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Taken from Interpersonal_communication [1] t practice editing then move to the article

Context

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Context refers to the conditions that precede or surround the communication. It is emphasized by Corbin & White (2008) [2] that context is “the environment or situation in which the interaction takes place. That includes the time and the place and the background of the participants”(p. 18). Also, the communication consists of present or past events from which the meaning of the messages is derived, though it may also, in the case of written communications, depend upon the statements preceding and following the quotation in question. These influences do not constitute the message by themselves, but rather these extraneous nuances subtly change the message's effective meaning. Ultimately, communication is contextual and can be divided into different subsection all of which influence how we communicate with others and how we perceive the messages being said while communicating (Samovar, et al. 2009).[3] Such subsections include the following:

Physical milieu

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the season or weather, current physical location and environment


Situational milieu

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classroom, military conflict, supermarket checkout, hospital


Cultural and linguistic backgrounds

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Culture is a human made concept that helps to define the beliefs, values, attitudes, and customs of a group of people that have similarities to one another in relation to language and location that have helped the people to survive more throughout time. There are two sections of culture that are considered subcultures, which include high-culture and low-culture. These two subcultures are contrasting from one another. High-culture is seen as the part of culture that includes a set of cultural aspects mainly focusing on the arts, such as music, drama and others. Those that are of higher esteem and can access these aspects mostly are apart of this. Low-culture in contrast, has a massive audience and is a term more for popular culture. It was stated by Samovar, et al that there are five major elements of culture that show the difference between people and their cultures, differences between these elements can help to establish people from different cultures and how they may communicate. An example of differences in cultures amongst people is that, in some cultures, direct eye contact is an important aspect when communicating. However, in other cultures, eye contact can be seen as inappropriate and create conflict. Recognizing this difference can help to establish whether a person is from the same culture as you or not.

Linguistic is primarily the study of language that is divided into three broad aspects including the form of language, the meaning of language, and the context or function of language. The first aspect, form, focuses on the study of phonology and lexicon and based on the words and sounds of language and using the words to make sentences that make sense. The second aspect, meaning, focuses on the meaning and significance of the words and sentences that human beings have put together. For example the word “table” has been defined as a hard object that people put objects on, thus when it is used we understand the meaning of the word and the meaning of it within a sentence. The third aspect, function, or context is based on recognizing the meaning of the words and sentences being said and using them to understand why a person is communicating. Or basically, to understand the purpose of a conversation from the language they used.

Culture and linguistic or language are closely linked with one another, because people have established a language between one another in order to establish what is important and what is significant to the group of people. It is said that in most cases if you are to change a language you are going to change a culture.

Aspect to promote better communication are:

1- Nurses should have a broad knowledge of different cultural background when it comes to languages.

2-Nurses should trust each others intuition when dealing with patients.

3- Its all ways good to create a good environment when communicating with patients.

4- Nurses should try no to be judgmental when it comes patients.

Nursing care starts with building an excellent relationship with patients an gaining trust. when patient trust their care provider its easier to educate and get them to follow certain health procedure. The relationship is build off trust and communication.

Cultural and Linguistic context describes one of the largest components of communication because of the wide variety of cultures and languages throughout the world. [4] Many different cultures exist, each with their own unique individualized practice in relation to communication. Culture has a strong dependence on communication because of the help it provides in the process of exchanging information in the objective to transmit ideas, feelings, and specific situation present in the person’s mind. [5] Culture influences our thoughts, feelings and actions, and when communication is occurring there should be an awareness of this [6]. This means the more different an individuals cultural background is, the more different their styles of communication will be. [7] Therefore, the first step before communicating with individuals of other cultures is the importance of being aware of a persons background, and ideas and beliefs before there is interpretation of their behaviours in relation to communication. It is stressed that there is an importance of cultural safety which is the recognition of social, economic and political positions of individuals before beginning communication [8]. There are 5 major elements related to culture that affect the communication process: [9]

This is a Communication Diagram showing the two different types of communication that can be done between cultures. It is then further broken down into how you appropriately communicate verbally or non verbally with individuals of different cultures.

1- History

2-Religion

3-Values

4- Social Organizations

5-Language

Communication between cultures can be done through Verbal communication or Nonverbal communication with a sender and a receiver present. In reference to cultural data, it is important to understand that without understanding of culture the intended receiver of the message could fail to attribute the meaning of the sender. [10]. Lack of understanding of cultural backgrounds is one of the main reasons to attribute to this. This is why there is emphasis on acknowledgement and understanding of values, beliefs, emotions and behaviours of culturally competent individuals so you are able to adapt and decode the message and respond appropriately [11].

Culture has influenced Verbal communication in a variety of ways. Linguistics is a large factor in relation to this because different cultures have different language barriers. [12] Within a culture, individuals cultivate a response with the language that has been created within that culture. [13] When communicating verbally with individuals of different cultures it is important to respond appropriately and withhold any judgment. If there is a language barrier between the sender and receiver attempt to seek clarification, do not try not to interpret the meanings of the message. [14] There must be sensitivity present for individuals who are expressing opinions on culture and language. We live in a multicultural time, and this plays a important factor in considering that each individual has their own languages, beliefs and values that are allowed to be expressed. [15] When a verbal response is cultivated, it must be sensitive to another individuals culture. [16]

Culture has an influence on our Nonverbal communication in a variety of different factors. For example, in some cultures eye contact is not essential, therefore those who do use eye contact may find it hard to talk or listen to someone who is not looking at them. [17] Another example is touching as a form of greeting may be perceived as impolite to some cultures whereas it is seen as a norm to others. [18] It is important to acknowledge these cultural differences, and be understanding of them so better non verbal communication can be established. [19]

Everyone provides communication any time and has an intention to do this process. For example, in relation to health, the communication between nurse and patient has a strong and important factor because this process of communication will conduct the care and management the client. The nurse makes his/her plans to care the client in response of the client communication. Although it involves more than cultural and linguistic aspect, all the factors present in the client must be considered. Also, communication can be seen as a dynamic, complex, and context-related ongoing multivariate process in which the experiences of the participants (for example the nurse and client) are shared (Fleischer, Berg, Zimmermann, et al., 2009).

In addition, culture has a strong process of dependence on communication, which helps in the process of exchange information in the objective to transmit ideas, feelings, and specific situation present in the person’s mind. Therefore, communication constitutes an important part of the quality of nursing care and predominantly influences client and resident satisfaction; it is a core element of nursing care, a fundamentally required nursing skill. All the processes are developed during the process of care, and these factors are compiled by nurses daily because it needs to have time and amend day by day. Still, language can be expressed in different aspects although the most common process is the verbal and nonverbal communication. Hence, body language does a key factor in the process to communicate and interact which other. For example, the nurse-patient relationship is primarily mediated by verbal and nonverbal communication, so both aspects need to be understood. Although client can have a lack of knowledge in the language process, it can difficult in the process of communication (Fleischer, Berg, Zimmermann, et al., 2009). Instead, these facts are reinforced by Fleischer, Berg, Zimmermann, et al. (2009) “a minimal mutual compatibility of the communicators’ realities like language has to be existent to achieve a successful exchange of information between nurse and patient (pg. 350).”

In fact, culture does a key role in the communication, which works in the language communication. Nurses should understand these facts about the culture and methods to communicate, so they can promote a correct and satisfied treatment for the client in the process to care [20].


Communication amongst nurses and other professionals and some aspects to promote better communication
though nurse and patient make a key role in the process of promoting health, the communication between nurse and other health professionals are extremely important. The process to promote quality of life and health are basic developed by equip of health professionals, so this group works with a goal to have an increase in the health of the community. When a deficit the communication among providers occurs, it develops conditions for acrimony, frustration, and distrust, which can lead to inferior care and a greater risk of error. It can be seen an unfamiliar factor although lack of communication must develop problems in the process to care. Burke, Boal, & Mitchell (2014) emphasizes “it is important to note that there are many problems related to communication and collaboration that can only be fixed with broader changes in systems (pg. 43).” The language problems between professionals and, also, clients must be avoided.

Consequently, some aspects, which are necessary, promote better communication are:

1- Health professionals are a unique team;

2- Nurses and physician are equal when it comes to care the client, so superiority must be avoided;

3- Nurses and physicians talk face to face, so this process promotes better communication and minimize situations not understood; and,

4- Good news about the client’s process must provide an evaluation in the process of care and environment present.

In fact, these are simple methods to promote better care and communication in general process of life, so every professional needs to understand and begins promoting better communication in the team (Burke, Boal, & Mitchell, 2014) [21].

Developmental progress (maturity) or emotional state

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Complementary or contrasting roles

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boss and employee; teacher and student; parent & child; friend or enemy; partner or competitor

References

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  1. ^ Interpersonal Communication; https://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Interpersonal_communication
  2. ^ Corbin, C. White, D. (2008). "Interpersonal Communication: A Cultural Approach." Sydney, NS. Cape Breton University Press
  3. ^ Samovar, L.A. Porter, R.E. McDaniel, E.R. (2009) Communication Between Cultures. Boston, MA. Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning
  4. ^ Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2010). Communication between cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, c2010
  5. ^ Fleischer, S., Berg, A., Zimmermann, M., Wüste, K., & Behrens, J. (2009). Nurse-patient interaction and communication: A systematic literature review. Journal Of Public Health (09431853), 17(5), 339. doi:10.1007/s10389-008-0238-1
  6. ^ Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage
  7. ^ Corbin, C. White, D. (2008). "Interpersonal Communication: A Cultural Approach." Sydney, NS. Cape Breton University Press
  8. ^ Bourque Bearskin, R. L. (2011). A critical lens on culture in nursing practice. Nursing Ethics, 18, 548-559. doi:10.1177/0969733011408048
  9. ^ Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2010). Communication between cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, c2010
  10. ^ Gudykunst, W. B., Ting-Toomey, S., & Chua, E. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, c1988
  11. ^ Smith, L. S. (2014). Reaching for cultural competence. Plastic Surgical Nursing, 34(3), 120-126. doi:10.1097/PSN.0000000000000059
  12. ^ Muñoz, C. C., & Luckmann, J. (2005). Transcultural communication in nursing. Clifton Park, NY : Thomson/Delmar Learning, c2005
  13. ^ Corbin, C. White, D. (2008). "Interpersonal Communication: A Cultural Approach." Sydney, NS. Cape Breton University Press
  14. ^ Muñoz, C. C., & Luckmann, J. (2005). Transcultural communication in nursing. Clifton Park, NY : Thomson/Delmar Learning, c2005
  15. ^ Corbin, C. White, D. (2008). "Interpersonal Communication: A Cultural Approach." Sydney, NS. Cape Breton University Press
  16. ^ Neuliep, J. (2009). Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage
  17. ^ Corbin, C. White, D. (2008). "Interpersonal Communication: A Cultural Approach." Sydney, NS. Cape Breton University Press
  18. ^ Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2010). Communication between cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, c2010
  19. ^ Muñoz, C. C., & Luckmann, J. (2005). Transcultural communication in nursing. Clifton Park, NY : Thomson/Delmar Learning, c2005.
  20. ^ Fleischer, S., Berg, A., Zimmermann, M., Wüste, K., & Behrens, J. (2009). Nurse-patient interaction and communication: A systematic literature review. Journal Of Public Health (09431853), 17(5), 339. doi:10.1007/s10389-008-0238-1 Press
  21. ^ Burke, M., Boal, J., & Mitchell, R. (2004). A new look at the old. Communicating for better care: improving nurse-physician communication. American Journal Of Nursing, 104(12), 40-48. Accesses in October 5th, 2014 Press
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