviet immigrants; the community numbers about 250,000 if non-Jewish relatives are included."<ref name="Berman" /> Growth began to diminish in 2005 when the German government replaced the special quota immigration law (''Kontingentsflüchtlingsgesetz'') with more restrictive rules (''Zuwanderungsgesetz'')

===Other Russian Speakers===
Other Russian speakers in Germany fall into a few different categories. The German ''Statistisches Bundesamt'' ([[Federal Statistical Office of Germany|Federal Statistical Office]]) reported the following figures for Russian speakers from the year 2000: legal aliens (365,415), [[Right of asylum|political asylees]] (20,000), students (7,431), family members of German citizens (10,000-15,000), special workers in fields of science and culture (5,000-10,000), and diplomatic corps (5,000).<ref name=Polian>{{cite journal|last1=Polian|first1=Pavel|title=Russkogovoriashchie v Germanii [Russian]|journal=Demoskop Weekly|date=20 December 2004-9 January 2005|issue=183-184|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0183/analit04.php|accessdate=25 June 2014}}</ref> The largest percentage comes from the "legal alien" category. The vast majority of the legal aliens, who are mainly ethnic Russians (with smaller numbers of [[Ukrainians]] and other groups) are family members of returnees (''Aussiedlers'' and Soviet Jews), but who have yet to receive German citizenship.<ref name=Polian />

==Integration into German society==
Most Russian-Germans have assimilated and integrated well into German society.<ref>{{cite web
| url= http://www.ceg.ul.pt/metropolis2006/Presentations%20Monday/Challenges%20of%20Immigrant%20Descendants%27%20Integration%20in%20Europe/Heiner%20Schafer2_metropolis2006.pdf
| title= The challenges of immigrant descendants´ integration in Europe
| author= Heiner Schäfer
| date= 2 October 2006
| work= 11th Metropolis Conference, 2006
| publisher= Center of Geographic Studies, University of Lisbon
| accessdate = 22 June 2012
| quote= Russian boys have the reputation of being violent and brutal – although this applies only for a very small group of them. Predominantly they are integrating into the German society.
}}</ref> As with most other immigrant groups, there remain some contemporary issues. German authorities have been concerned that the high number of Russian immigrants self-segregating in certain neighborhoods hinders social integration. This has led to restrictions on immigration from Russia and the former Soviet Union. Other issues have included crime, drugs, poverty and unemployment.<ref>{{cite web
| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4076245.stm
| title= Ghetto woes afflict Russian-Germans
| author= Ray Furlong
| date= 8 December 2004
| publisher= BBC
| accessdate = 22 June 2012
| quote= But Germany wants to stop the influx, concerned that the new arrivals are living in self-created ghettoes. The kids here have typical immigration problems, arrival in a new country where everything is strange: the language, the laws, everything. There is a whole generation of kids uprooted from their homes as teenagers, alienated in Germany.}}</ref>

The Aussiedler have raised many issues. Although they were expected to assimilate rapidly into German society, Aussiedler and their descendants are struggling with their identity, and most consider themselves Russian.<ref name="ReferenceA">Schäfer. "During the last 15 years far more than half a million children and youth have come from the countries of former Soviet Union to Germany. Lots of them got immediately German passports by descent but still feel as Russians."</ref> In Russia, due to outside pressure, they had become assimilated into Russian society, in most cases speaking Russian as their first or only language, and this has made their return difficult.<ref>Furlong.</ref> Native Germans typically consider them Russian, just as they consider [[German-Americans]] visiting Germany to be American, despite their German surnames.

A 2006 study by the German Youth Institute revealed that Russian-Germans face high levels of prejudice and intolerance in Germany, ranging from low job opportunities, to problems in the real estate market.<ref>Schäfer. "Although Germany has become an immigration country educational or pedagogical support for young migrants is not very developed. They have low knowledge and information about the background and the needs of young migrants. They are expected to assimilate with the German society and to feel and behave like Germans do."</ref> The same report also found out that most Russian-Germans still identify as Russian, rather than German.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==See also==
* [[Germany–Russia relations]]
* [[Demographics of Germany]]

{{Commonscat|Russian diaspora in Germany}}
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Immigration to Germany}}
{{Russian diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Russians In Germany}}
[[Category:German people of Russian descent|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Germany]]
[[Category:Russian diaspora by country|Germany]]
[[Category:Germany–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Russian diaspora in Germany| ]]

Revision as of 20:45, 27 November 2015

RfA candidate S O N S% Ending (UTC) Time left Dups? Report
RfB candidate S O N S% Ending (UTC) Time left Dups? Report

No RfXs since 08:57, 27 September 2024 (UTC).—cyberbot ITalk to my owner:Online

Image upload

Hello I'm Alex, I received your email Re: Jubril Enakele's Image file. I wrote this article on behalf of Mr. Jubril Enakele. I also have an email from him which permits me to use his image freely. What else do I need and how can you help me out, pleaseAlexejesi (talk) 22:18, 14 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

With regard to the image, it is not the permission of Enakele that you need, buy that of the copyright holder, who will ordinarily be the photographer. If you can provide proof of this, email WP:OTRS with the evidence and they will handle the tagging of the image. BethNaught (talk) 23:16, 14 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

The Signpost: 11 November 2015

RfA Nomination

Hi BethNaught - seeing your poll results, I believe some editors may be interested in nominating you for adminship (myself included). Would that be something you would accept late December/early January? samtar {t} 08:30, 17 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I'm seriously considering it. If I do decide to go ahead, I guess co-noms are always welcome! BethNaught (talk) 12:54, 18 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

You've got mail!

Hello, BethNaught. Please check your email; you've got mail!
Message added 16:21, 18 November 2015 (UTC). It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.

In case you missed it. Jim Carter 16:21, 18 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

@Jim Carter: Thank you for your message. I have replied and I apologise for the delay in acknowledging your message. BethNaught (talk) 18:24, 18 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]
You've got another mail. Jim Carter 08:14, 19 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]
@Jim Carter: replied. Gave me food for thought. BethNaught (talk) 19:51, 19 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]
Due to some health issues, I was unable to complete the research. I'll let you know as soon as I come to a conclusion. Thank you for your patience. Jim Carter 17:16, 22 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]
No worries, there's still plenty of time. My best wishes for your good health. BethNaught (talk) 17:19, 22 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I see a mop in your future

<humor>I do see opposes from editors who insist on at least 7 edits per month for each of the preceding 12 months and from those who take offense at the fact that you don't edit much during the hours of midnight to 8AM (UTC)[1]. <humor>

Other than that, I think this speaks for itself. davidwr/(talk)/(contribs) 01:42, 21 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

The Signpost: 18 November 2015

Hello Beth. I Perry Morris,(Bandrep) and was trying to update information for the "Sorcery band" page, and apparently I missed that section for copyright authorization. When I uploaded that/those pictures, I did check those information boxes. Maybe I misunderstood them...."My Work". I own that picture. (I do all the legal work for this group from contract negotiations, to "Use Rights" for their music).

I've gone ahead and removed that picture. For References...I also have the newspaper and magazines articles about the group, for the "references" requirements, however, I'm not sure the "Wikipedia" people (Editors) will let me use them. Please note; I used Van Halen and Deep Purple pages as a guide to see what can be used. I don't know what else to do, so I'll remove everything, and not try to improve the article any longer. Would like to know if I can get some help on this? I can send over some of these items to someone who is more experienced with the coding process, if that would help to improve the page. Again... JUST trying to get the References, and Citations done. Thanks... I spent a good amount of time on this, and I think I'm done. Perry — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bandrep (talkcontribs) 00:08, 22 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

  • When you say "I own the picture": did you take it? Did the photographer transfer the copyright to you? Or is the copyright owned by the company you work for, and in which case, are you sure you have the authority to issue it under a free license, as Wikipedia requires, giving everybody the chance to use it commercially and without permission?
  • Newspaper and magazine articles should be good sources as long as they are considered to be reliable: not tabloids or gossip magazines. For help putting sources in articles, see Help:Citing sources. A good place to ask questions or to get help is the Wikipedia:Teahouse.
  • You've disclosed that you're receving payment, but please be aware of the Wikipedia:Conflict of interest policy and write with a neutral point of view. BethNaught (talk) 15:13, 22 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Hi,
You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 17:05, 24 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Russian bistro in Germany
Russian food at a supermarket in Herford

There is a significant Russian population in Germany. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 triggered mass immigration to the West, with Germany being the top destination, mostly for economic and ethnic reasons. Russians are the biggest migrant group in Germany, together with Turks.[1]

Soviet and post-Soviet emigration from Russia

German population data from 2012 records 1,213,000 Russian migrants residing in Germany—this includes current and former citizens of the Russian Federation as well as former citizens of the Soviet Union.[2] The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports that about 3,500,000 speakers of Russian live in Germany,[3] split largely into three ethnic groups:

  1. ethnic Russians
  2. Russians descended from German migrants to the East (known as Aussiedler)
  3. Russian Jews

Immigration to Germany surged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. According to Global Commission on International Migration research, "In the 1990s ethnic Germans and Jews comprised the largest components of emigration, and the most attractive destinations were Germany, Israel and the United States."[4] Between 1992 and 2000 Germany purportedly received 550,000 emigrants from Russia, 60% of the total amount emigrating to the three main destinations.[5]

Ethnic background

Aussiedler from Russia

Earlier in history, particularly during the 17th century, a number of Germans migrated to Russia and modern-day Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Article 116 of Germany's Basic Law, approved in 1949, provides individuals of German heritage with the right of return to Germany and the means to acquire German citizenship if they suffered persecution after the Second World War as a result of their German heritage.[6] As a result, roughly 3.6 million ethnic Germans moved to West Germany between 1950 and 1996.[6] These German descendents increasingly petitioned to return to Germany under First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev. According to historian John Glad, by 1957 the petitioners, commonly known as "Aussiedlers" or transferred settlers, filed over 100,000 applications a year to migrate to West Germany—several thousands returned in the 1970s.[7] The flow of Aussiedlers increased with the breakup of the Soviet Union.[7] For instance, between 1992 and 2007, a total of 1,797,084 ethnic Germans from the former USSR emigrated to Germany. Of this total number 923,902 were from Kazakhstan, 693,348 were from Russia, 73,460 were from Kyrgyzstan, 40,560 from Ukraine, 27,035 from Uzbekistan, and 14,578 from Tajikistan.[8] Numbers peaked in 1994–213,214 Aussiedlers—and then gradually began to decline.[9] The number of non-German relatives who emigrated along with them is not known, but many if not most are presumably members of Germany's ethnic Russian community (see below). The number of emigrated Aussiedlers fluctuates as many retained housing in the Former Soviet Union—some are presumed to have returned to their residences in Former Soviet Republics.[7]

Soviet Jews

After the Second World War Germany's Jewish population was 15,000, a small percentage of the country's pre-war Jewish population of 500,000.[10] That number grew to 30,000 by the late 1980s. Then between 1991 and 2005, more than 200,000 Jews from the former Soviet Union moved to Germany.[11] In total, the Berman Jewish DataBank estimates that over 225,000 Jews from the Former Soviet Union (Russia and various republics) immigrated to Germany between 1989 and 2012.[12] Many, speaking Yiddish as well as Russian, picked up the German language easily. The Berman Jewish DataBank estimates "Germany's core Jewish population at 118,000 in 2013," of which all but about 5,000-6,000 are post-Soviet immigrants; the community numbers about 250,000 if non-Jewish relatives are included."[12] Growth began to diminish in 2005 when the German government replaced the special quota immigration law (Kontingentsflüchtlingsgesetz) with more restrictive rules (Zuwanderungsgesetz)

Other Russian Speakers

Other Russian speakers in Germany fall into a few different categories. The German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office) reported the following figures for Russian speakers from the year 2000: legal aliens (365,415), political asylees (20,000), students (7,431), family members of German citizens (10,000-15,000), special workers in fields of science and culture (5,000-10,000), and diplomatic corps (5,000).[13] The largest percentage comes from the "legal alien" category. The vast majority of the legal aliens, who are mainly ethnic Russians (with smaller numbers of Ukrainians and other groups) are family members of returnees (Aussiedlers and Soviet Jews), but who have yet to receive German citizenship.[13]

Integration into German society

Most Russian-Germans have assimilated and integrated well into German society.[14] As with most other immigrant groups, there remain some contemporary issues. German authorities have been concerned that the high number of Russian immigrants self-segregating in certain neighborhoods hinders social integration. This has led to restrictions on immigration from Russia and the former Soviet Union. Other issues have included crime, drugs, poverty and unemployment.[15]

The Aussiedler have raised many issues. Although they were expected to assimilate rapidly into German society, Aussiedler and their descendants are struggling with their identity, and most consider themselves Russian.[16] In Russia, due to outside pressure, they had become assimilated into Russian society, in most cases speaking Russian as their first or only language, and this has made their return difficult.[17] Native Germans typically consider them Russian, just as they consider German-Americans visiting Germany to be American, despite their German surnames.

A 2006 study by the German Youth Institute revealed that Russian-Germans face high levels of prejudice and intolerance in Germany, ranging from low job opportunities, to problems in the real estate market.[18] The same report also found out that most Russian-Germans still identify as Russian, rather than German.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bondar; Machleidt (March 2007). "Addiction among Russian and Turkish migrants in Germany: developing prevention strategies". European Psychiatry. Elsevier. Retrieved 22 June 2012. The largest populations of migrants in Germany are Turks and Russians. (subscription required)
  2. ^ Persons with a migrant background. Population, 2012, by migrant status and citizenship. De Statis: Statistisches Bundesamt [Federal Statistical Office (Germany)]. Accessed 24 June 2014. https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/MigrationIntegration/PersonsMigrationBackground/Tables/MigrantStatusFormerCitizenhip.html
  3. ^ Kamynin, Mikhail (28 May 2007). "Russian MFA Spokesman Mikhail Kamynin Interview with RIA Novosti Regarding Upcoming Conference on Status of Russian Language Abroad". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  4. ^ Valery Tishkov, Zhanna Zayinchkovskaya, and Galina Vitkovskaya, "Migration in the countries of the former Soviet Union", Global Commission on International Migration, September 2005, 15. http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/gcim/rs/RS3.pdf
  5. ^ Irina Ivakhnyuk, "The Russian Migration Policy and Its Impact on Human Development: The Historical Perspective," Human Development Reports: Research Paper 2009/14 (United Nations Development Programme, April 2009), 19. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/russian-migration-policy-and-its-impact-human-development
  6. ^ a b Martin, Philip L. (1998). "Germany: Reluctant Land of Immigration" (PDF). German Issues (21): 24. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  7. ^ a b c John Glad, Russia Abroad: Writers, History, Politics (Tenafly, NJ: Hermitage Publishers, 1999), 415-416.
  8. ^ Stefan Wolff, "German and German minorities in Europe," in Divided Nations and European Integration, edited by Tristan James Mabry (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013). Also available at http://www.stefanwolff.com/research/germany-and-german-minorities-in-europe
  9. ^ Anlage 4 zum Integrationsbericht LK-GF 2008-06-09 Aussiedlerstatistik seit 1950 - Bundesverwaltungsamt [German], accessed 25 June 2014, http://www.gifhorn.de/pics/medien/1_1222325613/Anlage_4_Aussiedlerstatistik_seit_1950.pdf
  10. ^ Ludmila Isurin, Russian Diaspora: Culture, Identity, and Language Change (Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011), 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=gcl9Zv-SuwYC&lpg=PA6&dq=third%20wave%20russian%20emigration&pg=PA17#v=snippet&q=Germany&f=false
  11. ^ "Latkes and vodka: Immigrants from the former Soviet Union are transforming Jewish life in Germany". The Economist. Jan 3, 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  12. ^ a b Sergio DellaPergola. “World Jewish Population, 2013,” in Arnold Dashefsky and Ira M. Sheskin. (Editors) The American Jewish Year Book, 2013, Volume 113(2013) (Dordrecht: Springer) pp. 279-358. Available at http://jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113
  13. ^ a b Polian, Pavel (20 December 2004-9 January 2005). "Russkogovoriashchie v Germanii [Russian]". Demoskop Weekly (183–184). Retrieved 25 June 2014. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Heiner Schäfer (2 October 2006). "The challenges of immigrant descendants´ integration in Europe" (PDF). 11th Metropolis Conference, 2006. Center of Geographic Studies, University of Lisbon. Retrieved 22 June 2012. Russian boys have the reputation of being violent and brutal – although this applies only for a very small group of them. Predominantly they are integrating into the German society.
  15. ^ Ray Furlong (8 December 2004). "Ghetto woes afflict Russian-Germans". BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2012. But Germany wants to stop the influx, concerned that the new arrivals are living in self-created ghettoes. The kids here have typical immigration problems, arrival in a new country where everything is strange: the language, the laws, everything. There is a whole generation of kids uprooted from their homes as teenagers, alienated in Germany.
  16. ^ a b Schäfer. "During the last 15 years far more than half a million children and youth have come from the countries of former Soviet Union to Germany. Lots of them got immediately German passports by descent but still feel as Russians."
  17. ^ Furlong.
  18. ^ Schäfer. "Although Germany has become an immigration country educational or pedagogical support for young migrants is not very developed. They have low knowledge and information about the background and the needs of young migrants. They are expected to assimilate with the German society and to feel and behave like Germans do."