User:Dr. Grampinator/sandbox/Northern Chronology
This chronology presents the timeline of the Crusades from the beginning of the First Crusade in 1095 to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187. This is keyed towards the major events of the Crusades to the Holy Land, but also includes those of the Reconquista and Northern Crusades as well as the Byzantine-Seljuk wars.[4]
10th century
[edit]- 960–990. Christian churches are established among West Slavs, Danes, Poles and Russians.[5]
- 983. The Wends participate in the Slavic Revolt of 983 against the Holy Roman Empire under Otto the Great.[6]
- 997. St. Adalbert of Prague is martyred in Prussia.[7]
11th century
[edit]1000
- (Date unknown). Archdiocese of Gniezno is founded in Poland.[8]
1045
- (Date unknown, as late as 1050). The cathedrals of Holy Wisdom, the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk, are built.[5]
1064
- (Date unknown). Gunther of Bamberg leads the Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–1065 to the Holy Land.[9]
1066
- 10 November. Bishop John Scotus is killed during a Wendish revolt against Christianity.[10]
- (Date unknown). Adam of Bremen writes his chronicle Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church).[11]
1086
- 10 July. Canute IV of Denmark is martyred.[12]
1088
1093
- (Date unknown). A Christian coalition led by the Obotrite prince Henry and Magnus of Saxony defeats the Wends at the Battle of Schmilau.[14]
1095
- 18 August. Eric I of Denmark becomes king.[15]
- 17–27 November. At the Council of Clermont, Urban II issues a call for the First Crusade to reconquer the Holy Land for Christendom.[16]
1099
- 7 June – 15 July. The Crusaders capture the Holy City after the Siege of Jerusalem.[17]
12th Century
[edit]1103
- (Date unknown). Eric I of Denmark and his wife Boedil begin a pilgrimage to the Holy Land as described in the Knýtlinga saga. He would die in July on Cyprus, but she made it to Jerusalem where she died shortly thereafter.[15]
1104
- (Date unknown). Niels of Denmark becomes king, succeeding his brother Eric I of Denmark, and campaigns against the Wends in an alliance with Poland.[18]
- (Date unknown). The Archdiocese of Lund is established as the metropolitan of the North by Alberic of Ostia.[19]
1106
- Approximate. Daniel of Kiev makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[20]
1107
- Autumn. The Norwegian Crusade led by Sigurd the Crusader begins with attacks on Iberia.[21]
1108
- (Date unknown). The Archbishopric of Magdeburg calls for war against the Wends.[22]
1109
- (Date uncertain, 1108 or 1109). Sigurd the Crusader attacks Formentera in the Balearic Islands.[23]
1116
- (Date unknown). Novgorod and Pskov begin an expedition against Tartu and the fortress of Otepää.[24]
1119
- 1 February. Callixtus II becomes pope.[25]
- (Date unknown). Hugues de Payens founds the Knights Templar and becomes its first Grand Master.[26]
1120
- (Date unknown). Callixtus II issues the papal bull Sicut Judaeis laying out the Church's position on Jews.[27]
1124
- June–August. Sigurd the Crusader conducts the Kalmar Expedition, a leidang to Christianize the region of Småland. This is the first of the Northern Crusades.[28]
- (Date unknown). Otto of Bamberg begins the Christianization of Pomerania.[29]
1128
- (Date unknown). The Santa Maria Alemanna (Church of Saint Mary of the Germans) is founded in Jerusalem.[30]
1130
- 14 February. Innocent II becomes pope.[31]
1134
- 4 June. Beginning a series of the Danish Civil Wars, Eric II of Denmark defeats Niels of Denmark and Magnus the Strong at the Battle of Fotevik and becomes king on 25 June.[32]
- (Date unknown). The Saxons erect the castle of Segeberg.[5]
1135
- (Date unknown). Eric II of Denmark defeats the Lechites under Ratibor I of Pomerania in a naval battle off the coast of Denmark.[33]
1136
- Summer. Danish forces under Eric II of Denmark attack Slavic Rügen, taking its capital Arkona.[34]
1137
- 18 September. Eric III of Denmark becomes king after the death of his uncle Eric II of Denmark.[35]
1143
- (Date unknown). Henry the Lion grants the Slavic lands of Wagria and Polabia to Saxon counts.[36]
1144
- (Date unknown). During the reign of Sverker I of Sweden, the Cistercians establish Catholic abbeys in Sweden and Denmark at the invitation of queen Ulvhild Håkansdotter.[37]
1145
- 15 February. Eugene III becomes pope.[38]
- 1 December. Eugene III issues the papal bull Quantum praedecessores calling for the Second Crusade.[39]
- 25 December. Louis VII of France declares his intention at Bourges to support the crusade.[40]
1146
- 1 March. The reissue of papal bull Quantum praedecessores allows Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the crusade throughout Europe.[41]
- 31 March. Louis VII of France and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine take the cross and lead the French forces of the crusade.[42]
- Before August. Eric III of Denmark abdicates and the throne of Denmark is contested between Sweyn III of Denmark and Canute V of Denmark.[43][44]
- 5 October. Eugene III issues the first part of the papal bull Divina dispensatione urging Italians to join the Second Crusade.[45]
- 24 December. Conrad III of Germany and Frederick Barbarossa take the cross and lead the German forces of the crusade.[46][47]
1147
- 11 April. The second part of the papal bull Divina dispensatione is issued, calling for the Wendish Crusade against the Polabian Slavs.[48]
- Later. In response, Christian forces are assembled including Saxons under Albert the Bear and Henry the Lion and Danes under Canute V of Denmark and Sweyn III of Denmark assemble.[49]
- 26 June. The Wendish Crusade begins as the Wends under Slavic prince Niklot sack Lübeck.[50]
- October. The Christian forces of the Wendish Crusade led by Anselm of Havelberg withdraw after the Danes are defeated and the crusade is abandoned by the Saxons.[51]
1148
- 28 July. The Crusader commanders retreat to Jerusalem, ending the Second Crusade.[52]
1151
- (Date unknown). Danish nobleman Wetheman founds a lay confraternity in Roskilde organized into leidang to help fight the Wends.[53]
- (Date unknown). Rognvald Kali Kolsson begins his pilgrimage to the Holy Land as documented in the Orkneyinga saga.[54]
1152
- Early. Baldwin III of Jerusalem demands coronation as sole ruler of the kingdom and the Haute Cour of Jerusalem divides the kingdom into two administrative districts.[55]
- (Date unknown). Clergyman and historian John of Salisbury writes his Historia Pontificalis quae Supersunt, covering the years 1148–1152.[56]
1156
- 21 December. Erik IX of Sweden becomes king.[57]
1157
- Approximate. Erik IX of Sweden conducts an expedition to Finland in the (likely mythical) First Swedish Crusade.[58]
1157
- July. Valdemar I of Denmark, Sweyn III of Denmark and Canute V of Denmark agree to jointly rule Denmark.[59]
- 23 October. Sweyn III of Denmark is defeated by Valdemar I of Denmark in the last phase of the Danish Civil Wars, culminating in the Battle of Grathe Heath.[59]
1159
- 7 September. Alexander III becomes pope.[60]
1160
- 18 May. Magnus II of Sweden becomes king after murdering Erik I of Sweden.[61]
- June. Henry the Lion begins his conquest of the Wends.[62]
- (Date unknown). The Obotrites are attacked by Saxons and Danes, resulting in the death of Niklot, and the partition of the Obotrite lands.[63]
1161
- (Date unknown). Charles VII of Sweden becomes king after killing his precedessor Magnus II of Sweden.[64]
1162
- 6 July. The Slavic duchy of Demmin is taken by Henry the Lion.[65]
1163
- (Date unknown). Pribislav of Mecklenburg rises in revolt against the Saxons.[63]
1164
- 6 July. The army of Henry the Lion, assisted by the fleet of Valdemar the Great, defeat the West Slavic Obotrites at the Battle of Verchen.[63]
- (Date unknown). The Archbishopric of Uppsala is created in Sweden.[28]
1167
- 12 April. Canute I of Sweden becomes king.[66]
1168
- (Date unknown, through 1169). Valdemar I of Denmark defeats the Wends at the Siege of Arkona.[67]
1170
- (Date unknown). Danish forces led by Valdemar I of Denmark and Absalon defeat those of Casimir I of Pomerania and Bogisław I of Pomerania at the Battle of Julin Bridge.[67]
1171
- 11 September. Alexander III issues the papal bull Non parum animus noster to promote the Northern Crusades against the pagan Estonians and Finns.[68]
- (Date unknown). Saxon priest Helmold of Bosau writes his Chronica Sclavorum (Chronicle of the Slavs) of the northwestern Slavic tribes up to 1171.[69]
1172*
- June–July. Henry the Lion takes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.[36]
1179
- March. Alexander III presides over the Third Council of the Lateran.[70]
1180
- 13 January. Henry the Lion is stripped of his imperial fiefs at an Imperial Diet in Würzburg for having breached the peace of Frederick Barbarossa.[36]
1181
- November. Henry the Lion is deposed and exiled.[36]
- (Date unknown). The Kingdom of Denmark defeats the Scanian rebels at the Battle of Dösjebro.[71]
1182
- 12 May. Canute VI of Denmark becomes king after the death of his father Valdemar I of Denmark.[72]
1184
- 4 November. Pope Lucius III issues the papal bull Ad abolendam after the Synod of Verona, conducted with emperor Frederick Barbarossa, condemning heretics and calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land.[73]
1185
- 25 November. Urban III becomes pope.[74]
- (Date unknown). A failed raid of Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians (possibly fictional) is described in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.[75]
- (Date unknown, may be 1186). Canute VI of Denmark invades Pomerania and forces Bogisław I of Pomerania to acknowledge him as overlord. Canute and his successor monarchs of Denmark then used the title King of the Wends.[76]
1187
- 20 October. Urban III dies and is succeeded by Gregory VIII on 25 October.[a][78]
- 29 October. Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi calling for the Third Crusade.[79]
- (Date unknown). Chieftan Esbern the Resolute calls for Danish support of the Third Crusade.[80]
- (Date unknown). Canute I of Sweden repels a fleet of pagan Karelians ravaging coastal towns. He builds a defensive tower in Stockholm in response.[81]
1191
- 30 March. Celestine III becomes pope.[82]
- 15 April. Henry VI of Germany becomes Holy Roman Emperor.[83]
- (Date unknown). Canute VI leads a Danish Crusade to Finland.[84]
1192
- (Date unknown). The Teutonic Knights are recognized by Celestine III.[85]
1193
- (Date unknown). Celestine III calls for a crusades in Spain and in Northern Europe.[86]
1194
- Spring. Casimir II the Just organizes an expedition against the Baltic Yotvingians.[87]
1195
- (Date unknown). Sverker II of Sweden becomes king.[88]
1198
- 8 January. Innocent III becomes pope.[89]
- August. The Livonian Crusades begin with the Wars against Livs and Latgalians. Berthold of Hanover fails to defeat the Livonians and is killed.[90]
13th century
[edit]1200
- (Date unknown). Albert of Buxhoeveden, bishop of Riga, leads a crusade to conquer Latvia.[91]
1202
- 12 November. Valdemar II of Denmark becomes king upon the death of his brother Canute VI of Denmark.[92]
- (Date unknown). Anders Sunesen leads a crusade against the Finns as part of the Danish Crusade.[1]
- (Date unknown). The Livonian Brothers of the Sword is established.[93]
1204
- Late. Innocent III authorizes those who took a crusading vow but could not go may crusade in the Baltic instead.[94]
1207
- 2 February. Terra Mariana (Old Livonia) is established as a vassal state of the Holy See.[95]
1208
- (Date unknown). Erik X of Sweden becomes king after defeating Sverker II of Sweden at the Battle of Lena.[96]
1216
- 10 April. John I of Sweden becomes king, the last of the House of Sverker.[97]
1217
- 21 September. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword defeat the Estonians at the Battle of St. Matthew's Day.[98]
1218
- March. Honorius III authorizes the Prussian Crusade.[99]
1219
- Early. Valdemar II of Denmark invades Estonia, which is elevated to a crusade by Honorius III, and takes Tallinn (Revel).[100]
- 19 June. The forces of Valdemar II of Denmark defeat the Estonians at the Battle of Lyndanisse.[101]
1220
- 8 August. The Estonians defeat the invading Swedes at the Battle of Lihula, ending their agression for centuries.[102]
- 22 November. Frederick II and Constance of Aragon are crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Empress by Honorius III, taking the cross for the second time.[103]
1221
- (Date unknown). A Kievan Rus' force fails to defeat the Seljuk Turks under Kayqubad I at the Battle of Sudak.[104]
- (Date unknown). An Estonian force fails to take the city from the Danes in the Siege of Tallinn.[105]
1222
- 10 March. Eric XI of Sweden becomes king.[106]
1225
- (Date unknown). Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson writes his Heimskringla concerning Scandanavian involvement in the Northern Crusades.[107]
1226
- (Date unknown). The Teutonic Knights undertake a new Crusade to subdue the pagan Prussians.[85]
1227
- January. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their allies defeat the last Estonian strongholds in the Battle of Muhu.[105]
- 19 March. Gregory IX becomes pope.[108]
- 22 July. Holstein forces defeat Valdemar II of Denmark and Otto the Child at the Battle of Bornhöved.[100]
- (Date unknown). Henry of Latvia writes his Livonian Chronicle.[102]
1228
- 4 May. Conrad II of Jerusalem becomes king of Jerusalem upon the death of his mother Isabella II of Jerusalem.
- (Date unknown). Willibrand of Oldenburg leads the Drenther Crusade against the residents of Drenthe, lasting until 1232.[109]
1229
- (Date unknown). Canute II of Sweden becomes king.[110]
1230
- October. The Teutonic Knights occupy Chelmno Land and begin their conquest of Prussia as authorized by Gregory IX.[111]
1233
- (Date unknown). The papal attacks on heretics in the Stedinger Crusade is finally successful in 1234.[112]
1234
- (Date unknown). Eric XI of Sweden overthrows Canute II of Sweden to regain the Swedish throne.[106]
1236
- 22 September. Pagan troops of Samogitians and Semigallians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword at Battle of Saule.[113]
1240
- 15 July. In the beginning of the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars, the Novgorods defeats the Kingdom of Sweden at the Battle of the Neva.[114]
- (Date unknown). The Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order are unsuccessful in their Livonian campaign against Rus'.[115]
1241
- 28 March. Eric IV of Denmark becomes king upon the death of his father Valdemar II of Denmark.[116]
- August. The first of the Danish Campaigns to Novgorod is inconclusive.[117]
1242
- 12 April. The forces of the Republic of Novgorod led by Alexander Nevsky defeat the forces of the Livonian Order at the Battle on the Ice. As a result, the Teutonic Order dropped all territorial claims over Russian lands[118]
1243
- 25 June. Innocent IV becomes pope.[119]
- 23 September. Innocent IV issues the papal bull Qui iustis causis authorizing crusades in Prussia and Livonia.[119]
1248
- (Date unknown). Birger Jarl becomes Jarl of Sweden under Eric XI of Sweden.[120]
1249
- Approximate. The Tavastians are defeated in the Second Swedish Crusade.[2]
1250
- 2 February. Valdemar of Sweden becomes king.[121]
- 1 November. Abel of Denmark becomes king.[122]
- 13 December. Frederick II dies and the Holy Roman Empire enters the Great Interregnum.[103]
1252
- 15 May. Innocent IV issues the papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Inquisition.[123]
- 29 June. Christopher I of Denmark becomes king.[35]
1259
- 29 May. Eric V of Denmark becomes king.[124]
1261
1265
- 5 February. Clement IV become pope.[126]
1268
- 18 February. The combined forces of Danish Estonia and the Livonian Order engage the forces of Novgorod and Pskov at the inconclusive Battle of Wesenberg.[127]
1271
- 1 September. Gregory X is elected pope and preaches new crusade in coordination with the Mongols.[128]
1273
- 1 October. Rudolf I of Germany elected king, ending the Great Interregnum.[129]
1275
- (Date unknown). Magnus III Ladulås becomes king of Sweden.[130]
1279
- 5 March. The Teutonic Knights are defeated by Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Battle of Aizkraukle.[131]
1281
1283
- Summer. The Prussian rebellion against the Teutonic Knights collapses.[133]
1285
- Winter. The Teutonic Knights launch the Lithuanian Crusade.[134]
1286
- 22 November. Eric VI of Denmark becomes king.[135]
1288
- 22 February. Nicholas IV becomes pope, immediately supports a crusade to the Holy Land.[136]
1290
- 18 December. Birger of Sweden becomes king.[130]
1293
- (Date unknown). Viborg Castle established in Finland as part of the Third Swedish Crusade led by Torkel Knutsson.[137]
1294
- 24 December. Boniface VIII elected pope.[138]
1298
- 1 June. Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis at the Battle of Turaida.[139]
- 28 June. Livonians and the Teutonic Order defeat Riga and Lithuania near Neuermühlen, capturing Riga.[139]
14th century
[edit]1300
[edit]- (Date unknown). Swedes under Tyrgils Knutsson lead an attack against the Novgorodians and establish an outpost at Landskrona.[140]
1303
- 22 October. Benedict XI elected pope.[141]
1305
1308
- 1 May. Albert I of Germany assassinated, Henry of Luxembourg crowned king of Germany (later to become Holy Roman Emperor as Henry VII).[143]
- 13 November. Teutonic Knights takeover Gdańsk, beginning a long-running conflict between the State of the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland.[144]
- 27 November. Henry of Luxembourg elected Holy Roman Emperor, confirmed by Clement V in July 1309 and crowned at Candlemas 1312.[145]
1309
- March. Avignon Papacy begins.[146]
- 13 September. Treaty of Soldin provides legal basis for the Teuton occupation of Gdańsk.[147]
- (Date unknown). Teutonic Knights move their headquarters from Venice to Malbork Castle in Marienburg.[148]
1311
- 7 April. Teutonic Knights defeat Lithuania at the Battle of Wopławki.[149]
1312
- 29 June. Henry VII becomes Holy Roman Emperor,[145] ending the Great Interregnum.[150]
1315
- (Date unknown). Great famine of 1315–1317 devastates Europe.[151]
1316
1319
- 8 July. Magnus II Eriksson becomes king of Sweden and Norway.[130]
- 13 November. Eric VI of Denmark dies and his brother Christopher II of Denmark becomes king the next year.[153]
1323
- 12 August. Treaty of Nöteborg.[154]
1324
- 6 July. Werner von Orseln becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.[144]
1326
- 10 February. Polish–Teutonic War begins with the 8-week Raid on Brandenburg by Polish-Lithuanian forces against Louis IV the Bavarian, protector of the Teutons, leaving the area devastated.[155]
1329
- 1 February. Siege of Medvėgalis by the Teutonic Knights and John of Bohemia results in the capture of a Lithuanian fortress in Samogitia.[156]
1330
[edit]- 18 November. Grand Master Werner von Orseln dies after an assassination attempt.
1331
- 17 February. Lothar of Brunswick elected Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.[144]
- 27 September. Teutons defeated by Poland at the Battle of Płowce.[155]
1334
- 20 December. Benedict XII elected pope.[157]
1340
- 24 June. Valdemar IV of Denmark becomes king.[158]
1342
- 7 May. The Archbishop of Rouen elected pope, taking the name Clement VI.[159]
1343
- 8 July. Polish-Teutonic War concluded with the Treaty of Kalisz signed by the principals Casimir III the Great and Ludolf König von Wattzau.[155]
1348
- (Date unknown). Magnus IV of Sweden leads the Crusade against Novgorod, capturing capturing the fortress of Orekhov. Magnus withdraws in 1351.[160]
1352
- 18 December. Innocent VI elected pope.[161]
1355
- 4 April. Charles IV of Luxembourg is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.[162]
1362
1363
- 31 March. Urban V proclaims a crusade and grants the signum crucis to Peter I and John II of France, to start not later than 1 March 1365.[163]
1364
- (Date unknown). Albert of Sweden becomes king.
1365
- 12 April. Urban V issues passagium generale for Peter's crusade.[164]
1370
[edit]- 18 February. Teutonic Knights defeat Lithuania at the Battle of Rudau.[165]
- 30 December. Gregory XI elected pope.[166]
1376
- 3 May. Olaf II of Denmark becomes king.[35]
1378
- 8 April. Urban VI elected pope, preaches crusade against Joanna of Naples.[167]
- 20 September. Thirteen cardinals reject Urban VI as pope, and elect Clement VII as antipope,[168] beginning the Great Schism within the Catholic Church.[169]
1380
[edit]- 31 May. Jogaila signs the Treaty of Dovydiškės with the Teutonic Knights, sparking a civil war with his uncle Kęstutis.[170]
- 8 September. Russian forces under Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy stop aninvasion by the Blue Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo.[171][172]
1381
- August. First Lithuanian Civil War begins.[173]
1384
- 16 November. Ten-year-old Jadwiga of Poland is crowned in Kraków following the death of her father Louis I of Hungary in 1382.[174]
1386
- 4 March. Jogaila marries Jadwiga and is crowned Władysław II Jagiełło beginning the Jagiellonian dynasty of Poland.[170]
1387
- 10 August. Margaret I of Denmark becomes queen of Denmark.[175]
1388
- 2 February. Margaret I of Denmark becomes queen of Norway.[175]
1389
- 24 February. Margaret I of Denmark becomes queen of Sweden.[175]
- (Date unknown). Second Lithuanian Civil War begins.[176]
1390
[edit]- 19 January. The Treaty of Lyck between Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights signed.[177]
- 26 May. Treaty of Königsberg is signed between Samogitian nobles and the Teutonic Knights.[178]f
- (Date unknown). The Eric Chronicle is written.
1397
- 17 June. Eric of Pomerania becomes ruler of the Kalmar Union of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, ruling with his great-aunt Margaret I of Denmark. This union would last until 1523.[179]
1398
- 12 October. Treaty of Salynas is signed by Vytautas and Konrad von Jungingen in an attempt to cede Samogitiato the Teutonic Knights.[180]
15th century
[edit]1404
- 17 October. Innocent VII elected pope.[181]
1409
- 6 August. Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War begins.[182]
1410
[edit]- 15 July. At the Battle of Grunwald, allies Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas defeat the Teutonic Knights under Ulrich von Jungingen, with most of their leadership killed or taken prisoner.[183]
- 26 July. After Grunwald, the Poles and Lithuanians unsuccessfully attempt to take the Teuton's capital in the Siege of Marienburg.[184]
1411
- 1 February. Peace of Thorn is signed ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.[185]
1414
- Summer. Hunger War conducted between Poland and Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights.[186]
1417
- 11 November. Martin V elected pope,[187] ending the Great Schism of 1378–1417.[169]
1422
- 17 July – 27 September. Teutonic Knights defeated by Poland and Lithuania in the Gollub War, ending with the signing of the Treaty of Melno.[188]
1431
- 11 March. Eugene IV elected pope.[189]
- 16 June. Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel creating an anti-Polish alliance.[190]
- (Date unknown). Polish–Teutonic War begins.[191]
1432
- 31 August. Lithuanian Civil War begins.[192]
1433
- 31 May. Sigismund is crowned Holy Roman Emperor, becoming the first emperor since the death of his father Charles IV in 1378.[193]
1435
- 5 August. Filippo Visconti decisively defeats Alfonso V of Aragon at the naval Battle of Ponza. Anfonso is captured.[194][195]
- 1 September. Sigismund Kęstutaitis decisively defeats Grand Duke Švitrigaila at the Battle of Wiłkomierz.[196]
- 1 December. Peace of Brześć Kujawski signed, ending the Polish–Teutonic War.[191]
1440
[edit]- 1 February. Prussian Confederation is formed to oppose the Teutonic Knights.[197]
- 9 April. Christopher of Bavaria becomes king of Denmark.[198]
1441
- 13 September. Christopher of Bavaria is coronated as king of Sweden.[198]
1442
- 13 September. Christopher of Bavaria is coronated as king of Norway.[198]
1447
- 6 March. Nicholas V elected pope.[199]
1448
- 1 September. Christian I of Denmark becomes king of Denmark.[200]
1450
- 13 May. Christian I of Denmark becomes king of Norway.[200]
1454
- 4 February. Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the Teutonic Knights begins.[201]
- 6 March. Casimir IV of Poland renounces allegiance to the Teutonic Knights.[202]
- 18 September. Bernhard von Zinnenberg leads the Teutons to a victory over Casimir IV at the Battle of Chojnice.[201]
1455
- 8 April. Callixtus III elected pope.[203]
1457
- 23 June. 1 September. Christian I of Denmark becomes king of Sweden.[200]
1458
1462
- 17 September. Poland defeats the Teutons at the Battle of Świecino, part of the Thirteen Years' War.[205]
1463
- 15 September. Prussian Confederation defeats the Teutonic Order in the naval Battle of Vistula Lagoon (Zatoka Świeża).[206]
1464
- 18 July. Crusade of Pius II begins with the departure of the pope for Ancona. Pius II would die on 14 August.[207]
- 30 August. Paul II elected pope.[208]
1465
- 14 August. Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II is murdered in the Moroccan revolution.[209]
1466
- 19 October. Thirteen Years' War ends with the second Peace of Toruń.[210]
1470
- 1 June. Sten Sture becomes regent of Sweden.[211]
1471
- 14 July. Muscovy defeats the Novgorods at the Battle of Shelon.[212]
- 9 August. Sixtus IV elected pope.[213]
1481
- 21 May. John of Denmark becomes king of Denmark.[214]
1483
- 20 July. John of Denmark is coronated as king of Norway.[214]
1491
- 24 January. Poland and Lithuania defeat the Crimean Khanate under Meñli I Giray at the Battle of Zasław.[215]
1492
- 26 October. Stephan the Great defeats John I of Poland at the Battle of the Cosmin Forest.[216]
1496
1497
- 6 October. John of Denmark becomes king of Sweden.[214]
- (Date unknown). Moldavian Campaign was an unsuccessful attack by John Albert of Poland on Moldavia, supported by the Ottomans, with the objective of deposing Stephen the Great. This would last two years.[217]
16th century
[edit]1502
- 3 September. The first 1503 Papal Conclave is convened after the death of Alexander VI. Pius III is elected pope and dies a month later.[218]
- 31 October. The second 1503 Papal Conclave elects Julius II as pope.[219]
- (Date unknown). Alexander Jagiellon signs a five-year treaty with Bayezid II, the first of the Polish-Ottoman alliances.[220]
1504
- 2 July. Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes the new Voivode of Moldavia upon the death of his father Stephen the Great.[221]
1506
- 6 August. Lithuania defeats the Crimean Khanate at the Battle of Kletsk.[222]
1508
- 4 February. Maximillian I of Germany becomes Holy Roman Emperor.[223]
1513
- 9 March. Son of Lorenzo de' Medici elected pope, taking the name Leo X.[224]
- 16 August. Croatians under Petar Berislavić defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Dubica.[225]
1514
- 8 September. Lithuania defeats the Principality of Moscow at the Battle of Orsha.[226]
See also
[edit]- Chronologies of the Crusades
- Historians and histories of the Crusades
- Medieval Jerusalem
- Saladin in Egypt
Notes
[edit]- ^ Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.[77]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Lind 2006a, pp. 436–439, Finland and the Crusades.
- ^ a b Lind 2006b, pp. 1126–1130, Sweden and the Crusades.
- ^ Pål Berg Svenungsen (2016). Norway and the Fifth Crusade The crusade movement on the outskirts of Europe. In: The Fifth Crusade in Context: The Crusading Movement in the Early Thirteenth Century. Edited by E. J. Mylod, et al.
- ^ Baldwin 1969a, The First Hundred Years.
- ^ a b c Christiansen 1997, pp. ix–xii, Chronological Table of the Northern Crusades.
- ^ James Westfall Thompson (1916). The German Church and the Conversion of the Baltic Slavs. The American Journal of Theology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pgs. 205–230.
- ^ St. Adalbert, Bishop of Prague. Britannica.
- ^ Joseph Lins (1909). "Archdiocese of Gnesen-Posen". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Einar Joranson (1928). The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–1065. In: The Crusades, and other historical essays: presented to Dana C. Munro by his former students. Lewis J. Paetow, editor. F. S. Crofts & Co., pgs. 8–43.
- ^ Joseph Lins (1911). "Mecklenburg". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Arthur F. Remy (1907). "Adam of Bremen". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Patrick W. Ryan (1908). "St. Canute IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Richard Urban Butler (1912). "Pope Bl. Urban II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ James Westfall Thompson (1928). Feudal Germany. University of Chicago Press, pg. 421
- ^ a b Erik of Denmark. Independent Crusaders Project (2021).
- ^ Dana Carleton Munro (1906). The Speech of Pope Urban II. At Clermont, 1095, The American Historical Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pgs. 231–242.
- ^ Runciman 1969, pp. 333–337, The Siege of Jerusalem.
- ^ Stefan Pajung (2011). Niels, 1065–1134. danmarkshistorien.
- ^ Phillip von Kettenburg (1910). "Lund". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Daniel of Kiev". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 808.
- ^ Sigurd I Magnusson, King of Norway. Britannica, 1998.
- ^ Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (2007). The Popes and the Baltic Crusades. Brill. p. 29.
- ^ Gary B. Doxey (1996). “Norwegian Crusaders and the Balearic Islands.” Scandinavian Studies, Vol. 68, No. 2, pgs. 139–160.
- ^ Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication Across the Baltic Sea. Brill.
- ^ James MacCaffrey (1908). "Pope Callistus II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Thomas Andrew Archer and Walter Alison Phillips (1911). "Templars". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 591–600.
- ^ Papal Bulls. Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ a b Nyberg, Tore (2018). Monasticism in North-Western Europe, 800–1200. Routledge. pp. 119–120.
- ^ Klemens Löffler (1911). "St. Otto". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ St. Mary's of the German Knights. The Jerusalem Foundation.
- ^ Francis Mershman (1910). "Pope Innocent II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ The Viking Museum in Foteviken and the battle in 1134. WordPress.
- ^ Klemens Löffler (1911). "Pomerania". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Carl Frederik Bricka (1890). Dansk Biografisk Lexikon, Vol. IV, pgs. 540–542.
- ^ a b c Christiansen 1997, p. xiii, Kings of Denmark.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry "The Lion". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 294–295.
- ^ Edward Cuthbert Butler (1911). "Cistercians". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 393–395.
- ^ James Francis Loughlin (1909). "Pope Eugene III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Berry 1969, pp. 466–467, Quantum praedecessores.
- ^ James Thomson Shotwell (1911). "Louis VII of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 36.
- ^ Father Marie Gildas (1907). "St. Bernard of Clairvaux". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Thomas Andrew Archer (1889). "Eleanor (1122–1204)". In Dictionary of National Biography. 17. London. pgs. 175–178.
- ^ Svend Grathe. Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi
- ^ Knud Magnussen. Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi.
- ^ Giles Constable (1953). The Second Crusade as seen by Contemporaries. Traditio Vol. 9, pg. 255.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Conrad III. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 966–967.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Frederick I, Roman Emperor. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 45–46.
- ^ Pegatha Taylor (2000). Moral Agency in Crusade and Colonization: Anselm of Havelberg and the Wendish Crusade of 1147. The International History Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, pg. 772.
- ^ Kirk Freeman (2007). Baptism or Death: The Wendish Crusade, 1147-1185. Military Heritage.
- ^ Venning & Frankopan 2015, p. 125, Wendish Crusade.
- ^ Pegatha Taylor (2000). “Moral Agency in Crusade and Colonization: Anselm of Havelberg and the Wendish Crusade of 1147.” The International History Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, pgs. 757–784.
- ^ Runciman 1952, pp. 278–288, Fiasco at Damascus.
- ^ Murray 2006, p. 351, Denmark.
- ^ Rognvald of Orkney. Independent Crusaders Project.
- ^ Ernest Barker (1911). "Baldwin III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 246–247.
- ^ Reginald Lane-Poole (1892). "John of Salisbury". In Dictionary of National Biography. 29. London. pgs. 439–446.
- ^ Eric IX. The American Cyclopædia (1879).
- ^ Lind 2006b, p. 1126, First Swedish Crusade.
- ^ a b Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Valdemar I". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 840–841.
- ^ James Francis Loughlin (1907). "Pope Alexander III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pg. 287.
- ^ Hans Gillingstam, "Magnus Henriksson", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry "The Lion". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 294–295.
- ^ a b c Christiansen 1997, pp. 61–69, Pribislav of Mecklenburg.
- ^ Hans Gillingstam. "Karl Sverkersson", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 56, Demmin.
- ^ Hans Gillingstam. "Knut Eriksson", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
- ^ a b Fletcher Pratt (1950). The Third King. Sloane Publishing. pgs. 101–102.
- ^ Pope Alexander III; Curtin, D. P. (2008). Non Parum Animus Noster.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Helmold. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 239.
- ^ Henri Leclercq (1910). "Third Lateran Council (1179)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Johannes Steenstrup (1904). Danmarks Riges Historie, bind 1. Oldtiden og den ældre Middelalder. pgs. 655–660.
- ^ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Canute VI". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 222–223.
- ^ MIchael Ott (1910). "Pope Lucius III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Douglas Raymund Webster (1912). "Pope Urban III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Isoaho, Mari H. (2017). "Battle for Jerusalem in Kievan Rus': Igor's Campaign (1185) and the Battle of Hattin (1187)" (PDF). Palaeoslavica. 25 (2): 38–62.
- ^ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Canute VI". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 222–223.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 72, Death of Urban III.
- ^ James Francis Loughlin (1909). "Pope Gregory VIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Smith, Thomas W. (2018). "Audita Tremendi and the Call for the Third Crusade Reconsidered, 1187–1188". Viator. 49 (3): 63–101.
- ^ Skovgaard-Petersen, Karen (2001). A Journey to the Promised Land: Crusading Theology in the Historia de Profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam (c. 1200). Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 35–37, 70, 75.
- ^ Bengt Liljegren (2004). Rulers of Sweden. Historiska Media.
- ^ Thomas Joseph Shahan (1908). "Pope Celestine III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry VI (Roman emperor). Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 278.
- ^ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Canute VI". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 222–223.
- ^ a b Ernest Barker (1911). "The Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.
- ^ Riley-Smith 1998, p. 12, Chronology, 1191–1216.
- ^ Casimir II the Just. Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ Hans Gillingstam. "Karl Sverkersson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
- ^ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ MIchael Ott (1907). "Berthold". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Tyerman 2006, pp. 689–694, Livonia, 1188–1300.
- ^ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Valdemar II". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 841–842.
- ^ Order of the Brothers of the Sword. Britannica.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 87, The end of the Crusade.
- ^ "Terra Mariana". The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corp. 1967.
- ^ Sture Bolin. "Erik Knutsson", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon.
- ^ Johan (I) Sverkersson. Nordisk familjebok.
- ^ Frucht, Richard (2005). Battle of St. Matthew's Day on September 21, 1217. ABC-CLIO.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 92, Prussian Crusade.
- ^ a b Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Valdemar II". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 641–642.
- ^ Battle of Lyndanisse. Britannica.
- ^ a b Marek Tamm (2013). "How to justify a crusade? The conquest of Livonia and new crusade rhetoric in the early thirteenth century". Journal of Medieval History. 39 (4): 431–455
- ^ a b Arthur William Holland (1911). "Frederick II, Roman Emperor". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 46–49.
- ^ A. C. S. Peacock (2006). “The Saliūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 16, No. 2, pgs. 133–149.
- ^ a b Mäesalu, Ain (1997). Eesti ajalugu (1. osa). Avita. p. 168.
- ^ a b Sture Bolin, "Erik Eriksson". Riksarkivet.
- ^ Pius Whittman (1912). "Snorri Sturluson". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Michael Ott (1909). "Pope Gregory IX". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Rebecca C. Rist (2011). “Pope Gregory IX and the Grant of Indulgences for Military Campaigns in Europe in the 1230s: A Study in Papal Rhetoric.” Crusades.
- ^ Hans Gillianstam. "Knut långe". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon.
- ^ Wiesław Sieradzan (2012). Political Thought of the 14th-and 15th Centuries during the Polish-Teutonic Order Trials and Disputes. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu. pp. 39–.
- ^ Megan Cassidy-Welch (2013), "The Stedinger Crusade: War, Remembrance, and Absence in Thirteenth-Century Germany", Viator 44 (2): 159–174
- ^ Christiansen 1997, pp. 102–103, Battle of Saule.
- ^ John H. Lind (1991). Early Russian‐Swedish Rivalry: The battle on the Neva in 1240 and Birger Magnussons’ second crusade to Tavastia. Scandinavian Journal of History, pgs. 269–295.
- ^ William L. Urban (2004). The Livonian Crusade. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center
- ^ "Erik 4. Plovpenning, 1216-50". Danmarks Historien.
- ^ Anti Selart (2015). Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century. Brill.
- ^ Richard Hellie (2016). Alexander Nevskii's April 5, 1242 Battle on the Ice. Russian History, vol. 33, no. 2/4, 2006, pp. 283–87.
- ^ a b MIchael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Birger. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 981.
- ^ Christiansen 1997, p. xiii, Kings of Sweden.
- ^ "Abel, 1219-52, Konge". Dansk biografisk Lexikon.
- ^ Tavuzzi, Michael (2007). Renaissance Inquisitors: Dominican Inquisitors and Inquisitorial Districts in Northern Italy, 1474-1527. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9789047420606.
- ^ Erik 5 Klipping 1249-1286. Om danmarkshistorien
- ^ Douglas Raymund Webster (1912). "Pope Urban IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ James Francis Loughlin (1908). "Pope Clement IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company
- ^ Anti Selart (2015). Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ Johann Peter Kirsch (1909). "Pope Gregory X". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Rudolph I. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816.
- ^ a b c Lind 2006b, p. 1129, Kings and Queens of Sweden in the Crusading Period.
- ^ Urban 1975, pp. 283–286, Battle of Aizkraukle.
- ^ Michael Ott (1909). "Pope Martin IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Barker, Ernest (1911). "The Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.
- ^ Murray, Alan V. (2010). "The Saracens of the Baltic: Pagan and Christian Lithuanians in the Perception of English and French Crusades to Late Medieval Prussia." Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, pgs. 413–29.
- ^ "Erik Menved, 1274-1319". Danmarks Historien.
- ^ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Nicholas IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Housley 1992, pp. 334–336, Viborg Castle.
- ^ Thomas Oestreich (1907). "Pope Boniface VIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b Wyatt 1876, pp. 327–329, Battle of Turaida.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 123, Chronology: 1300.
- ^ Martin Augustine Waldron (1907). "Pope Benedict XI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Thomas Joseph Shahan (1908). "Pope Clement V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Albert I (German king). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 496.
- ^ a b c Ernest Barker (1911). "The Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry VII (Roman emperor). Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 278–279.
- ^ Ludwig von Pastor (1911). "Papacy: Part III. Period from 1305 to 1590." In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica 2o (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 701.
- ^ Woodhouse 1879, p. 280, Marienberg.
- ^ Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (1997). UNESCO.
- ^ Ruslan B. Gagua (2015). The Battle of Woplawki: the Fall of Anticrusaders Campaigns of Grand Duke of Lituania Vitene s. Crusader June 1(1):23-38
- ^ Bryce 1892, pp. 212–213, The Great Interregnum.
- ^ Lucas, Henry S. (1930). "The Great European Famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317." Speculum, vol. 5, no. 4, pgs. 343–377.
- ^ Johann Peter Kirsch (1910). "Pope John XXII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Christoffer 2. 1276-1332. Danmarks Historien.
- ^ John H. Lind (2000) “The Russian-Swedish Border according to the Peace Treaty of Nöteborg (Orekhovets-Pähkinälinna) and the Political Status of the Northern Part of Fennoscandia,” Mediaeval Scandinavia 13, 100–117.
- ^ a b c Plum 1906, pp. 37–49, The Struggle of the Order with Poland.
- ^ Urban 2006, pp. 80–81, Siege of Medvėgalis.
- ^ John Bertram Peterson (1907). "Pope Benedict XII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Valdemar IV". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 842–843.
- ^ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1908). "Pope Clement VI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Murray 2009, pp. 253–272, Archbishop Vasilii Kalika, the Fortress of Orekhov, and the Defense of Orthodoxy.
- ^ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1910). "Pope Innocent IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Charles IV (Roman Emperor). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 898–899.
- ^ a b Douglas Raymund Webster (1912). "Pope Bl. Urban V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Luke 1975a, p. 354, Urban issues passagium generale.
- ^ Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. pg. 243.
- ^ Michael Ott (1909). "Pope Gregory XI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ William Mulder (1912). "Pope Urban VI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1912). "Robert of Geneva". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, pp. 198–199, The Great Schism and the Crusades.
- ^ a b Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Wladislaus II". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 765–766.
- ^ Galeotti 2019, Kulikovo 1380: The Battle that Made Russia.
- ^ Halperin, C. (2016). A Tatar interpretation of the battle of Kulikovo Field, 1380: Rustam Nabiev. Nationalities Papers, 44(1), 4-19.
- ^ Urban 2006, pp. 168–171, Lithuanian Civil War.
- ^ Kellogg, C. (1931). Jadwiga, Poland's great queen. New York: Macmillan Co..
- ^ a b c Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 702.
- ^ Urban 2006, pp. 202–206, Second Lithuanian Civil War.
- ^ Urban 2006, pp. 196–197, Treaty of Lyck.
- ^ Urban 2006, p. 197, Treaty of Königsberg.
- ^ Erik VII, king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Britannica.
- ^ Urban 2006, pp. 214–215, Treaty of Salynas.
- ^ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Housley 1992, pp. 355–372, The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
- ^ Paul W. Knoll (1983). In Search of the Battle of Grunwald. The Polish Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, pgs. 67–76.
- ^ Turnbull 2005, pp. 73–76, Siege of Marienburg.
- ^ Turnbull 2005, pp. 68–78, Peace of Thorn.
- ^ Urban 1999, pp. 199–205, The Hunger War.
- ^ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Martin V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Urban 2003, pp. 279–281, Gollub War.
- ^ James Francis Loughlin (1909). "Pope Eugene IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Kiaupa 2000, pp. 206–207, Treaty of Christmemel.
- ^ a b Housley 1992, pp. 363–368, Polish-Teutonic War.
- ^ Kiaupa 2000, pp. 205–211, Lithuanian Civil War.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Sigismund. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 66–67.
- ^ Carlton J. Hayes (1911). "Visconti". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 128–129.
- ^ Alfonso V of Aragon. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (2010). R. Bjork, ed.
- ^ Housley 1992, p. 363, Battle of Wiłkomierz.
- ^ Ronald Delval (2012). “The Road to the Thirteen Years War: The Teutonic Order.” Medieval Warfare, Vol. 2, No. 2, pgs. 6–10.
- ^ a b c Christoffer 3 af Bayern 1416-48. Aarhus University
- ^ Thomas Bartholomew Scannell (1911). "Pope Nicholas V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b c Georg Hille (1876), "Christian I.", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
- ^ a b Frost 2015, pp. 222–230, Thirteen Years' War.
- ^ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Casimir IV". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 447–448.
- ^ James MacCaffrey (1908). "Pope Callistus III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Pius II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Beata Możejko (2019). Peter von Danzig: The Story of a Great Caravel, 1462-1475. BRILL. p. 55. ISBN 9789004408449.
- ^ Stone 2001, pp. 29–30, Thirteen Years' War.
- ^ Runciman 1954, pp. 466–468, Pius II, the Last Crusader, 1464.
- ^ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Paul II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Mercedes García-Arenal (1978). “The Revolution of Fās in 869/1465 and the Death of Sultan ’Abd al-Ḥaqq al-Marīnī.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 41, No. 1, pgs. 43–66.
- ^ Daniel Stone (2001). Jagiełło's Successors, In: The Polish-Lithuanian State 1386-1795, pg. 30
- ^ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Sture". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 1051–1052.
- ^ Michael C. Paul (2007). "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest," Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 8, No. 2: pgs. 262–263.
- ^ Richard Urban Butler (1912). "Pope Sixtus IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b c Karl Ernst Hermann Krause (1881), "Johann III., Erzbischof von Bremen", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
- ^ Shirogorov 2021, p. 297, Meñli I Giray.
- ^ Tadeusz Grabarczyk (2010). The Battle of Cosmin Forest. In: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Ed. Clifford J. Rogers,
- ^ Pilat 2017, pp. 242–285, The Crusade Against the Ottomans.
- ^ James Francis Loughlin (1911). "Pope Pius III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Julius II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Davies 2007, pp. 26–27, Polish–Ottoman Alliances.
- ^ Istoria administrației publice din Moldova. Academia de Administrare Publică pe lîngă Guvernul Republicii Moldova. 1999. p. 94.
- ^ Dariusz Kolodziejczyk (2011). The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents, pgs. 30–31.
- ^ Arthur William Holland (1911). "Maximilian I (emperor)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 922–923.
- ^ Klemens Löffler (1907). "Pope Leo X". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Prpic 1972, p. 12, Battle of Dubica.
- ^ Marek Plewczyński (2016). "The Battle of Orsha, 8 September 1514". In Polish battles and campaigns in 13th–19th centuries, pg. 41
Bibliography
[edit]- Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969a). The First Hundred Years. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299048341.
- Berry, Virginia G. (1969). "The Second Crusade" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 463–512.
- Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140266535.
- Frost, Robert (2015). The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191746345.
- Housley, Norman (1992). The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198221371.
- Housley, Norman (2004). Housley, Norman (ed.). Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact. Springer Link. doi:10.1057/9780230523357. ISBN 9781403902832.
- Housley, Norman (2016). The Crusade in the Fifteenth Century: Converging and Competing Cultures. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781315615158.
- Housley, Norman (2017). Reconfiguring the Fifteenth-Century Crusade. Palgrave Macmillian UK. ISBN 9781137462817.
- Johnson, Edgar N. (1975). The German Crusade on the Baltic (PDF). A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III.
- Kiaupa, Zigmantas (2000). The History of Lithuania before 1795. Lithuanian Institute of History. ISBN 9789986810131.
- Lind, John H. (2006a). "Finland". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 436–439. ISBN 9781576078624.
- Lind, John H. (2006b). "Sweden". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1126–1130. ISBN 9781576078624.
- Lindholm, David; Nicolle, David (2007). The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades, 1100–1500. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 9781841769882.
- Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 9780415393126.
- Murray, Alan V. (2006). The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078624.
- Murray, Alan V. (2009). The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754664833.
- Murray, Alan V. (2017). Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150–1500. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351947145.
- Plum, Harry Grant (1906). The Teutonic Order and its Secularization. University of Iowa City.
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1998). The Atlas of the Crusades. Facts on File. ISBN 9780816021864.
- Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521347716.
- Runciman, Steven (1969). "The First Crusade: Antioch to Ascalon" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 308–342.
- Sterns, Indrikis (1985). The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States (PDF). A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume V.
- Stone, Daniel (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State 1386-1795. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295980935.
- Turnbull, Stephen (2005). Tannenberg, 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights. Praeger. ISBN 9780275988609.
- Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674023871.
- Urban, William L. (1975). The Baltic Crusade. Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 9780875800523.
- Urban, William L. (1999). Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. ISBN 9780929700250.
- Urban, William L. (2003). The Teutonic Knights. Greenhill. ISBN 9781853675355.
- Urban, William L. (2006). The Samogitian Crusade. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. ISBN 9780929700038.
- Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (2015). A Chronology of the Crusades. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317496434.
- Woodhouse, F. C. (1879). Teutonic Knights. In The Military Religious Orders of the Middle Ages.
- Wyatt, Walter James (1876). The History of Prussia from the Earliest Yimes to the Present Day. London, Longmans, Green and Co.