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Track Ⅱ diplomacy refers to "non-governmental, informal and unofficial contacts and activities between private citizens or groups of individuals, sometimes called 'non-state actors'"[2]. It contrasts with track Ⅰ diplomacy, which can be defined as official, governmental diplomacy that occur inside official government channels[3]. However, track two diplomacy is not a substitute for track one diplomacy. Rather, it is there to assist official actors to manage and resolve conflicts by exploring possible solutions derived from the public view and without the requirements of formal negotiation or bargaining for advantage[4]. In addition, the term track 1.5 diplomacy is used by some analysts to define a situation where official and non-official actors cooperate in conflict resolution[5].
- Montville, J. V. (2006). Track two diplomacy: The work of healing history. Whitehead J. Dipl. & Int'l Rel., 7, 15.
One of the successful track two dialogue processes can be the Oslo Accords of 1993 between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO), which achieved some remarkable breakthroughs in the Israeli-Palestinian relationship. The contacts began as a track two diplomacy, with an unofficial initiative by a Norwegian scholar, but had transitioned into track one diplomacy by the time it was finished, finalized with a handshake between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO head Yasser Arafat on the White house lawn[6].
- Diamond, L., & McDonald, J. W. (1996). Multi-track diplomacy: A systems approach to peace. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
- ^ Institute for Multi-track diplomacy, "What is multi-track diplomacy?"
- ^ Diamond, L., &McDonald, J., 1991, p.1.
- ^ Kaye D. D., 2007, p.5.
- ^ Montville, 1991, pp. 162-163.
- ^ United States Institute of Peace, "Glossary of Terms for Conflict Management and Peacebuilding, "Tracks of diplomacy"
- ^ Montville, 2006, pp. 19-20.
- ^ Institute for Multi-track diplomacy, "What is multi-track diplomacy?"