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Caribbean timeline for the seventeenth century: Caribbean history is complex because each island has its own history. This article gives events year by year and serves as an index to the linked articles. It includes the Bahamas and the Guyana coast since they are closely related to the Caribbean. It also includes events outside the Caribbean and before 1600 when they are needed to understand Caribbean history. Events in Spanish America are excluded since the article is mainly a history of the arrival on the non-Spanish powers.

Outline: In the sixteenth century Spain built a land empire in the new world, while Portugal built a sea empire in the Indian Ocean and along the Brazilian coast. In the seventeenth century the Dutch, French and English built empires of their own. Although Spain claimed the whole new world except Brazil, by 1600 they had not occupied the Guyanas, the Lesser Antilles, the Bahamas, or the North American coast except Florida. These were the areas taken by the non-Spanish in the seventeenth century. After around 1650, the introduction of sugar and slavery made the Lesser Antilles immensely profitable. The Spanish did little to block the non-Iberians. (see list at bottom) The Dutch had the most advanced economy and were everywhere engaged in legal and illegal trade. Their trade built up the French and English colonies so that by 1700 they were stronger than the Dutch. The main English base was Barbados, while the French were centered in Martinique and Guadeloupe. Many islands were settled from Anglo-French St Kitts. Most places were taken in the period 1621-1655. The last islands taken were the Carib islands of Dominica in 1690 and St Vincent in 1719. Along the coasts there were various pirates, buccaneers, castaways, temporary settlements and adventurers who left few records. These were often at a place before its official foundation. In wartime the numerous pirates became privateers.

Before 1600

topograpic map

Providence
Island

Portobelo

Tortuga

LESSER
ANTILLES

BAHAMAS

GUIANAS

• 1492: Columbus in the Caribbean
• 1521: Spanish take Mexico
• 1532: Spanish take Peru
• 1555: some French pirates in the Carabean (early Caribbean piracy not well documented)
• 1562: Sir John Hawkins sells slaves in the Caribbean
• 1565: Spanish expel French from Florida.
• 1568-1648: Eighty Years' War Dutch secede from Spain
• 1580: Spanish-Portuguese Iberian Union until 1640 makes Portuguese colonies fair game for Dutch. (Resulting Dutch–Portuguese War (1598-1663) was fought outside of the Caribbean.)
• 1585: English fail in North Carolina
• 1585-1604: First Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), mainly caused by English support of the Dutch rebels. It led to a number of raids into the Spanish Caribbean.
  • 1585: Action off Bermuda (1585)
  • 1586: Drake raids Santo Domingo, Cartegena and St Augustine.
  • 1590: Christopher Newport captures ships
  • 1592: Newport raids.
  • 1601: Portobello, Panama raided.
  • 1603: Santiago de Cuba raided.
  • 1604: Treaty of London (1604) produced no territorial changes.

• 1595: Raleigh's El Dorado expedition

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Barb.

Grenada

St Vincent

St Lucia

Martinique

Dominica

Guadeloupe

Antigua

Barbuda

St_Kitts+Nevis

Montserrat

'SSS' Islands

Anguilla

Virgin_Islands

MarieG

Tobago

Trinadad

Margarita

Araya

Bonaire

Curasow

Aruba

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Possessions about 1690
red=English, blue=French, yellow=Dutch, hollow square=Carib

Early 1600s

• 1600: Dutch begin visiting the salt pans at the Araya Peninsula
• 1602: Dutch East India Company founded (became model for other colonial companies)
• 1603: English cut logwood at Nevis
• 1605: English fail at Saint Lucia
• 1607: Jamestown by English
• 1608: Tuscany sends expedition to Guyana
• 1609: English fail at Grenada
• 1612: Bermuda by English
• 1615: Tortola V.I. by Dutch, expelled by Spanish 10 years later
• 1616: 'British Guyana' by Dutch
• 1617: Walter Raleigh on Guiana coast
• 1620: Massachusetts by Puritans

Main period

The "SSS Islands" are the northernmost Leeward Islands
They are St Martin, St Barts, St Eustatius, plus Saba and Anguilla.
St Kitts to south, Virgin Islands to west,

• 1621: Twelve Years' Truce ends; Dutch West India Company founded
• 1623: Dutch began sending fleets to the Caribbean to take ships and interfere with trade.
• 1623: St Kitts by English (center)
• 1624: Dutch take capital of Brazil for one year
• 1625: St Kitts by French (north and south)
• 1625-1630: Second Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) mainly in Europe except 1629 below.
• 1625: Tortuga (Haiti) by French and English from St Kitts, slowly evolves into Haiti
• 1625: Barbuda by English, expelled by Caribs
• 1625: Saint Croix V.I. by English, Dutch and French until expelled by Spanish in 1650
• 1625: Sint Eustatius by English and French, soon leave
• 1626: New York by Dutch until 1664
• 1627: Barbados by English
• 1628: Nevis by English from Saint Kitts
• 1628: Tobago by Dutch for 2 years
• 1628: Piet Heyn captures the Spanish treasure fleet
• 1629: Spanish raid St Kitts

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Saint
Thomas

Saint
John

Jost

Tortola

Virgin
Gorda

Anagada

St Croix

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Virgin Islands
Square=current British, Dot=current US
Puerto Rico to west, SSS Islands to east

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• 1629: Providence Island colony north of Panama from Bermuda for 12 years
• 1630: Northeast Brazil taken by Dutch until 1654
• 1631: St Martin by Dutch until 1633
• 1631: Anguila by Dutch for 2 years
• 1632: Montserrat by Irish from St Kitts
• 1632: Antigua by English from St Kitts
• 1633: St Martin: Spain takes from the Dutch for 15 years
• 1634: Curaçao by Dutch
• 1635: Martinique and Guadeloupe by French from St Kitts
• 1636: Aruba by Dutch from Curacao NEED CK
• 1636: Sint Eustatius by Dutch
• 1636: Bonaire by Dutch from Curacao
• 1637: Couronians on Tobago (first time)
• 1639-1660: English revolution produces confusion in the English colonies

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Providence
Island

Portobelo

Tortuga

LESSER
ANTILLES

BAHAMAS

GUIANAS

Saint
Thomas

Panama
City

Portobelo

Cartagena

Providence
Island

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Providence Island English 1629-1641
Panama raided by Morgan in 1671

The Guianas

d.3

• c1640: Dutch bring the sugar-slave system from Brazil to Barbados which spreads to the rest of the Caribbean (vague)
• 1640: Saba by Dutch from Sint Eustatius, soon driven out
• 1640: Portugal separates from Spain (There was some fighting until 1668).
• 1641: Providence Island retaken by Spain
• 1647: Spanish raid Tortola V.I. (also 1640, 1646)
• 1648: Saint Martin split between Dutch and French after Spain leaves at end of 80-years war
• 1648: Marie Galante by French (vague)
• 1648: St Barts by French
• 1648: Eleuthera, Bahamas by Puritans from Bermuda
• 1649: Grenada by French
• 1650: 'Dutch Guyana' English until 1667
• 1650?: Anguilla by English from Saint Kitts (vague)
• 1650: Saint Croix V.I. English expelled by Spanish from Puerto Rico
• 1651: Saint Croix V.I. to Knights of Malta under France until 1664
• 1652-1654: First Anglo-Dutch War trade war fought around the North Sea; privateering in Caribbean
• 1654: Tobago by Dutch again until 1678
• 1654: Dutch expelled from Brazil
• 1654-1660: Third Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660): Cromwell’s ambition led to the capture of Jamaica. Fighting suspended when Puritans lost power, but war not formally ended until 1670.
  • 1655: Jamaica taken by England from Spain

D4

• 1657: Saint Thomas V.I. by Dutch
• 1658: "French Guiana" Dutch until 1676 (several previous)
• 1660: French and English agree to leave St Vincent and Dominica to the Caribs
• 1664: Dutch New York taken by England.
• 1665-1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War caused partly by capture of New York and Dutch bases in Africa.
  • 1665: English take Saint Eustatius, Saba and Tobago from Dutch.
  • 1666: France enters war, Tobago, St Eustatius recaptured, French take Antigua from England.
  • 1667: French take English St Kitts and Montserrat. Dutch take 'Dutch Guyana' from English. English defeat Franco-Dutch at Nevis and recapture Antigua and Montserrat, defeat French navy at Martinique, capture what was later French and English Guyana.
  • 1667: Treaty of Breda restores most conquests, except English keep New York and Dutch keep what became British and Dutch Guyana. Also Treaty of Madrid (1667) gives English merchants some legal access to Spanish-American ports.
• 1666: Barbuda by English (vague)
• 1666: New Providence, Bahamas by English (vague)
• 1670: Treaty of Madrid (1670) Official end of third Anglo-Spanish war(1654). Spain recognizes English possession of Jamaica
  • 1670: Cayman Islands included with Jamaica, but not settled until 1730s
  • 1671: Henry Morgan's Panama expedition. Morgan claimed to be unaware of the 1670 treaty

d5

• 1672: St Thomas, V.I. by Denmark
• 1672-1674: Third Anglo-Dutch War brief English intervention in the Franco-Dutch War. Ended by Treaty of Westminster (1674)
• 1672-1678: Franco-Dutch War: Louis XIV’s invasion of Holland. Little effect in the Caribbean, except
  • 1674: failed Dutch Invasion of Martinique (1674)
  • 1676: Dutch take French Guiana briefly.
  • 1672: Present British Virgin Islands (Tortola,Virgin Gorda, Anegada) Dutch to English (vague)
• 1675: Privateer Henry Morgan becomes lieutenant governor of Jamaica
• 1675: St John V.I. claimed by Danes from St Thomas, but apparently not settled until 1717
• 1684: Spanish raid Bahamas
• 1685: St Thomas, V.I.: partly leased by Denmark to Brandenburg
• 1688-1697: Nine Years' War (or King William’ s War): England, Holland, Spain and the Hapsburgs try to limit French expansion. It was the first of the six Anglo-French wars that ended with English victory in 1815. Little effect in the Caribbean except fighting on St Kitts. Ended by inconclusive Peace of Ryswick.
  • 1695: Saint Croix V.I. evacuated by French
  • 1697: Peace of Ryswick: Spain recognizes French possession of Haiti
• 1690: French begin taking Dominica from the Caribs (vague)
• 1692: Port Royal, Jamaica destroyed by 1692 Jamaica earthquake

• 1702: War of the Spanish Succession begins

Delta0

Territorial changes: Spain claimed the whole new world except Brazil, but by 1600 they had not occupied the Guyanas, the Lesser Antillies, the Bahamas, and the North American coast except Florida. These were the areas taken by the non-Spanish in the seventeenth century. The only changes in occupied areas were Jamaica (English from Spanish in 1655) and "Dutch Guyana" (Dutch from English in 1667). During the Second Anglo-Dutch War there were a number of temporary changes. In the next century the English took many places from the French and Dutch. The small places on the Guyana coast and Tobago changed hands so many times that a list would be impractical.

Delta1

Spanish counterattacks: The few Spanish attempts to drive out the foreigners were ineffectual. Most were directed at places that came too close to Spanish settlememts. This list excludes minor actions and may be incomplete. 1605: Dutch expelled from the Araya salt pans. 1629: St Kitts raided. 1629: English and French expelled from Tortola. 1633: Dutch expelled from Anguilla after 2 years. 1641: Providence Island retaken from English. 1633: St Martin, an important source of salt, was occupied until 1648. 1647: Spanish raid Tortola near Puerto Rico (also 1640,1646). 1650: Saint Croix, V. I.: force from Puerto Rico expels English. 1684:Spanish raid Bahamas.

delta3

Companies: The large national companies managed most of the slave trade and sometimes ruled some of the islands. Smaller companies founded or ruled some of the islands. Companies or kings sometimes granted proprietorships to various people.

• Dutch: 1602: Dutch East India Company was the model for the other companies. 1621: Dutch West India Company, 1674: reorganized, 1792: dissolved. Also 1683: Society of Suriname, nationalized in 1792.

• French: 1626: Compagnie de Saint-Christophe (St Kitts).1635: becomes Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique. 1651 sold off to various, including the Knights od Malta. 1664: French West India Company, 1674: taken over by the king.
• English: 1627: both William Courten and the Earl of Carlisle are granted Barbados and other islands. 1660: Royal African Company to take trade from Dutch, 1752: becomes African Company of Merchants, 1821 dissolved
• Danes: 1671: Danish West India Company 1776: to government
• Others:
  • German merchants claimed the Venezuelan coast from 1528 to 1546
  • Kurland: Tobago in part from 1637 until 1690 (several failures until abandoned)
  • Knights of Malta: 1651: bought 4 French islands, 1665 sold to French company
  • Genoese: in 1662 the Genoese got asiento to import slaves to Spanish America. Instead of going to Africa, they bought them from the Dutch in Curaçao.
  • Brandenburg: 1685: leased part of St Thomas from Denmark, 1764: returned to Denmark

The fate of the Caribs

This list is incomplete. 1492: Columbus is told that the Caribs were warlike cannibals. 1626: Caribs driven from St Kitts. 1654: most Caribs driven from Grenada. 1656: Caribs expel colonists from St Barts. 1660: Caribs gone from Martinique. 1660: English agree to leave Dominica and St Vincent to the Caribs. 1730: 37 Caribs reported on St Lucia. 1797: Black Caribs expelled from St Vincent. Today: a few Carib descendants survive on Dominica

Some people

• English: Proprietors based in Barbados: Carlisle, William Courten, Francis Willoughby. St Kitts: Thomas Warner (explorer). Sugar planters: James Drax, Codrington. Privateer: Henry Morgan
• French: Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, Charles Liénard de L'Olive
• Dutch: sailors: Piet Pieterszoon Hein, Michiel de Ruyter

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XXLocation map+ |NAME | width = 400 | caption = whatever | places = XXLocation map~|NAME |lat=10.00|long=-80.00|position=top|mark=Blue pog.svc|label=10/80YY YY

Eleuthra

New Providence Island

Nassau Town

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Bahamas

Bibliography

• Thomas Southey, Chronological History of the West Indies, Volumes 1 and 2, 1827
• Jan Rogozinski, A brief History of the Caribbean, 1999
• Since this is mainly an index article, sources, details and footnotes are best found in the linked articles

[1[Category:British West Indies]] [1[Category:Islands of the Netherlands Antilles]] [1[Category:French Caribbean]] [1[{Category:Danish West Indies]]

Caribs.11apr

The traditional account, which is almost as old as Columbus, says that the Caribs were a warlike people who were moving up the Lesser Antilles and displacing the original inhabitants. Modern research has modified this in various ways.

Once the Cariban languages family was recognized, the “Caribs” came to be called "Island Caribs" or Kalinago, which is what they called themselves. The Island Caribs spoke a mixture of Carib and Arawak called the Kalinago language. (The Carib language proper is spoken in South America.) The original Arawakan inhabitants were the Igneri. They spoke an Arawakian language different from the Arawakian Taino language of the Greater Antillies.

They were accused of cannibalism. Despite rather lurid European accounts, this seems to have been mainly the ritual consumption of captured enemy warriors, a custom also found along the Brazilian coast.

The fact that they were warlike is supported by European accounts and by the fact that they held out beyond 1700 while the Arawaks of the Greater Antilles collapsed within a few decades of European arrival. In 1660 the French and English agreed to leave the islands of Dominica and Saint Vincent to the Caribs. On Saint Vincent they became mixed with runaway slaves, forming the ‘black Caribs’ or Garifuna who were expelled to Honduras in 1797. On Dominica the runaways formed distinct Maroon communities while the Caribs remained distinct. A remnant of these Caribs lives on in the Kalinago Territory.

They seem to have had the custom of attacking an enemy village, killing the men and keeping the women. This is supported by the fact that the Garifuna language is a mixture of Carib and Arawak, has different male and female forms and the male version has more Carib words.

distgusta.12dec23

The fort was located on the north side of the harbor mouth near the main channel. Built near a mangrove swamp, the garrison had a high death rate from tropical diseases. Some time around 1850 the garrison was moved to the isolated Newcastle, Jamaica, 12 miles northeast and 3500 feet higher. On the south side of the harbor mouth on the Port Royal sand spit was Fort Charles (Jamaica) built soon after the English conquest in 1655.

harbour island

Harbour Island, Jacobs Island, Man Island (Bahamas), Pierre Island and others form what looks like a reef that encloses the east and north sides of a lagoon in the northeast corner of Eleuthera.

MapSearch

• 1.Search box:WP: Maps for Wikipedia CLICK
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  • 3b.// "Special:Prefix/Module:Location map/data" CLICK and search (must click "Next page" at bottom many times. This has things not in "List of Templates" above)

THERE IS A LOC MAP FOR CHESAPEAKE Module:Location map/data/USA Chesapeake Bay lll:Module:Location map/data/USA Chesapeake Bay

• Available Maps, List - templates CLICK, gets

Module:Location map/data/USA Chesapeake Bay

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• CABIN JOHN PARKWAY HAS DUMMY FOR MAPLINK

[`[File:USA MD and Virginia location map crop.svg|tribes]]

BOING: http://colonialencounters.org/SiteSummaries/SusquehannockFortSummary.aspx

Ches map

Jamestown

Werowocomoco

Piscataway

Doeg

Tauxenent

Nacotchtank

PATAWOMAK

Pamunkey

Nanjemoy

Potobacco

Monocan

Manahoac

Paspahegh

Quiyough-
cohannock

Patuxent

Chesapeake

Kecoghtan

Accomac

Occohannock

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wowser

NJ numb

This list gives, by year, the number of slaves in New Jersey, total state population and percent slaves.

1727:3,981 47,402 8.4%, 1745:4,606 61,383 7.5%, 1790:11,423,184,139 6.2%, 1800:12,422 211,949 5.8%, 1810:10,851 245,555 4.4%, 1820:7,557 277,575 2.7%, 1830:2,254 320,823 0.7%, 1840:674 373,306 0.18%, 1850:236 489,555 0.048%, 1860 18 672,035 0.0026%.

After 1840 'slaves' were legally apprentices for life. By 1820 there were nearly twice as many free blacks as slaves.

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Davies, Brian, Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700, 2007

SellMuttToo

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Selyamet II Giray (reigned 1740–1743, lived 1691–1751) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. His four-year reign was relatively uneventful. He was described as honest, gentle, pious and inclined to charity and good works. He was the youngest son of Selim I Giray and thus the last of the six brothers who ruled for most of the period 1699–1743. His son Maqsud Giray became khan in 1767.

During the second reign of his brother Qaplan I Giray (1713-1715) he was Or-Beg or governor of Perekop. During the first reign of his brother Meñli II Giray (1724-1730) he started as nureddin and was promoted to kalga in 1727. During Mengli's second reign (1737-1740) he was kalga. When Mengli died of natural causes in January 1740 he was promoted to khan with the support of the Crimeans and approval of the Turks. He appointed as kalga Azamat Geray, a son of his brother Ğazı III Giray. As nureddin he appointed Tokhtamysh Giray, a son of his brother and predecessor Mengli Giray.

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Just before he came to the throne Russia had invaded Crimea three times. (see Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)) Selyamet’s first task was to restore the Bakhchisaray Palace and associated mosques which the Russians had burned in 1736. In 1741 he went to Istanbul for consultations. In 1742 he replaced kalga Azamat with the future khan Selim II Giray, a son of his brother Qaplan. In foreign policy he had plans to resist Russia including a Swedish alliance (Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)), but the Ottomans forbad this for fear of another Russian war. In October-November 1743 was dethroned by the Turks because of Russian complaints that he had not released some prisoners. Some writers say that Selim II and his friends in Istanbul had something to do with this.

After various moves he settled near Yambol. He died there in 1751 and was buried near the local mosque.

Sources and notes

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, p 581.
• Smirnov, Krimskoye Khanstvo b XVIII Beke, 1887, Chapter 4 http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke4.html (in Russian)
• Giray-Ilmi: Rose Bush of Khans, compiled by Khalim Giray in 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions of obsolete material by Kemal Usenov, 2004. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/29.phtml?id=12949. (in Russian)
• Gaivoronsky: Short Biographies of Crimean Khans (in Russian) Гайворонский О. Созвездие Гераев. Краткие биографии крымских ханов. — Симферополь: Доля, 2003. — ISBN 966-8295-31-5

[*****[Category:Crimean Khans]]

<<sources, khan box suck box cats

kap13diddle

for move kap.mil to rtWar rerit rain3 / keep p1,p2, desk build up

He was appointed at Istanbul in November 1730. His kalga and nureddin were Adil and Haji Giray. Many of the people exiled by Mengli returned and there were shifts in power within the Crimean ruling class. It is possible that the exiles had something to do with Mengli’s overthrow.

In 1733 or 1734 he went to Bender and Khotyn to support the French candidate during the War of the Polish Succession. The sources do not explain what he did.

During his reign Russia and Turkey went to war. See Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) for military details including events in Crimea. At the time of his appointment in 1730 Persia was regaining lands it had lost to Turkey in 1722. The Turks considered using Crimean troops against Persia, something they had done in 1725. Before leaving Istanbul in 1730 Qaplan recommended caution since any campaign in the north Caucasus might provoke the Russians who were now within striking distance of Crimea.

In 1733 or 1734 the Turks had Qaplan send a force under Fetih (possibly Fetih I Giray) across the north Caucasus. Eropkin on the Terek River tried to stop him and lost 55 men. The army went down the west shore of the Caspian as far as the Samur River where it was recalled by Turkey for unexplained reasons. In 1735 Qaplan personally led 80000 men across the North Caucasus and south to Derbent. At the end of 1735 he heard of Leontev’s raid on Crimea and turned back. He spent time foraging in Kabardia and reached Crimea in the spring of 1736. These two raids were one pretext for the Russian invasion.

With Crimean troops away from the peninsula and the Turks tied down with Persia, Russia had an opportunity for a surprise attack. In 1735 General Münnich went south and found that his army would not be ready until next year. Leontev raided toward Crimea but turned back because it was too late in the season.

In April 1736 Muennich marched to Crimea. By 19 May he had 30000 troops facing Perekop. On 20 May the wall was breeched and two days later the Or Qapi fort surrendered.

Russia now entered Crimea for the first time. In June they captured Bakhchisarai and burned the khan’s palace. Most of the Crimean army scattered to the hills while the Turks withdrew to Kaffa. One writer says that Qaplan he was unable to command because of gout. Muennich hoped to capture Kaffa, but on 25 June he decided to withdraw. A third of his army was sick with dysentery and many of the rest were weakened. There was not enough food, fresh water or fodder to support his army. By mid-July he was back on the Dnieper bend, having lost half of his army, 2000 by fighting and the rest from disease. Because of the invasion Qaplan was replaced by Fetih II Giray who had to face a second invasion the following year.

DEPO

Molot

Geography

Bakhchisarai

Kiev

Jassy

Or Kapi

Azov

Ochakov

Kaffa

Khotyn

Bender

Akkerman

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are Turkish forts

The Ottoman Empire held forts along the north shore of the Black Sea and on the eastern side of the Balkans. Azov kept the Don Cossacks out of the Sea of Azov. Kaffa dominated the Crimean Khanate. Or Kapi behind the Perekop trenches guarded the entrance to Crimea. Ochakov at the mouth of the Dnieper kept the Dnieper Cossacks out of the Black Sea. Khotyn on the upper Dniester watched the Polish Commonwealth. The Turkish border was close to the current Ukrainian border along the Dniester. Polish claims extended to the Dnieper except for Kiev. Russia had a very vague border about 100 or more miles south of the current border. The semi-independent Zaporozhian Cossacks were along the Dnieper bend. The Crimean Khanate and its Nogai steppe allies raided Poland and Russia and sold the captives to the Turks at Kaffa.

Before 1735

In 1722 Russia and Turkey took advantage of Persian weakness to capture the northwest part of the Persian empire. Russia took the west side of the Caspian and the Ottomans got as far as Tabriz. Nader Shah slowly restored Persian power. By 1734 Persia was reconquering its land south of the Caucasus and it was clear that Russia could not hold its gains. In 1733 or 1734 the Turks ordered Crimea to send a force across the north Caucasus to attack the Persians. Eropkin on the Terek River tried to stop him and lost 55 men. The army went down the west shore of the Caspian as far as the Samur River, where it was recalled by Turkey for unexplained reasons.

1735: War starts

In 1735 the Crimean khan led 80000 men across the North Caucasus and south to Derbent. At the end of 1735 he heard of Leontev’s raid on Crimea and turned back. He spent time foraging in Kabardia and reached Crimea in the spring of 1736. Crimean interference in the Caucasus was one pretext for the war.

SamaraRiver

KonskaVoda

Perekop

Gozleve

Bakhchisarai

Kiev

Azov

Ochakov

Kinburn

Kammeny Zaton

Kaffa

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Leontev's raid. = Turkish fort

In March 1735, by the Treaty of Ganja, Russia returned its gains to Persia and allied with Persia against Turkey. With Crimean troops away from the peninsula and the Turks tied down with Persia, Russia now had the opportunity for a surprise attack. General Münnich went south and found that his army would not be ready until next year. In order not to waste that year’s campaigning season he sent Leontev on a raid.

1735:Leontev's raid: Leontev set off on 1 October 1735, far too late in the season. He started near the Samara River and marched south, east of the Dnieper bend. At Konska Voda he killed about 1000 Nogais and stole their livestock. He turned west with the river and on 16 October reached the Russian fort of Kamenny Zaton about 10 days march from Perekop. Here he turned back because of the cold and the loss of 3000 horses. The next day a snowstorm killed another 1000 horses. By late November he was back where he started, having lost 9000 of his 40000 men and about 9000 horses.

1736: 1st Crimea, Azov, Kinburn

1736: Azov captured: Around 30 March 1736, Münnich and 5000 men besieged Azov. More soldiers arrived and on 7 April Muennich left to join the main force on the Dnieper. In May Peter Lacy took over and on 26 June the Turks surrendered on condition of safe passage. Lacy set off for Crimea, but turned back when he heard of Muennich's withdrawal.

1736: First Russian invasion of Crimea: In mid-April Muennich set off south with 54000 men and 8000 or 9000 carts following Leontiev’s route east of the Dnieper bend. On 4 May the Tatars were defeated at the Bela Zirka river near Kamenny Zaton and withdrew to Perekop. By 19 May Russia had 30000 troops facing Perekop. On 20 May the wall was breeched and on 22 May the 2254 Turks in the Or Qapi fort surrendered on parole.

Russia now entered Crimea for the first time. On 5 June they raided Gozleve for supplies. On 17 June they captured Bakhchisarai. The khan’s palace was burned, either accidentally or deliberately. On 23 june they burned the kalga’s seat at Ak Mechet. Most of the Crimean army had scattered to the hills while the Turks withdrew to Kaffa. Muennich hoped to capture Kaffa before the Turks could send re-enforcements, but on 25 June he decided to withdraw. Dysentery had first been noted on 7 June. Soon a third of the army was sick and many of the rest weakened. There was not enough food, fresh water or fodder to support his army. By 18 July they were back on the Samara River. Half of the army had been lost, 2000 by fighting and the rest from disease. Because of the invasion Crimean khan Qaplan I Giray was replaced by Fetih II Giray.

1736: Kinburn captured: After Perekop was captured, Leontev and 13000 men were sent west to capture the fort on the Kinburn Spit south of Ochakov. The garrison was allowed to abandon the fort and cross to Ochakov on the opposite bank. 250 Russian prisoners there were freed.

1737: 2nd Crimea, Ochakov

On 9 January 1737 Austria joined the war drawing Turkish troops away from the Black Sea. The Turko-Persian conflict had ended in September 1736, but it took time to move Turkish troops west. The plan for 1737 was for one army to capture the Turkish fort of Ochakov at the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary while a second army invaded Crimea.

1737:Capture of Ochakov: In early April Mǔnnich left the Kiev area with about 70000 men. On 30 June they reached Ochakov which now had 20000 defenders. Fighting began the next day and on 3 July heated shot set the town on fire. The fire spread to the powder magazine which blew up killing thousands of Turks. This caused the Turks to surrender the same day.

Muennich left 8000 men to hold the fort and returned with the rest of the army to Poltava. In October the Ottomans tried to retake the fort. All of their attempts failed and on 30 October they withdrew. (Next spring plague appeared in the fort and was reported in Moldavia, Wallachia, Poland and Zaporozhia. It increased and in September 1738 Ochakov and Kinburn were evacuated to escape the plague and because the weakened troops would not be able to resist if the Turks came back.)

Perekop Isthmus

Henichesk Strait

Chongar

Bakhchysarai

Karasubazar

Kaffa

Sea of Azov

class=notpageimage|

X=crossing points

1737: Second invasion of Crimea: The goal was to prevent the Crimeans from supporting Ochakov, damage Crimea as much as possible and capture the Turkish fort of Kaffa if possible. On 3 May 1737 Peter Lacy set out from the Mius River near Taganrog, about 50km west of Azov. Around 320 small boats with supplies and Don Cossacks followed along the coast. On 23 May the two forces joined at what is now Mariupol about 100km further west. On 28 June a Turkish fleet caught the Azov flotilla near Henichesk. After two gun duels they were driven off (1 July). Soon after a storm destroyed most of the flotilla along with its food and ammunition.

Instead of attacking the 60000 Tatars waiting at Perekop Lacy built a pontoon bridge out of water casks and crossed the Henichesk Strait onto the Arabat Spit starting on 2 July. Khan Fetih headed south toward the far end of the spit, but Lacy again outflanked him by crossing to the mainland near the Salhyr River, causing the Crimeans to disperse. Lacy went southwest and on 14 July burned Karasubazar.Three days later he chose to withdraw. He had lost most of his supplies with the flotilla, the Tatars were regrouping, there was not enough fresh water and fodder, and sickness was starting to appear. On 23 July he crossed the Henichesk Strait and a month later reached "Molochnye Vody". Because of the invasion the Turks replaced Khan Fetih II with Mengli II.

1738: 3rd Crimea, western campaign

Planning started in November 1737. The goal for 1738 was to tie down the Crimeans while Münnich attacked along the Dniester to support the Austrians.

1738: Third invasion of Crimea: Peter Lacy started from Vol’chye Vody (location?) with an army about the same size as the previous year. On 19 May he met the supply fleet at what is now Berdiansk on the Azov coast (see Azov fleet below). Lacy learned that Mengli and 30000 men were waiting behind Perekop and that Turkish troops had garrisoned Or Kapi. They rested at Molochnye Vody. Instead of attacking Perekop, Lacy chose to cross the Sivash by wading at low tide, possibly near the Chongar Strait. They turned west and got between Perekop and the khan’s army. They blasted Or Kapi with mortars which surrendered around the beginning of July. They turned south, but on 6 July they decided to go home. There was little food or fodder because the Crimean interior had been trashed the previous year, supplies with the Azov fleet had been lost (below), and disease was beginning to appear. They stopped a Tatar attack on 9 July, rested at Perekop for a month, ruined Perekop as much as they could and returned to Molochnye Vody.

Azov fleet: Peter Bredal with a rebuilt Azov fleet, supplies and 4000 Don Cossacks, met Lacy’s army on 19 May. On 23 May more Don Cossacks arrived with their own boats. On 25 May Bredal was caught by a much larger Turkish fleet and blockaded at ‘Cape Vissarion’ (location?). The blockade was broken when the Turks unwisely pursued 3 escaping sloops. On 6 June they were again caught at ‘Cape Fedotov’, probably on the long sand spit just east of Henichesk Strait. They hauled their boats across the sand spit and reassembled near Henichesk where they were again caught on 16 June. They landed their guns, built a shore battery and burned their boats. There was a 2-day artillery duel but the Turks chose not to land, perhaps because they lacked marines. The loss of the supply fleet forced Lacy to withdraw from Crimea.

1738: Western campaign: The goal was for Muennich to lead the main army to the Dniester and attack the border forts at either Khotin or Bender. On 17 April he crossed the Dnieper south of Poltava and in late June crossed the Bug. He reached the Dniester but on 6 August abandoned the campaign because of Turkish resistance and because of reports of plague west of the river.

1739: 4th Crimea fails, western campaign, war ends

1739: Failed invasion of Crimea: Levashev was supposed to march from Azov but an epidemic forced him to halt at the Miuss River. He later returned to Azov because a fire had destroyed the Azov arsenal and granary. Bredal could not sail from Azov because of disease and a shortage of ships. Lacy left Izium on 10 May. His force was weakened because much had been transferred to the western campaign. In July he learned that the Turks had sent troops and a fleet and that Levashev had turned back. He marched toward Perekop, saw that there was no hope and returned to the Ukrainian line, which he reached on 24 August.

1739: Western campaign: Muennich planned to capture Khotin to take pressure off the Austrians, who were doing poorly. He left Kiev in late April and crossed Polish territory because the land was better and the Poles were too weak to interfere. He won the Battle of Stavuchany in August, took Khotin and marched south to Jassy. There he learned that Austria had signed a separate peace which made his position untenable. On 23 September he was ordered to return to Russian territory.

1739: Treaties: The war was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade with Austria in September and the Treaty of Niš (1739) with Russia in October. All three parties wanted out because the war was costing more than anything they might gain. Russia was also worried about the looming Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743). Russia kept nothing more than a demilitarized Azov, but it had demonstrated that it could reach Moldavia and was now a serious threat to Crimea. In the next war Russia took Crimea and briefly occupied Bucharest.

Note on the Austro-Turkish war

Since there is currently no Wikipedia article on the parallel Austro-Turkish war, this is a brief summary. Austria hoped to gain land in the Balkans while the Turks were tied down with Russia. The border was then about 100km south of Belgrade in land gained in 1717. In 1737 Austria went south, captured Nish but soon gave it up. In 1738 the Turks advanced and took places in Serbia and on the Danube. In 1739 Austria crossed the Danube, fought at Grocka and fell back to the Danube. Belgrade was under siege by the Turks when talks began. Austria gave up Belgrade, Serbia south of the Danube and western Wallachia which was perhaps more than the military situation required. The war was poorly managed. Next year the War of the Austrian Succession began.

Mangle22

1730–1737

1730 Qaplan I Giray was appointed for the third time. In 1736 Russia made its first invasion of Crimea and burned the capital. For this Qaplan was replaced by Fetih II Giray (fall 1736). In 1737 Russia invaded again and Fetih was replaced by Mengli who had proven himself strong during his first reign.

Second reign and death (1737–1740)

He was appointed khan in late summer of 1737. As kalga he chose his brother, the future Selâmet II Giray. As nureddin he appointed Salih, who soon died and was replaced by Halim Giray, a son of his brother Saadet IV Giray. Halim became khan in 1756. In February 1738 he raided the Russian frontier without much success. In the summer of 1738 the Russians invaded Crimea for the third time (see below). As usual, they soon withdrew. In February 1739, as the war was winding down, Istanbul sent an envoy to ask his advice. Among other things, he suggested that Azov be abandoned because it was too distant to control. In the summer of 1739 a Russian army tried to invade Crimea from Azov but was forced to turn back. Mengli grew ill, was taken to Bakhchisarai and died on 9 January 1740.

Military during second reign

For the first part of the war see Fetih I Giray.

1738: Third invasion of Crimea: Planning started in November 1737. The goal for 1738 was to tie down the Crimeans while Münnich attacked along the Dniester. Peter Lacy started from Vol’chye Vody (location?) with an army about the same size as the previous year. On 19 May he met the supply fleet at what is now Berdiansk on the Azov coast (see Azov fleet below). Lacy learned that Mengli and 30000 men were waiting behind Perekop and that Turkish troops had garrisoned Or Kapi. They rested at Molochnye Vody Instead of attacking Perekop, Lacy chose to cross the Sivash by wading at low tide, possibly near the Chongar Strait. They turned west and got between Perekop and the khan’s army. They blasted Or Kapi with mortars which surrendered around the beginning of July. They turned south, but on 6 July they decided to go home. There was little food or fodder because the Crimean interior had been trashed the previous year, supplies with the Azov fleet had been lost (below), and disease was beginning to appear. They stopped a Tatar attack on 9 July, rested at Perekop for a month, ruined Perekop as much as they could and returned to Molochnye Vody.

fooie

1738: Azov fleet: Peter Bredal with a rebuilt Azov fleet, supplies and 4000 Don Cossacks, met Lacy’s army on 19 May. On 23 May more Don Cossacks arrived with their own boats. On 25 May Bredal was caught by a much larger Turkish fleet and blockaded at ‘Cape Vissarion’ (location?). The blockade was broken when the Turks unwisely pursued 3 escaping sloops. On 6 June they were again caught at ‘Cape Fedotov’, probably on the long sand spit just east of Henichesk Strait. They hauled their boats across the sand spit and reassembled near Henichesk where they were again caught on 16 June. They landed their guns, built a shore battery and burned their boats. There was a 2-day artillery duel but the Turks chose not to land, perhaps because they lacked marines. The loss of the supply fleet forced Lacy to withdraw from Crimea.

1738: Western campaign: The goal was for Muennich to lead the main army to the Dniester and attack the border forts at either Khotin or Bender. On 17 April he crossed the Dnieper south of Poltava and in late June crossed the Bug. He reached the Dniester but on 6 August abandoned the campaign because of Turkish resistance and because of reports of plague west of the river.

crup

1739: Failed invasion of Crimea: Levashev was supposed to march from Azov but an epidemic forced him to halt at the Miuss River. He later returned to Azov because a fire had destroyed the Azov arsenal and granary, Bredal could not sail from Azov because of disease and a shortage of ships. Lacy left Izium on 10 May. His force was weakened because much had been transferred to the western campaign. In July he learned that the Turks had sent troops and a fleet and that Levashev had turned back. He marched toward Perekop, saw that there was no hope and returned to the Ukrainian line, which he reached on 24 August.

1739: Western campaign: Muennich planned to capture Khotin to take pressure off the Austrians, who were doing poorly. He left Kiev in late April and crossed Polish territory because the land was better and the Poles were too weak to interfere. He won the battle of Battle of Stavuchany in August, took Khotin and marched south to Jassy. There he learned that Austria had signed a separate peace which made his position untenable. On 23 September he was ordered to return to Russian territory.

1739: Treaties: The war was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade with Austria in September and the Treaty of Niš (1739) with Russia in October. A few months later Mengli died. The Russians kept nothing more than a demilitarized Azov, but they had demonstrated that they were now a serious threat to Crimea.

FattyToo

Boing

Fetih II Geray (reigned 1736-1737, lived 1696-1746) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. During his brief reign Russia invaded Crimea for the second time. He was the eldest son of Devlet II Giray, one of the six brothers who held the khanship for most of the period 1699-1743. His son was future khan Selim III Giray. His brothers were future khans Arslan Giray and Qırım Giray.

During the third reign of his uncle and predecessor Qaplan I Giray he was nureddin until 1735 when he became kalga on the death of Adil Giray. In 1734 he led a raid across to the Caspian Sea. In the summer of 1736 Russia invaded Crimea for the first time and burned the capital, for which Qaplan was removed.

reign

He became khan around August or September 1736. The Turks made him khan because of his success in 1734 and possibly because of connections in the Ottoman court. As kalga and nureddin he appointed his brothers Arslan and Mahmud. Since Bakhchisarai had been burned he established himself at Karasubazar. In revenge for the Russian invasion, in October he raided the Russian borders. In December the Don Cossacks and Kalmyks seriously defeated the Kuban Horde. Kalmyks later joined in the second Russian invasion. The Turks apparently made another retaliatory raid and took 30000 prisoners.

In July 1737 Russia invaded Crimea for the second time and burned Karasubazar (below). For this Fetih was deposed, possibly in August. He retired to the village of Chakilli near Vize northwest of Istanbul. He died in 1746 and was buried near the local mosque.

Military

This was part of the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). In 1735 a raid toward Crimea failed. In 1736 Russia captured Azov, captured Kinburn across the river from Ochakov and invaded Crimea. On 9 January 1737 Austria joined the war. This made it difficult for the Ottomans to support the Black Sea coast. The plan for 1737 was for one army to capture the Turkish fort of Ochakov at the mouth of the Dnieper while a second army invaded Crimea. See map in Qaplan I Giray.

Capture of Ochakov: In early April Mǔnnich left the Kiev area with about 70000 men. By the time they crossed the Southern Bug the baggage train had 40000 vehicles, 10000 oxen, 2000 camels and 50000 horses. On 30 June they reached Ochakov which now had 20000 defenders. Fighting began the next day and on 3 June heated shot set the town on fire. The fire spread to the powder magazine which blew up killing thousands of Turks. This caused the Turks to surrender the same day.

Muennich left 8000 men to hold the fort and returned with the rest of the army to Poltava. In October the Ottomans tried to retake the fort. All of their attempts failed and on 30 October they withdrew.

mop

Perekop Isthmus

Henichesk Strait

Bakhchysarai

Karasubazar

Kaffa

Sea of Azov

class=notpageimage|

X=crossing points

voot

Second invasion of Crimea: The goal was to prevent the Crimeans from supporting Ochakov, damage Crimea as much as possible and capture the Turkish fort of Kaffa if possible. On 3 May 1737 Peter Lacy set out from the Mius River near Taganrog, about 50km northwest of Azov and 400km east of Perekop. (Russia had captured Azov the previous year.) Around 320 small boats with supplies and Don Cossacks followed along the coast. On 23 May the two forces joined at what is now Mariupol about 100km further west. Instead of attacking the 60000 Tatars waiting at Perekop he built a pontoon bridge out of water casks and crossed the Henichesk Strait onto the Arabat Spit (2-16 July). Fetih headed south toward the far end of the spit, but Lacy again outflanked him by crossing to the mainland near the Salhyr River, causing the Crimeans to disperse. Meanwhile the Turkish fleet caught the Azov flotilla near Henichesk, but they were driven off (1 July). A few days later a storm destroyed most of the flotilla along with its food and ammunition. Lacy went about 65km southwest and on 13 July burned Karasubazar. Three days later he chose to withdraw. He had lost most of his supplies with the flotilla, the Tatars were regrouping, there was not enough fresh water and fodder, and sickness was starting to appear. He crossed the Henichesk Strait on 23 July and reached Molochnye Vody a month later.

sores

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 579-580 (biography)
• Davies, Brian, Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe, 2011, Chapter Five (military)

=

zaton

It is located on the south bank of a west-flowing part of the Dnieper River. On the north bank is the town of Nikopol, Ukraine. About 15km east is the power plant at Enerhodar. The river is now part of the Kakhovka Reservoir.

Nearby was a large Scythian settlement of the fifth to third centuries BC. In the early modern period the place was a crossing point used by the Crimean Tatars to cross the river and raid to the north and west. In either 1701 of 1736 Russia build a fort here called Kammeny Zaton ("Stoney Backwater").

Oger

The Onoghuric or Oghuric languages are a branch of the Turkic languages. Other important branches are the Kipchak languages of the steppe and the southwestern or Oghuz languages which includes modern Turkish.

Devil3.18apr

You declined Draft:Devlet III Giray because "it is not adequately supported by reliable sources." Is there any evidence that Giray-Ilmi is not reliable? It is clearly not adequate, but I have surveyed the relevant literature and am reasonably certain that there is nothing better for this obscure ruler.

MaitreyaVaruna

Mengli II to mainspace

Thank you for moving Meñli II Giray from draftspace. You saved me a bit of trouble. You might want to look at Draft:Devlet III Giray and Draft: Saadet IV Giray and see what you think. In my POV the people who moved these to draftspace did not understand that most inner Asian history is poorly documented.

ark

this was done from orig, starting at WWW and droping ?phid=? NEED DATE ITS OLD< , IT IS Header page of rosebush NEED PUSH to 19fef2020, NEED PUSH TO TRETY, THEN CH bAKHT, SAD 2,3,4 https://web.archive.org/web/20191220032807/www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml

• 08mar22: http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml

this went to index page

• https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/28.phtml?id=12948

08mar22.2332: retrieved 19feb20 as "Saadet III"

• 09may22.0002: orig now unblocked

http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml?id=12918.

http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml?id=12948. This is index ????12918 is index page, 12948 is saadet???? NO TRY http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/28.phtml?id=12948. This is Saadet

• 02mar22.0025

http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml?id=12948. This is index

http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/28.phtml?id=12948. This is Saadet IV

http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/27.phtml?id=12948. This is devlet III

• 09mar.0136: blocked again

https://web.archive.org/web/20200218120059/http://www.vostlit.info:80/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml INDEX 18FEB20

https://web.archive.org/web/20200218120059/http://www.vostlit.info:80/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/28.phtml THIS IS SAD IV

https://web.archive.org/web/20200218120059/http://www.vostlit.info:80/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/27.phtml THIS IS DEV II

these loaded to 2 draft articles

PerzCries

1===PerzCry.reply=== 11feb: The problem is that we have about 40 detail articles that cannot be properly understood without finding and reading all of them. An index article does not need its own source if it summarizes the detail articles and adds nothing new. I suppose that you can delete this draft. I may get back to it when I find the time.

1===voot===

Safavid Empire

Persian crisis of 1722-1736 is an informal name for a set of events in the Iranian empire in the early eighteenth century. Around 1720 Russia and Turkey took advantage of Persian weakness to annex the northwestern part of the Persian empire. Nader Shah restored Persian power and by about 1736 the two invaders were back at their old borders. At the same time the Safavid dynasty came to an end. This is an overview article that ties together several dozen other articles.

Since about 1639 the area south of the Caucasus had been divided between Turkey and Persia along a line through the center of Georgia (Treaty of Zuhab). Iran also controlled Dagestan on the west side of the Caspian and part of Afghanistan facing the Mughal empire in India. These areas were ruled by local vassals who recognized Persian suzerainty.

1===Afghan invasion 1722=== In the seventeenth century the Safavid dynasty was in decline. In 1694 Sultan Husayn became Shah and proved ineffective. His reign was relatively peaceful until 1709 when the Kandahar Afghans revolted, followed by the Herat Afghans seven years later. The Kandaharis established the Hotak dynasty which in 1717 came under the rule of Mahmud Hotak. In 1720 Mahmud Hotak captured Kerman. From March to October 1722 he besieged the Persian capital (Siege of Isfahan). Sultan Huseyn abdicated in favor of Mahmud. Huseyn’s son Tahmasp II escaped and organized a weak resistance. (Also, in 1721 Sunni rebels captured the capital of Shirvan, killed some Russian merchants and asked for Turkish help (Sack of Shamakhi). This was one pretext for the Russian invasion.)

1===Russian and Turkish invasions 1722=== 1====Mop1====

Herat

Kandahar

Kerman

Isfahan

Shirvan

Resht

Mazandran

Astarabad

Ardabil

Tabriz

Hamadan

Kermanshah

Meshhad

Baghdad

Shiraz

Zarghan

class=notpageimage|

Red=taken by Russia
Blue=taken by Turkey
Isfahan was taken by the Afghans

In 1717 Peter the Great sent Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky to capture the Khanate of Khiva north of Persia. He was completely defeated and only a few Russians lived to tell the tale. Although Khiva was not Persian territory this campaign was a prelude to the Russian invasion of 1722.

In July 1722, while Isfahan was under seige by the Afghans, Peter the Great invaded Dagestan (Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)). By 1723 Russia held the west and south coasts of the Caspian. In September 1723 Tahmasp’s ambassador recognized the conquest by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) but in April 1724 Tahmasp did not confirm it.

Taking advantage of the Russian presence, in 1722 Vakhtang VI of Kartli, the vassal ruler of eastern Georgia, revolted. When Peter failed to help him he pulled his troops back. In May 1723 he was driven from his kingdom and went into Russian exile.

At about the same time the Ottomans invaded, taking everything south of the Caucasus and part of northwest Iran Including Ardabil, Tabriz, Hamadan and Kermanshah. Wikipedia does not have an adequate account of this campaign. In June 1724 Russia and Turkey recognized each other's conquests and agreed to force Tahmasp to accept them (Treaty of Constantinople (1724)). The border would be at the mouth of the Aras River. Russia held the Caspian coast and the Turkish conquests did not quite reach the Caspian.

1=== Afghans driven out 1729=== Mahmud could not control his new subjects, became increasingly violent and in April 1725 he was replaced by his cousin Ashraf Hotak. In 1726 Tahmasp and Nadir took Mashhad (Khorasan Campaign). The Turks went to war supporting Tahmasp against Ashraf (Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727)). Ashraf won a battle and in October 1727 (Treaty of Hamedan) the Turks changed sides. They recognized Ashraf as Shah (both were Sunni) and Ashraf recognized the Turkish conquests. In July 1729 Nadir took Herat (Herat Campaign of 1729). From October to December 1729 Nadir drove the Afghans out the capital and restored Tahmasp to the throne. (see Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne with links to the three battles.) In January 1730 Ashraf made his last stand at the Battle of Zarghan.

1===Turks driven out 1730–35=== 1====MOP2==== 1===Mop2===

Astrakhan

X-X-X-X-X-X-Terek River

Steppe Nomads

Free Mountaineers

Free Mountaineers

Sulak River

Tarki

Derbent

Baku

Shamakhi

Ganja

Yerevan

Tbilisi

Yeghvard

Tabriz

Kars

Trebizond

Erzurum

class=notpageimage|

Xes=Traditional Ottoman and Russian borders (approximate)
Red=taken by Russia
Blue=taken by Turkey
Tbilisi was the capital of Kartli and Shamakhi the capital of Shervan

1===voing=== In March 1730, three months after the liberation of Isfahan, Nader started Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735). During the Western Persia campaign of 1730 from March to August he regained the lost lands in Persia proper including Hamadan and Tabriz. In August he stopped fighting the Turks to deal with an Afghan revolt (Herat Campaign of 1731) which tied him down until February 1732. While Nader was away Tahmasp marched north and besieged Yerevan (Tahmasp's campaign of 1731). The Turks cut his supply line and he withdrew, the Turks regaining Hamadan and Tabriz. In January 1732 (Treaty of Ahmet Pasha) Tahmasp recognized he Turkish conquests except for some of northwest Iran. In September 1732 Nader took advantage of this defeat and deposed Tahmasp in favor of his infant son Abbas III.

The second phase of the war began in September 1732 when Nader marched south to Baghdad (Nader's Mesopotamian Campaign). He may have planned to trade Baghdad for northwest Persia, but this is not certain. The Siege of Baghdad (1733) began in February. In July (Battle of Samarra (1733)) he was defeated by a relieving Turkish army. In October he won the Battle of Kirkuk (1733). He then broke off the campaign to deal with Mohammad Khan Baluch's Rebellion near Shiraz.

The third phase began some time before August 1734 (Caucasus Campaign (1735)). In August Nader took Shirvan from the Turks. In November 1734 he besieged Ganja (Siege of Ganja (1734)) and moved west to surround Yerevan and Tbilisi. In June 1735 a Turkish army was completely defeated at the Battle of Yeghevārd. This led Ganja and Tbilisi to surrender in July. He then advanced to Kars and traded it for Yerevan (October 1735). The war was ended by the Treaty of Constantinople (1736) in September.

1===Russians withdraw 1735=== As Persia grew stronger Russian occupation of the Caspian became impractical. In January 1732, before Nader's attack on Baghdad, Russia signed the Treaty of Resht in which she gave back the provinces along the south Caspian. In March 1735, while Nader was besieging Ganja, the two powers signed the Treaty of Ganja in which they allied against the Ottomans and Russia gave back the west Caspian coast.

1===Aftermath=== In March 1736 Nader became Shah ending Safavid dynasty and founding the Afsharid dynasty. In 1738 Nader destroyed the last Hotakis at the Siege of Kandahar. He then invaded India and took Delhi. Between 1741 and 1742 he tried to subdue Dagestan (Nader's Dagestan campaign). He next fought an indecisive war against Turkey (Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)). In 1747 he was assassinated. In 1735, just as the Persian crisis was ending, Russia started the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). Russia now had a Persian alliance against Turkey and complained that Turkey’s Crimean vassals had raided Russia and crossed Russian territory to fight Persia. Russia took Azov and invaded the Crimean Peninsula for the first time. 1===Sources===

• This is an index article. Sources are to be found in the linked articles.

[[Cat?? 1Category:18th century in Iran [1[Category:Russo-Persian Wars]]

Mangle.10apr

This is a beplacement for mangle.15jan with unnecessary notes to appease a footnote counter. Mangle.15jan may differ from orig in mainspace.

vootie

Mengli II Giray (1678–1740) was twice khan of the Crimean Khanate (1724–1730 and 1737–1740). He was a son of khan Selim I Giray and thus one of the six brothers who were khans during most of the period from 1699 to 1742. He was said to be intelligent, a lover of literature and involved with the Sufi order. He funded mosques and madrassas in Crimea, Budjak and Istanbul. During his first reign he brought back under control the Crimean nobles and then the Nogais in Budjak and the Kuban region.

He was born in 1678 on the isle of Rhodes during his father’s first exile. In 1704–1707 he was nureddin under his brother Ğazı III Giray. In 1707–1708 and 1713–1715 he was kalga during the first two reigns of his brother Qaplan I Giray. When Qaplan quit he settled at Kadykey near Silistra.

First Reign 1724–1730

When Draft:Saadet IV Giray gave up the throne there was talk of reappointing Qaplan, but Mengli was chosen (September-October 1724 = muharram 1137AH)

His kalgas were Safa, a brother of Saadet IV, then Adil and then Salyamet. The last two were Mengli's brothers. His first nureddin was Selyamet, who was later promoted to kalga, then Salih, a son of Saadet IV.

His first task was to regain control of the nobles who has been disobedient during the previous reign. Before reaching Crimea he sent ahead letters confirming most of them in their current positions, as if nothing had happened. He slowly built up alliances. When the Turks called for Crimean troops to fight the Persians (below) he sent many of the malcontents, including Safa and many of the Shirins. When they were surrounded by Turkish troops he sent an order to liquidate them. Several were hung and Safa was exiled to Chios, and later to Yambol. The next problem was a man called Jan Timur.. After various meneuvres he was summoned to the palace (October 175). Forewarned, he and his friends fled to the Turks at Azov, and then to the Circassians. With his main enemies out of the way he redistributed fiefs and offices to create an obedient nobility.

In 1725 Istanbul requested 10,000 Crimean troops to fight the Persians. They went under the command of kalga Safa, nureddin Selyamet and Mengli’s son Tokhtamysh. Readily available sources do not say what they did. This was during the Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727) when the Persian ruler tried to regain the northwest part of their empire which had been taken by the Turks. They crossed the Bosporus in July-August 1725 and returned via Trabzond toward the end of 1726. Some seem to have remained since in mid-September 1727 kalga Adil Gray was removed for refusing to lead troops against Persia. See "Note on Crimeans fighting Persians" at bottom.

When Jan Timur fled to Circassia he was protected by Bakht Giray, the warlord son of Devlet II. An army was sent and Vakht made a partial submission (year uncertain). When Adil was removed he went first to an estate near Yambol and then raised a rebellion among the Budjak Nogais in favor of the restoration of Qaplan I. The revolt was suppressed by the local Turkish governors and Adil was forgiven and retired to his estate. This ended about March 1728.

In May 1729 Mengli went to Istanbul where he was congratulated by the Sultan for restoring order in Crimea. In November 1730 Mengli was deposed. The sources do not explain why but all agree that his deposition was connected with the coup that overthrew sultan Ahmad III. Mengli went into exile at Rhodes.

Second reign and death

Pending

Note on Crimean troops against Persia

This seems to be the first time since 1637 that the Ottomans demanded Crimean troops to fight Persia. Such campaigns were always unpopular because of the long distance and small chance of loot. For reference, the Turks demanded Crimean troops to fight Persia in, at least: 1551 Sahib, 1584 Mehmed II, 1616 Canibek, 1624 Mehmed III, 1637 Canibek, 1637 Inayet, 1725 Mengli, 1732 Qaplan I (Crimean initive against Persian vassals in Dagestan).

This is a summary of what was happening in Persia. In 1722 an Afghan called Mahmud Hotak rebelled and made himself Shah of Persia. The deposed Shah’s son Tahmasp II organized a weak resistance. The Russians and Turks took advantage of Persian weakness and invaded. Tahmasp sought their support against Mahmud. In June 1724, about four months before Mengli became khan, the two powers signed a treaty in which Russia took the west side of the Caspian and Turkey took approximately modern Georgia and Armenia. Tahmasp’s general Nader Shah began to restore Persian power. About nine months before Mengli was dethroned Nader's encroachment on Turkish territory led to the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735).

Sources

• Smirnov, Krimskoye Khanstvo b XVIII Beke, 1887, Chapter 2, Paragraphs 13 through 30: http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke2.html
• Giray-Ilim: Rose Bush of Khans, compiled by Khalim Giray in 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions of obsolete material by Kemal Usenov, 2004. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/29.phtml?id=12949.
• Giray family tree: Oleksa Gaivoronsky «Повелители двух материков», Kiev-Bakhchisarai, second edition, 2010, volume 2, endpaper

[![C

Mangle.15jan

vootie

This was loaded about 15jan. Some footnote-counter removed most of it. 07apr mods here if footnotes needed. Mengli II Giray (1678–1740) was twice khan of the Crimean Khanate (1724–1730 and 1737–1740). He was a son of Selim I Giray and thus one of the six brothers who were khans during most of the period from 1699 to 1742. He was said to be intelligent, a lover of literature and involved with the Sufi order. He funded mosques and madrassas in Crimea, Budjak and Istanbul,

He was born in 1678 on the isle of Rhodes during his father’s first exile. In 1704–1707 he was nureddin under his brother Ğazı III Giray. In 1707–1708 and 1713–1715 he was kalga during the first two reigns of his brother Qaplan I Giray. When Qaplan quit settled at Kadykey near Silistra.

First Reign 1724–1730

When Saadet IV Giray gave up the throne there was talk of reappointing Qaplan, but Mengli was chosen (September-October 1724 = muharram 1137AH)

His kalgas were Safa, a brother of Saadet IV, then Adil and then Salyamet. The last two were Mengli's brothers. His first nureddin was Selyamet, who was later promoted to kalga, then Salih, a son of Saadet IV.

His first task was to regain control of the nobles who has been disobedient during the previous reign. Before reaching Crimea he sent ahead letters confirming most of them in their current positions, as if nothing had happened. He slowly built up alliances. When the Turks called for Crimean troops to fight the Persians (below) he sent many of the malcontents, including Safa and many of the Shirins. When they were surrounded by Turkish troops he sent an order to liquidate them. Several were hung and Safa was exiled to Chios, and later to Yambol. The next problem was a man called Jan Timur. After various meneuvres he was summoned to the palace (October 1725). Forewarned, he and his friends fled to the Turks at Azov, and then to the Circassians. With his main enemies out of the way he redistributed fiefs and offices to create an obedient nobility.

In 1725 Istanbul requested 10,000 Crimean troops to fight the Persians. They went under the command of kalga Safa, nureddin Selyamet and Mengli’s son Tokhtamysh. Readily available sources do not say what they did. This was during the Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727). They crossed the Bosporus in July-August 1725 and returned via Trabzond toward the end of 1726. Some seem to have remained since in mid-September 1727 kalga Adil Gray was removed for refusing to lead troops against Persia. See "Note on Crimeans fighting Persians" at bottom.

When Jan Timur fled to Circassia he was protected by Vakht Giray, the warlord son of Devlet II. An army was sent and Vakht made a partial submission (year uncertain). When Adil was removed he went first to an estate near Yambol and then raised a rebellion among the Budjak Nogais in favor of the restoration of Qaplan I. The revolt was suppressed by the local Turkish governors and Adil was forgiven and retired to his estate. This ended about March 1728.

In May 1729 Mengli went to Istanbul where he was congratulated by the Sultan for restoring order in Crimea. In November 1730 Mengli was deposed. The sources do not explain why but all agree that his deposition was connected with the coup that overthrew sultan Ahmad III. Mengli went into exile at Rhodes.

Second reign and death

Pending

Note on Crimean troops against Persia

This seems to be the first time since 1637 that the Ottomans demanded Crimean troops to fight Persia. Such campaigns were always unpopular because of the long distance and small chance of loot. For reference, the Turks demanded Crimean troops to fight Persia in, at least: 1551 Sahib, 1584 Mehmed II, 1616 Canibek, 1624 Mehmed III, 1637 Canibek, 1637 Inayet, 1725 Mengli, 1732 Qaplan I (Crimean initive against Persian vassals in Dagestan).

This is a summary of what was happening in Persia. In 1722 an Afghan called Mahmud Hotak rebelled and made himself Shah of Persia. The deposed Shah’s son Tahmasp II organized a weak resistance. The Russians and Turks took advantage of Persian weakness and invaded. Tahmasp sought their support against Mahmud. In June 1724, about four months before Mengli became khan, the two powers signed a treaty in which Russia took the west side of the Caspian and Turkey took approximately modern Georgia and Armenia. Tahmasp’s general Nader Shah began to restore Persian power. About nine months before Mengli was dethroned Nader's encroachment on Turkish territory led to the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735).

Sources

• Smirnov, Krimskoye Khanstvo b XVIII Beke, 1887, Chapter 2, Paragraphs 13 through 30: http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke2.html
• Giray-Ilim: Rose Bush of Khans, compiled by Khalim Giray in 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions of obsolete material by Kemal Usenov, 2004. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/29.phtml?id=12949.
• Giray family tree: Oleksa Gaivoronsky «Повелители двух материков», Kiev-Bakhchisarai, second edition, 2010, volume 2, endpaper

[1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

callgirl

This may have been Mengli's intention, but in practice the khanship usually went to one of the khan'a relatives without much regard to who had been kalga. The khan, kalga and nureddin were always members of the Giray clan. From an early date the khans were confirmed by the Ottoman Sultan. From the seventeenth century khans were increasingly installed and removed by the Turks.

• The nureddin (Nur al-Din) was third in rank after the khan and kalga. This title was introduced in 1578 or 1579 by Mehmed the Fat. Like the kalga he was normally a close relative of the khan. His official residence was at Bakhchisarai and he had his own officials, but not as many as his superiors. The nureddin was sometimes unofficially associated with the Mansur clan in the northwestern steppe-like part of the peninsula and therefore with the steppe nomads, just as the kalga was sometimes unofficially associated with the Shirin clan in the east and therefore with the Turks at Kaffa.
• The Or-Beg was the governor of Perekop. Howorth calls him the third dignitary in the state, but the title is hard to find before about 1690.
• The Begs (Bey) were leaders of the Crimean clans.
• Mirza was a title used by some Nogai chiefs.
• The Seraskers (Serasker) were Crimean agents in the Nogai hordes, especially Budjak and Kuban. The title first appears perhaps around 1700.
• Sultan was an honorific sometimes given to members of the Giray clan in Turkish sources.

sad4.29dec

boop

Saadat IV Giray (reigned 1717–1724, lived 1662–1732) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. Some older writers call him Saadet III, because they do not count Saadet III Giray. He was one of the six brothers who held power during most of the period from 1699 to 1742. His father was Selim I Giray and his son was khan Halim Giray. He was preceded by his uncle Devlet III Giray and followed by his brother Meñli II Giray. He was reported to be tall and handsome in his youth, but later became fat and much given to hunting. He seems to have been too mild and indecisive to keep his subjects under control.

He was Or-Bey or governor of Perekop from 1692 to 1699 and then nureddin and kalga until 1703. He was kalga during the second reign of Devlet II Giray (1709-1713). When Devlet was deposed Saadet retired to an estate near the village of Saraj-El near Yambol in what is now Bulgaria.

rain

Saadet replaced his uncle Devlet III Giray in 1717. He appointed as kalga and nureddin Inaet Giray and Safa Giray. Inaet died, Safa was promoted to kalga and Adil replaced him as nureddin. Adil resigned and was replaced by Islyam Giray. Inaet was a descendant of Selyamet I, Safa and Adil were the khan’s brothers and Islyam his nephew.

The readily available sources are old, poor and contradictory. The main problems of his reign were campaigns in the Balkans and Circassia and his quarrel with the Shirin clan.

His first task was to lead troops to the Balkans to help the Turks during the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718). Peace was concluded in July 1718 and Saadet returned to Crimea without fighting.

The second problem was a warlord called Bakht Giray, nicknamed 'the Mad Sultan', who was causing trouble north of the Caucasus and not paying tribute. The following account is from Giray-Ilim. He sent his son Salikh to sort things out. Salikh reported that some tribes were submissive and some not and suggested the dispatch of a Crimean army. The authors do not say if an army was sent. The next account is from Smirnov. The Turks sent him to suppress Bakht Giray, in part because Russia complained that Bakht was raiding the Russian border while Russia and Turkey were at peace. Smirnov finds one Turkish source which says that Salikh went first. He invaded Kabardia and spent about two years there without accomplishing much. Some of Smirnov's Turkish sources say he was captured and released, while others do not. He returned to Crimea and was overthrown.

When he returned to Crimea he had to deal with the clans. Khalim Giray says that the Shirins rebelled because they did not get a proper share of booty. Instead of violently suppressing them he voluntarily left the throne and went to Budjak where he announced his resignation to the Turks. Ilim adds that the problem started with a dispute over a betrothal. The quarrel spread to other clans, the khan’s attempted intervention only made things worse and he chose to resign. The French Wikipedia, citing a French journal, says that the Shirins attacked him in his palace.

He settled on his estate at Saraj-El and died in January 1732. He was buried in the courtyard of the Yambol mosque.

Sources

• Giray-Ilim, Rose Bush of Khans, compiled by Khalim Giray in 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions of obsolete material by Kemal Usenov, 2004. (As Saadat III) http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml?id=12918.
• Smirnov, Krimskoye Khanstvo b XVIII Beke, 1887, (As Saadat III). http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke.html

[1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

Devil3

Draft problem

In February someone moved this to draftspace on the grounds that it did not have adequate sources. The person apparently did not realize that the sources for inner Asian history are much poorer than those for modern Europe. I have read a great deal of Asian history. If better sources were readily available, I think I would have found them by now. The idea is to publish what information we have and improve it when improvements become possible. Also, we should have an article for each Crimean khan.

bop

Devlet III Giray (reigned 1716-1717, lived 1647-1717) was briefly khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was appointed in November 1716 and was removed in January or February of the next year. He was the son of Adil Giray (died 1659, nureddin under Islyam III and Mehmed IV) and grandson of Selâmet I Giray. Thus he was not one of the six sons of his cousin Selim I who ruled in the period 1699 to 1743. He was called Kara Devlet or Black Devlet and was reputed to be a man noble character.

From 1684 to 1692 he was kalga under three khans. When Safa Giray of Crimea was removed in 1692 Devlet followed him and settled in a village near Yambol. In 1715 or 1716 Qaplan I Giray was removed because of his failure to support the Turks at the time of the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718). The Turks appointed Devlet as a way of weakening the sons of Selim I. As kalga and nureddin he chose Bakhadyr, a son of Safa, and Makhsud, a son of either Devlet himself or Safa. After being appointed at Istanbul he was immediately sent to Budzhak. He sent Bakhadyr to Crimea to collect troops to support the Turks against Austria. The Turks had misjudged the Crimean mood. The beys disliked Devlet because of his association with the unpopular Safa and wanted another son of Selim. In order to avoid conflict with an important ally or vassal, the Turks removed Devlet and replaced him with Selim's son Saadet IV Giray. Devlet went to Yambol, where he died after a few months. His brief reign is somewhat similar to that of Saadet III Giray in 1691.

Sources

Khalim Giray, Rose Bush of Khans, 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions by Kemal Usenov, 2004. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml?id=12918.

[1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

Cap12

Second Reign (1713–1715)

When he replaced Devlet II he appointed as kalga and nureddin his brothers Meñli II Giray and Safa. His first task was to send Mengli to deal with the Kuban Nogais who had revolted under Bakhti Giray, the eldest son of his brother Devlet II. The Turks called him to fight in the Balkans. The beys resisted, there were delays and when he, or perhaps his brother Selyamet, arrived too late the Turks removed him. For the possibility that he was dethroned in 1716 rather than 1715, see the talk page.

1716–1738

Pending.

Was he dethroned in 1715 or 1716?

The problem is that 1715 contradicts the date of the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718). These wikis give 1715: en:,ru:,tu:,uk: (15dec). These give 1716: fr: (dec), br:, ca: (nov). Howorth has 1715 as does Gaivoronsky’s family tree. All sources say Kara Devlet came to power in 1716, fr: and tu: giving December of that year. Smirnov says Kara Devlet was appointed at the end of Dhu Al Hajjah 1129. This Islamic month ended on 04dec1717, but elsewhere Smirnov speaks of his delay in the German war of 1128AH (1716), has a meeting to decide Qaplan’s fate on 02dec1716 and twice gives the transition year as 1716, so his Islamic year is probably off by one. Howorth says he was deposed because of the Turkish defeat at ‘Vardin’, which must be Petrovaradin. Ru: and those that follow it say the khan was late in reaching the Hungarian border. Ca: says that Selyamet rather than the khan went. Smirnov has the khan meet the retreating Turkish army south of Belgrade.

Given this, the most reasonable account seems to be: “The Turks declared war on Austria in April 1716 and called on the Crimeans for help. The beys resisted callup, there were delays and he, or Selyamet, arrived too late to help the Turks who were defeated at Petrovaradin in August 1716. The Turks blamed everyone in sight and after some delay removed Qaplan in late 1716.” However, this is not enough evidence to to change a date found in the major sources.

sore

• http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke.html

Cap1

First Reign (1707–1708)

He came to the throne in 1707 following the deposition of his brother Ğazı III Giray. His kalga and nureddin were his brothers Meñli II Giray and Maksud. Maksud soon died and was followed by Sahib, another brother. He sent Mengli to discuss things with the Circassians or Kabardians. Mengli was arrogant, the Kabardians attacked and killed many of his men, but Mengli escaped. Qaplan then led a large army against the rebellious Kabardians, including 3,000 Turks. The war was a disaster (Battle of Kanzhal, September 1708). He lost most of his men, including the Shirin and Mansur begs, was wounded in the arm and fled. For this, and perhaps because he had given asylum to some fleeing Cossacks, he was deposed and exiled to Rhodes. His brother Devlet was restored.

1708–1713

Devlet’s second reign mostly involved the consequences of the Battle of Poltava. Devlet was removed and Qaplan restored partly due to his treatment of the exiled Swedish king.

CapSore

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 556,569,570, 571-572, 574-575
• Barasbi Bgazhnokov: victory or death section of for battle of Khanzhal

Devil22.30nov

1702–1709

• 1702: His father Selim I was restored for the fourth time.
• 1704: Selim's eldest son Ğazı III Giray became khan on his father's death.
• 1707: Selim's second son Qaplan I Giray became khan after Gazi's deposition.
• 1709: Devlet was restored after Qaplan's defeat in Circassia.

Second reign 1709-1713

Much of his second reign involved the conflicts between Peter the Great and Charles XII of Sweden. During the Great Northern War Ivan Mazepa revolted against Russia and Charles moved east to join him. Both were defeated at the Battle of Poltava in July 1709, about six months after Devlet came to the throne. Some of Mazepa’s Cossacks were settled in Crimean territory at Oleshky. Charles fled to Ottoman territory and tried to stir up a Swedish-Turkish-Crimean war against Russia. When the Turks failed to expel Charles, Peter invaded Moldavia (Pruth River Campaign of 1710). A Turkish army went north, 40,000 Tatars under Devlet’s son went northwest and Peter was surrounded. He was allowed to withdraw by signing a treaty in which he gave up Azov and smaller forts near the Sea of Azov (1711). Devlet continued to press for Turkish action against the growing power of Russia. In 1713 the Sultan ordered Devlet and Ismail Pasha to escort Charles to Poland (it is not clear to which faction). Charles refused and was captured (Skirmish at Bender). There was a shift in Turkish policy and Devlet was deposed (December 1713), partly because of his mistreatment of Charles at Bender.

One source() says that in early 1711 Devlet’s son Mekhmed, Mazepa’s sucessor and some Swedes, Poles and Turkish soldiers raided around Bratslav, fought a number of battles and retreated to Bender at the approach of a Russian army. The same spring Devlet himself moved on Kharkov, was defeated, and returned to Crimea.

sore

Ho gitit

SellSons.30nov

Selim was the son of Bahadır I Giray and grandson of Selyamet I, another khan who was the father of many khans. From 1704 to 1743 the khanship was held by six of Selim's sons, with one exception. After 1743 all khans were descended from Selim’s sons Saadet IV (1), Qaplan I (2), Selyamet II (1) and Devlet II (majority).

Selim’s six ‘royal’ sons were Devlet II Giray, Ğazı III Giray, Qaplan I Giray, Saadet IV Giray, Mengli II Giray and Selyamet II Giray. His non-royal sons were Azamat, Adil, Mukhammed, Sakhbez( ru:Шахбез Герай), Maksud, Sahib and Safa.

The Era of Selim's six sons (1699–1743)

In this period Istanbul regularly imposed and replaced Crimean rulers. According to one author the Crimean begs were on the Turkish payroll. In 1699 Selim resigned and went on the Hajj. His eldest son Devlet II (first reign) became khan. In 1702 the Ottomans restored Selim (fourth reign). In 1704 his second son Gazi III became khan on his father’s death. In 1707 Qaplan (first reign) was enthroned by the Turks. In 1709 Devlet II (second reign) was restored after Qaplan was defeated by the Circassians. In 1713 Qaplan (second reign) was restored because Devlet mishanded the Swedish king after the battle of Poltava. In 1715 Saadet IV was enthroned. He was captured and released by the Circassians. In 1724 Mengli II followed and fought the Nogais. In 1730 Qaplan (third reign) was restored. Russia invaded Crimea, Qaplan was blamed and deposed. In 1736 Feti II Giray was enthroned. He was not one of the six brothers but the son of one of the brothers, Devlet II. He was deposed after 10 months because of a Russian victory. In 1737 Mengli was restored. He fought the Russians and died after two years. In 1739 Selyamet II was enthroned on Mengli’s death. In 1743 Selyamet was deposed, thus ending the era of the six brothers.

Gasy3.20nov

Gasy3.19nov/20 Sat.20nov.2015 moved to sandbox

Gazi III Giray (lived 1674-1708, reigned 1704-1707) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was the second son of Selim I Giray. His brothers were khans Saadet IV Giray, Mengli II Giray, Devlet II Giray, Qaplan I Giray and Selyamet II Giray. None of his sons were khans. He succeeded his father Selim and was followed by his brother Qaplan.

During his father’s third reign (1692-1699) he was serasker of the Budzhak Horde. In 1699 his father resigned and was replaced by Gazi’s older brother Devlet II Giray. Gazi was made nureddin. He and the Budjaks rose against his brother and after their defeat he was exiled to Rhodes. Devlet was deposed in 1702 and Gazi’s father became khan for the fourth time. Gazi was made his kalga.

In December 1704 his father died and Gazi became khan. He appointed as kalga and nureddin his brothers Qaplan and Mengli .

Russia and Turkey were then at peace, but the Nogais continued raiding. Russia complained to Istanbul that Gazi did not stop them. Gazi also opposed Ottoman attempts to transfer the Budazhak Nogais from Crimea to Turkey. His brother Qaplan plotted against him and there were court factions in Istanbul.

He was deposed in 1707 and died of plague at Karnobat near Constantinople in July 1708. He was described as tall, black-bearded and handsome.

Sources and notes

• İnalcık, Halil. "GAZİ GİRAY III". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, page 565 (one paragraph)

[1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

RusCirc

The Russo-Circassian War was the eastern part of the Caucasus War, which in turn was the mountain phase of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus region. After gaining control of the land south of the Caucasus in the years 1800 to 1806 the Russians faced the difficult task of gaining control of the intervening mountains.

karakorum

If I got involved I would support Karakorum. Since I wrote most of the article I do not see what needs to be changed. Of course, no one is a fit judge of himself and this probably means that I don't understand something. (Also, could you tell me how to ping you (Alert or Notification)? I couldn't figure out how to do it. Thanks.)

CanSib

Canada and Siberia

Both Canada and Siberia are largely covered by Boreal Forest. Both were opened up by water-borne fur traders. In both countries the problem was to find streams that flowed in approximately the right direction and to find short portages to move from one river basin to the next. Both regions are flat. One can move from the Saint Lawrence to the Rockies or from the Urals almost to the Pacific with only a few short portages. In both countries furs were obtained by natives and exported by Europeans. In Siberia a band of armed Cossacks would enter a native village and demand yasak or tribute. In Canada furs were obtained by honest trade.

Russian expansion into Siberia began with the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. Fifty seven years later they reached the Pacific. European settlement of Canada began in 1605 (Port Royal, Nova Scotia) and 1608 (Quebec City). Canada-based Europeans reached the Arctic Ocean in 1789 and the Pacific in 1793, both expeditions led by Alexander Mackenzie. For Siberian exploration see Siberian River Routes and its linked articles.

old

− Both Canada and Siberia were explored by Europeans mainly by river. Both regions have many navigable rivers with short portages between them. There are no serious barriers to water-borne travel east of the Rockies or from the Urals almost to the Pacific. The fur trade drove and financed both expansions (mostly beaver furs in Canada, sable and many others in Siberia). In both areas incomers obtained furs from the natives and exported them to Europe. In Siberia a band of armed Cossacks would enter a native village and demand yasak or tribute. In Canada furs were obtained through trade.

−

⚫↪ Russian expansion into Siberia began with the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. In 1639 they reached the Pacific near Okhotsk. European settlement of Canada began in 1605 and 1608 (Port Royal, Nova Scotia and Quebec City). Canada-based Europeans reached the Arctic Ocean in 1789 and the Pacific in 1793, both expeditions led by Alexander Mackenzie). For details of Siberian travel see Siberian River Routes.

Siberia restored

Someone edited out the original reference to Siberia, apparently because it did not directly apply to Canada. The underlying theme of this article is how, in this case, geography influenced history. Comparison to Siberia is needed to show how similar geography did and did not produce similar results and also set up the problems faced by travelers in this type of country. This article was originally made as a companion to Siberian river routes.

SellemKids

Selim was the son of Bahadır I Giray (1637) one of the many sons of Selâmet I Giray (1608). Selyamet was the ancestor of most subsequent khans. He had 10 daughters and either 10 or 13 sons, five of whom were khans. Among his sons were Devlet II Giray (1699, 1709), Gazi III Giray (1704), Qaplan I Giray (1707, 1713, 1730), Saadet IV Giray (1717), Meñli II Giray (1724, 1737) and Selâmet II Giray (1740) and Azamet, Adil, Muhamed, Shabaz, Maksud, Sahib and Safa. Most subsequent khans were descended from Devlet II, except for the sons of Saadet and Selyamet and the son and grandson of Qaplan.

CoonSores

• Crimean Tatar center for information and documentation (wayback machine)
  • this may be gaivoronsky, 2003???
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20070318162008/http://www.cidct.org.ua/ru/publications/Giray/index.html
• ROZOVY KUST via ru: Khalim-giray
  • http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml?id=12918

• Гайворонский Алексей. Созвездие Гераев. — Симферополь, 2003. //this is somewhere in ru:
• ru:shabaz has 2nd on rus-circ mil relations
• Smirnov-1887 in Krimobed via ru: Khalim Giray. has russian page images

Sellem3

1691-1692

He was followed by Saadet III Giray who was removed after less than a year. The next khan, Safa Giray of Crimea, was replaced by Selim at Crimean request. Saadet failed the Turks militarily and Safa was accused of drunkenness, among other things,

Third Reign (1692-1699)

His kalga was his son Devlet. His nureddin was Shahin, the son of his nephew Selyamet. His reign was dominated by three problems: fighting in the Balkans, raiding and fighting in Ukraine and the Russian capture of Azov.

In 1692 he was immediately called to fight in the Balkans. In September 1695 he was again called west and took part in the battle of Lippa or Lugos. (see de:Friedrich von Veterani)

During the Azov campaigns (1695–96) Peter the Great tried to capture Azov, the second campaign being successful. Russia held Azov until 1711.

The Crimeans raided Domanchov (1692), Poltava (1692,1693) and Pereiaslav (1694). In return the Cossacks raided Ochakov and Perekop. Following the Azov campaigns the Cossacks built forts near the mouth of the Don and Crimeans raided toward Lemburg (1697). Crimeans fought Poles at the Battle of Podhajce (1698).

It is not clear why Selim chose to leave the throne. He retired to an esate near Silivri. His departure roughly coincided with the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) which ended the Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Constantinople (1700) which ended Russian involvement in the same war.

1699-1702

During this time Selim suffered from gout and moved to various places near Istanbul in hope of a cure. Selim was followed by his son Devlet II Giray. Devlet was removed and replaced by his father (fourth reign) because of conflicts with his brothers and because of his provocative hostility to Russia.

Fourth reign (1702–1704)

The 71-year old Selim appointed his sons Gazi and Qaplan as kalga and nureddin. In 1704 Selim warned the Porte of Russian expansionism, just as his son had done. He died in 1704. He was followed by Gazi III Giray (1704), Qaplan I Giray (1707) and Devlet II Giray again (1709).

Kologi

Vizier Kologi is from Howorth,1880, p 559. He follows Hammar-Purgstall, Geschichte Der Chane,1856 (old and inaccurate). Purgstall says that a dervish named Sheikh Ibraham offered the khanship to anyone who would pay him 1000 ducats, which Selim did. Kologi is not in Purgstall, so it is probably Howorth's guess.

SadAt

Saadet III Giray (reigned 1691, lived 1645—1695, крым. III Saadet Geray, ٣سعادت كراى‎;) was briefly khan of the Crimean Khanate between the second and third reigns of Selim I Giray. Oddly, he did not visit Crimea during his reign. He was the son of Kyrym Giray, one of the many sons of Selâmet I Giray. His brother Haci II Giray was briefly khan between the first and second reigns of Selim I Giray.

Saadet had been nureddin under his cousin Murad Giray who ruled between the first and second reigns of Selim I. In 1691 Selim I abdicated and proposed his cousin Saadat as a replacement. Saadet chose as kalga and nureddin Devlet and Fetikh Giray (Devlet had been kalga since 1684 and became khan Devlet II Giray in 1699). Saadet, who was in Istanbul at this time, was immediately ordered to raise an army to fight the Austrians. He marched up the west shore of the Black Sea and forced the reluctant Budjak Horde to join him. The other Crimean and Nogai nobles were also reluctant. Devlet planned to betray him and was removed. Marching across Romania, he severely punished troops who abused the local population. Due to overlong preparations he arrived late at the Battle of Slankamen (19 August 1691) where the Turks were defeated. He was removed from office in December and exiled to Yambol in Bulgaria, and later to Rhodes, where he died. He was followed by Safa Giray of Crimea who also had a short reign. After Safa, Selim became khan for the third time.

Sources

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, p. 565
• Олекса Гайворонский «Созвездие Гераев». Симферополь, 2003.
• In the absence of a proper source in English, this is mostly extracted from the Russian Wikipedia which apparently follows Gaivoronsky. Howorth is old and has only one paragraph.

{1{DEFAULTSORT:Giray, Saadat III}} [1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

{1{Ottoman-bio-stub}} {1{Ukraine-bio-stub}}

siffy

Safa Giray of Crimea (reigned 1691-1692, lived 1637—1703,крым. Safa Geray, صفا كرای‎; ) was briefly khan of the Crimean Khanate between the second and third reigns of his cousin Selim I Giray. His father was Safa Giray (died 1637), one of the many sons of khan Selâmet I Giray.

In 1691 Selim I resigned and was replaced by Saadet III Giray who, after less than year, was removed by the Turks for military incompetence and replaced by Safa (December 1691). As kalga and nureddin he retained Devlet and Shahin Giray. He quickly became unpopular. He was accused of drunkenness, extortion, trading in soap and fish and tax farming. When the Ottomans called him to fight the Habsburgs most of the beys refused to go with him and the few who did gradually drifted away. The Crimeans requested that Selim I be restored, which was done. (October 1692). Safa settled on the isle of Rhodes, where he continued to trade. In 1703 he died in Karnobat in modern Bulgaria and was buried in the courtyard of the local mosque.

Sources

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, p. 565
• Олекса Гайворонский «Созвездие Гераев». Симферополь, 2003.
• In the absence of a proper source in English, this is mostly extracted from the Russian Wikipedia which apparently follows Gaivoronsky. Howorth is old and has only one paragraph.

{1{DEFAULTSORT:Giray, Safa}} [1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

SelemI12.27feb

First reign (1671-1678)

When he was appointed in 1671 he was in retirement at 'Cholmek' near Yambol in modern in Bulgaria. It is said that he obtained the khanship by bribing vizier Kologi. His kalga and nureddin were his brother Selyamet and his cousin Safa.

He went to Kabardia to deal with something but was immediately called back to fight in the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76). Howorth says that he and his two sons contributed to the capture of Kamenetz. He captured many prisoners in Pokutia and Volhynia but was forced to abandon them by Jan Sobieski. When the Nogais near Akkerman revolted against the Porte Selim forced them to move to Crimea, but they drifted back.

In 1676 the pro-Turkish Doroshenko was defeated at Chyhyryn by the Russians and forced to abdicate. In 1677 Turkish and Crimean troops were sent to re-take Chyryhin. The Russians barely won the siege, Selim received part of the blame and was removed. See Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681). He spent the winter in Kaffa and retired to Rhodes.

1678-1684

He was followed by Murad Giray and then Haci II Giray. In 1683 Murad was removed for his part in the Turkish defeat at Vienna. Haci was soon driven out by the Crimean nobles.

Second reign (1684-1691)

The Turkish disaster at Vienna led to the so-called Great Turkish War (1683-1699) in which all the neighboring powers ganged up to push the Turks south. Russia’s role was to send two expeditions against Crimea (Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689). Both failed due to supply problems, but they kept Crimean troops away from the main fighting in the west. In 1688 Selim defeated some Austrians. In 1689 he was again successful near Belgrade, but his son was killed. He chose to resign the khanship and make the pilgrimage to Mecca. On his return he settled at an estate called ‘Kazikui near Silivri’.

MooRad.26feb

Murad Giray (reigned 1678- 1683; lived 1627–1696) (Crimean Tatar: Murad Geray مراد كراى, Turkish: Murat Giray) was a khan of the Crimean khanate between the first and second reigns of his cousin Selim I Giray. His father was Mubarek, one of the many sons of Selâmet I Giray (1608-1610). Three of his uncles were khans. None of his descendants were khans. During his khanship his nureddin was the future khan Saadet III and his kalga was Tokhtamysh, a brother of future khan Safa Giray.

From 1659 to 1663 he was nureddin during the second reign of Mehmed IV Giray. H1e then retired to Turkey. In 1678 the Turks made him khan in place of his cousin Selim I who had performed poorly at the siege of Chyhyrin. This was at the time of the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681). After more fighting, in which Crimea was involved, the Treaty of Bakhchisarai (1681) recognized Turkish control over western Ukraine.

In 1682 the Ottoman Empire went to war with the Holy Roman Empire. This led to the disastrous Turkish defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. The 40,000 Crimean troops performed poorly and Murad was removed. Murad retired to an estate near Yambol in modern Bulgaria and died in 1695. He was followed by Haji II who reigned briefly until Selim was restored.

Sources

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 562-563
• Олекса Гайворонский «Созвездие Гераев». Симферополь, 2003.

[*[Category:Crimean Khans]]

Haji2.24feb

Haci or Haji II Giray (reigned 1683-1684, lived 1644-1689) was briefly khan of the Crimean khanate. He was the son of Kyrym Giray, one of the many sons of Selâmet I Giray. He was khan between the first and second reigns of his cousin Selim I Giray. His brother Saadet III Giray became khan in 1691. None of his descendants were khans. Three of his uncles were khans.

During the first reign of his cousin Selim I Giray (1671–1678) he helped the Turks against the Austrians and was praised for his bravery. In 1678 Selim was replaced by another cousin Murad Giray because of a military failure. In 1683 Murad was removed because of his part in the disaster at Vienna.

When the 39-year-old Haji came to the throne he appointed as kalga and nureddin Devlet and Azamat Giray, two sons of Selim I. (Devlet later became khan Devlet II Giray). In late 1683 the Crimeans defeated Stefan Kunicki who had attacked the Budzhak Horde. For some reason, he cancelled the payments due to the Crimean nobles. The rebellious nobles occupied the palace at Bakhchisarai and requested that the Turks restore Selim I. Haji fled to the Mangup fortress and then to Turkey. He died in Rhodes in 1689. Howorth suggested that the sons of Selim were involved in his overthrow.

Sources and footnotes

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 563
• Олекса Гайворонский «Созвездие Гераев». Симферополь, 2003.

[*[Category:Crimean Khans]]

Paulistas

Before there were bandeirantes there were Paulistas. Brazil was originally a coastal strip between mountains and sea dominated by slave-worked sugar plantations. When the Portuguese crossed the mountains to the São Paulo plateau they were cut off from the sea and faced a great wilderness to the north and west where they might find their fortunes or die trying. The coastal Portuguese used African slaves while the Paulistas used Indian slaves or workers and many were part-Indian themselves. See Colonial Brazil.

Bandys.09nov

The term comes from Portuguese bandeira or flag, and by extension, a group of soldiers, a detached military unit or a raiding party. In medieval Portugal a bandeira was a military unit of 36 soldiers. The words were not used by the bandeirantes themselves. They used words like entry (entrada), journey, voyage, company, discovery and rarely, fleet or war. One writer dates bandeira from 1635 and bandeirante from 1740.

Juruna.10oct

"Yudjá" is what they call themselves and now the standard name. "Juruna" is an exonym, apparently from Lingua Geral meaning ‘black mouth’ from a kind of face paint or tatoo they formerly used. “Juruna” (Yuruna languages) is also the name of a language group.

Other spellings are Iuruna, Jaruna, Yudya, Yurúna, Juruna, Yuruna, Juruhuna, Jurûna, and Geruna. //////////////////

Population estimates are: 1500: 7,000; 1842: 2,000; 1884: 200; 1896: 150; 1916: 52; 1950: 37; 2001: 278

They were once the major tribe along the Xingu. They encountered the Portuguese some time after 1615 and by about 1750 they had abandoned the lower Xingu. In 1686 they defeated the Portuguese and their Kuruaya allies During the rubber boom a group fled from near the town of São Félix do Xingu south to Mato Grosso. Later they worked for another rubber baron, crewing boats downriver to Altamira. When, in 1916, 22 of these men died they fled further south to what is now the Xingu Indigenous Park. Here they fought the Kamayurá and Suyá and were conquered by the Suya until the Suya were themselves defeated by a Portuguese rubber baron from downstream.

In 1989 only one member of the northern group was able to communicate in Juruna.

head

The Yudjá or Juruna are an Indigenous people of Brazil. They were formerly the major tribe along the Xingu River, but are now divided into two groups, a westernized northern group near Altamira, Para near the big bend of the Xingu and a more conservative group in the Xingu Indigenous Park at the headwaters of the Xingu in Mato Grosso. The southern group lives in two villages located near the mouth of the Maritsauá-Mitau River. They fish and raise crops, such as manioc.

spiks

Another source has Yudja and and the extinct Arupaia (Arupai), Xipaia , Peapaia, Aoku (not identified), and Maritsawá.

XingYour.02oct

boing

Amazon basin with Xingu highlighted

The Xingu River (/ʃiːŋˈɡuː/ sheeng-GOO; Portuguese: Rio Xingu, Portuguese pronunciation: [ʃĩˈɡu]) is a long north-flowing river in the eastern Amazon basin of Brazil. It is the easternmost major tributary of the Amazon. To the east is the Tocantins River, a small part of which may enter the Amazon. To the west is the Tapajos River.

It is about 2100km long, about as long as the Ohio River and its Allegheny tributary. Its basin is about 504,000 km², roughly the size of France, and makes up about 7.3 percent of the Amazon basin. Its average discharge is about 9,700 m³ /s, which contributes about 4-5% of the Amazon’s waters. Since it is a clearwater river flowing off the Brazilian Highlands it contributes relatively little sediment to the main river.

The river can rise as much as five meters. High water is in Mar-Apr and low water is in Sep-Oct, although this varies with location. At Altamira in the period 1971-1995 the highest flow was 32,298 and lowest flow 808 m³/s. .

Description

Big Bend (Volta Grande), Belo Monte reservoir inside. Altamira town at top of loop at left.

Its mouth is about 420 km from the Atlantic. Ocean tides are felt about 100km up the Xingu. The lower river north of the Big Bend is very broad, at least at high water.

About 180km south of the mouth (in a straight line) is the Volta Grande or Big Bend where the river makes an S-curve. The Trans-Amazonian Highway crosses here. Near the highway is the Belo Monte Dam. The river drops a few hundred feet to the Amazon lowland and the numerous cataracts are a major divide for aquatic life. The rapids tended to block European expansion upriver.

About 270km south of the Amazon the Xingu's major tributary, the Iriri River, joins from the west. It flows north perhaps 500km before turning east to join the Xingu. To the west is the low Serra do Cachimbo which separates the basins of the Xingu and Tapajos.

South of the Big Bend it flows northward about 900km through undeveloped rainforest. The exception is a significant area of deforestation and development near São Félix do Xingu where the Fresco River comes in from the east. This is about 550km south of the mouth. About 900km south of its mouth in enters Pará from Mato Grosso. The headwaters of the Xingu in Mato Grosso was one of the last parts of Brazil to be reached by Europeans. For this see Xingu Indigenous Park.

Rapids at Vitoria, north of Big Bend, probably at low water

Middle Xingu. São Felix deforestation at top right

It flows through the Amazonian rainforest except for some scrub-savanna at its headwaters. Around half of its basin is in conservation units. The areas of deforestation are along the Trans-Amazon highway, a projection from the east near São Felix do Xingu and on three sides of the headwaters area.

The only developed crossings appear to be the Trans-Amazon Highway and a dirt road with ferry in Mato Grosso west of São José do Xingu. The only notable towns are Porto de Moz near the mouth, Vitória do Xingu, Altamira, Para on the Big Bend and São Felix.

Historical tribes were, from north to south, the Apenqu at the mouth, the Taconyape, Juruna along most of the river, then the Kayapo and the tribes of the Xingu Indigenous Park.

Fish

The numerous rapids prevent most migratory fish from using the river. More than 450 fish species have been documented in the Xingu River Basin and it is estimated that the total is around 600 fish species, including many endemics. At least 193 fish species living in rapids are known from the lower Xingu, and at least 26 of these are endemic. From 2008 to 2018 alone, 24 new fish species have been described from the river. Many species are seriously threatened by the dam, which will significantly alter the flow in the Volta Grande rapids.

Sources and footnotes

• Smithsoniam Atals of the Amazon, 2003, Chapters 1,2,3 and 8.

Bakairi.26sep

Voot

The Bakairi are an indigenous people of Brazil. They speak the Bakairi language, one of the Cariban languages. They call themselves Kurâ, Bakairi being a Portuguese term of unknown origin. They currently live in the Santana and Bakairi Indigenous Territories of northern Mato Grosso, in the northern cerrado south of the Amazon rain forest. Like most native peoples, they were more numerous before European contact. In 1999 there were about 950 Bakairi, of whom 898 lived in the two Indigenous Territories. In 1965 only 261 were recorded.

History

According to the Bakairi, they first lived in the rainforest on the Teles Pires (a branch of the Tapajos) below its confluence with the Verde, a large left tributary which comes in west of Sinop, Mato Grosso about 1000km south of the Amazon, 400km north of Cuiaba and 200km west of the Xingu. Due to internal quarrels and conflict with their neighbors, mainly Kayabí, they moved south in three groups.

The small western group went south to 'Santana’ on the upper Arinos River, about 250km north of Cuiaba. They were first contacted in the early 18th century and began to work in mineral extraction. From 1847 they were involved with the General Directorate of Indians in Cuiaba and later began to work in rubber extraction where they seem to have been abused. In the 1920s and 1960s many moved east to the central group. In 1965 an Indigenous Post was established and is now the Santana Indigenous Territory or Territorio Kurâ Bakairi. They resisted assimilation. The first school was established in 1975.

The central group moved south to the headwaters of the Teles Pires about 150km east of Santana. They were first contacted by the Portuguese in the early 19th century and began working in agriculture and cattle raising. In 1889 a Captain Telles Pires took many Bakairi as paddlers to explore the river that now bears his name, but all of them died. The Bakairi Indigenous Territory was established here in 1920. It is about twice the size of the western Territory. Some Chavante moved from the Xingu to the Territory, outnumbering the Bakairi, but in 1974 they moved back to the Coluene River, branch of the Xingu.

The eastern and largest group moved to the upper Xingu northeast of the central group, an area almost unknown to Europeans. Here they lost contact with the other two groups. In 1884 Karl von den Steinen had some central Bakairi lead him to the eastern group on the Batavi River. Fifteen years later another German explorer, Hermann Meyer, found them on the Coliseu River (another branch of the Xingu) and judged them depopulated and corroded by the western Bakairi’s ‘civilization’. In 1923 they seem to have moved to the central Bakairi.

Sources

• John Hemming, Amazon Frontier, 1987, pp 400-415
• Povos Indigenas no Brasil: (in Portuguese) (paste to google translate).

[1[:Category:Indigenous peoples in Brazil]]

XingYouSkb.21sep

One writer says that it was originally called the Paranatinga, and was renamed after Captain Telles Pires who died exploring the river in 1889.

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// To the east is the basin of the Araguaia River, the main branch of the Tocantins. To the west and south is the Teles Pires branch of the Tapajos River. Much of the surrounding area, except to the north, is now heavily deforested. On the east side the deforested or unforested area extends northeast marking the approximate southeastern edge of the Amazon forest.

At the center of the park a fan of rivers join. These are, clockwise, Ferro River, Steinem, Ronuro, Jatoba, Batavi (or Tamitatoala), Auiiti, Culiseu, Culuene River and Tonguro.

////////////////////////////////////////// The upper Xingu was one of the last parts of Brazil to be reached by Europeans. From the north it was protected by the Xingu’s many rapids. From the south it was protected by thin settlement and the warlike Bororo and Xavante, among others. In 1884 Karl von den Steinen headed northwest from Cuiaba to some Christianized Bakairi on the upper Teles Pires. They led him two weeks west to the Batavi River where they built canoes. They went downstream and met some uncontacted Bakairi, as well as the Trumai and Suya. In the next 20 years other explorers entered the area, several of whom died. Percy Fawcett disappeared here in 1925.

FrogBra.16sep

In 1502, two years after the discovery of Brazil, the Portuguese king created a monopoly company to trade in Brazil-Wood. One year later French appeared along the coast, trading metal goods for Brazilwood. Frenchmen were often left along the coast to learn the languages and organize the next year’s load. Brazilian Indians were taken to France where they, and reports of them, inspired European ideas of the state of nature and the noble savage. Portuguese and French traders fought each other and Portuguese warships were sent to drive off the French without clear success, notably in 1516.

In 1555 the French tried to settle in what is now Rio de Janeiro (above). They were driven out in 1567.

In the 1530s the 900-man João de Barros/Aires da Cunha expedition was sent to colonize the northern coast. it was wrecked on the shore and almost everyone died. After this disaster the Portuguese neglected the north coast and the French moved in, trading along the north coast and as far south as the mouth of the São Francisco River. They allied with the local Potiguar. In 1582 a Portuguese expedition destroyed five French ships on the Paraíba do Norte River but was driven off by the Potiguar. In 1612 the French tried to settle Equinoctial France at what is now Sao Luis but they were driven out two years later. After a few decades the French were gone, except for French Guyana.

The northern coast was neglected by the Portuguese, so Frenchmen moved in and allied with the Potiguar[[ João de Barros]/Aires da Cunha

199: In 1612 the French tried to settle at St. louis in maranoa 206 in 1613 sic attack on Amazon 208 by 1621 potiguar in Rio Grande pacified by ports . 208/

Fit ports 34 fits 69 coastguards 1516-19 vicente 1532 71; aires da cuha zapped 1554 1587 like heathen 85: pots+frogs on Sergripe/ 163 1582 5 ships x 83 sergipe, carte pro frog /135 arariboia = rio 1271 pots looz 1601 163: paraiba frog ships 199-208 mara ? 288 gon c 1600

• The Paulistas were Brazilian frontiersmen who originated in São Paulo. Many were Bandeirantes. They were sometimes in conflict with the Emboabas who came from further north.

Cuiaba.07sep

In 1726 gold was found at Vila Boa 391.

In 1718 or 1719 gold was found on the Cuiaba River. This was about 1400km northwest of São Paulo and Ouro Preto across mostly uncolonized country. The lasting effect of the gold rush was to extend a finger of Portuguese settlement northwest from São Paulo to the current Bolivian border.

The discoverers were Pascoal Moreira Cabral Leme and Antonio Pires de Campos. Miguel Sutil found half an arroba of gold in one day near the present town of Cuiaba. The area soon had a population of 7000 including 2600 slaves and was producing 400 arrobas of gold a month. Bom Jusus de Cuiaba was founded 1727. Prices were enormous due to the long distance. In 1728, when chests of Cuiaba gold were opened In Lisbon they were found to contain lead. The culprits were never found. The deposits soon played out and by 1737 there were only 7 white men and a few slaves in Cuiaba town.

The 3500-km route to the gold fields ran 155km overland from Sao Paulo to Porto Feliz, down the Tietê River and Parana River, up the Rio Pardo, 13-km portage at Camapuã, down the Coxim and Taquari River through the Pantanal swamps, and up the Paraguay and Cuiaba. There were around 100 rapids. The route was just north of the ‘vacaria’ of cow country. The outbound journey, loaded with passengers and freight, started during high water from March to June and took from five to seven months. The return journey, loaded with gold, took a few months. The 1726 convoy had 305 canoes and over 3000 people. These convoys were called ‘monsoons’ (pt:Monções (expedições fluviais)).

voot

In addition to rapids and mosquitoes, there were also Indians. The 1720 convoy was wiped out by unknown persons. In 1725 the Payaguá (a canoe people on the Paraguay) annihilated a convoy with only two escaping. In 1728 they attacked some Bandeirantes and liberated their Paraesi captives. In 1730 they killed 400 people and captured 600 arrobas (900 kilos) of gold. They did not understand its value, threw much of it in the river and traded 150 kilos to Spaniards downstream. One Spaniard traded a tin plate for five pounds of gold. Some survivors of the 1730 raid walked overland to Camapuã. A 1733 convoy had only four survivors. Punitive expeditions failed until 1734 when an 842-man force destroyed a Payagua town. In 1735 they killed all but four of a convoy. Attacks declined as the gold ran out and because the Payagua quarreled with their Guayacuru or Mbayá neighbors, a horse people on both sides of the Paraguay.

crash

Lived 1604-1654) he was older than his brother Khan Mehmed IV and therefore had a better claim to the throne. In his youth he had been a prisoner in Poland for seven years. When he replaced his brother we was living at ?[Sultania? on the western side of the Dardanelles. When he reached Crimea he killed the governor of Gozleve. Krim Giray was his kalga while Gazi was retained as nureddin. When Krim died Gazi was promoted to kalga. His chief minister was Seferaga, the bashaga or commander of troops. In Circassia he placed Antonak on the throne and killed his brother. P547. P546 versus 547 so Rong????

KH: post Sheldavoda Kh+6000 Tatars won battle. 548, kh+tits capt Lemberg 549 8000 russians tuks order?49 tits+coks at zbraz, truce. Subsidy, ally, ravage on rtn, 550 sent coks to cirk hit moldav , kh and coon looze, coon threaten sell kh to poles. 51. Kh paz ransom, tt send tats home. Polez looz at shwanetz, pat coon. vH haz story 552 tt brok by raiding. Hit lith, ravage coks x-alleys 1654 tt pere koks 2 rus. 552. Iz croke/sick, jult 1654

((((((draft2 Khmel rebell under Islyam))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) The Khmelnytski Uprising started in January 1648 when Khmenytski became hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. In March Khmelnytski went to Crimea and made an anti-Polish alliance. This gave him extra cavalry, mainly under Tugay Bey. Crimean horsemen accompanied him on this 1648 campaign when he got almost as far as Lemberg. Next year Islyam was present at the Battle of Zboriv (1649). Some Davies 105 have claimed that the khan was bribed to force khmel to accept an unfavorable treaty. The withdrawing Tatars were permitted to ravage the country through which they traveled. In 1651 the Poles sent a large army and won the Battle of Beresteczko because the Tatars fled the field. Khmennytski went after them and was held hostage for a few days by Islyam. Play off both?))) In 1652, following the Battle of Batih, the Cossacks purchased the Polish prisoners from the Tatars and slaughtered them. Moldav???Howorth says that in 1653 Islyam ravaged the country around Bar and Kaminetz and left after receiving a ransom. The possibility of a Polish-Crimean alliance contributed the Treaty of Pereyaslav. Other sources have islyam present at the Battle of Zvanets at about the same time. In January 1654, by the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Cossacks accepted Russian supremacy. Islyam died shortly after.

SellSons

Selyamet was one of the many sons of Devlet I (1550-77). Of his seven sons, three were khans and four were fathers of khans.

His sons were khans Bahadır I Giray (1637-41), Mehmed IV Giray (1641-44, 1654-66), and İslâm III Giray (1644-54) and Kyrym, Mubarak, Safa and Adil.

Kyrym's sons were Hacı II Giray (1683-84) and Saadet III Giray (1691). Mubarak was the father of Murad Giray (1698-83). Safa was the father of Safa Giray (1691-92). Adil was the father of Devlet III Giray (1716-17). After these all khans were descended from his son Bahadir.

shahin2

Under Janibek Giray,second reign (1628-1635) Mehmed and Shahin fled to the Zaporozhian Cossacks. In 1628 they returned with a Cossack army but the Cossacks fell to looting and abandoned the brothers to carry their loot home. In 1629 they tried again. This time Mehmed was killed and Shahin barely escaped with a few companions. He fled east to the North Caucasus, but the local rulers were afraid to help him, so he went south for a second time to Persia. The Shah welcomed him and offered troops, planning to push north of the Caucasus. Shahin made secret contacts with potential allies in Crimea and the north Caucasus. In the summer of 1632 Janibek found out and killed his agents. For some reason Shahin killed a Persian governor and was forced to flee to his father-in-law in Kumykia, taking with him a large amount of treasure. No one in the Caucasus dared to protect him so he tried the Turks at Azov. After various maneuvers he sailed from Azov to Kaffa to Istanbul (second half of 1633). Sultan Murad welcomed him and sent him to Rhodes where he might be used as a replacement khan.

Under Inayet (1635-1637) and Bahadir (1637-1641) In 1635 Janibek was overthrown and also exiled to Rhodes. When the 70-year old Janibek died in 1636 his treasures were given to Shahin. There seems to be little information about what Shahin did during his exile on Rhodes from 1633 to 1641. He began making contacts with friends in Crimea, something that Bahadir reported to the sultan. It is said that a certain stargazer predicted that great evils would be caused by a man with a bird’s name. (Shahin means 'falcon'.) For whatever reason, the sultan decided to execute him. To allay suspicions, he was invited to a feast by Nakkash-Mustafa Pasha, who was traveling by way of Rhodes to become the governor of Egypt. When Shahin arrived at the feast he was strangled.

Pages Mehmed III: pp 89-131 ;Second Janibek: pp 155-158,175-179;Bahadir:pp 249-251.

Canfix

Canibek or Janibek Giray (reigned 1610–23, 1628-1635, lived 1568-1636) was twice khan of the Crimean Khanate. During his first reign he fought for the Turks in Persia and Poland. He proved a poor commander and had difficulty making his men obey. He was removed by the Turks in 1623. In the following year the Turks tried to restore him and failed. During his second reign there were raids on Poland and Russia. The Turks again removed him and he died in exile.

Chronology: 1588: born, 1609: raids Muscovy, 1610: becomes khan, 1615: raids Poland, 1617: fights Persians while brother fights Poles, 1618: in Istanbul. 1621: fights Poles, 1623: deposed by Turks, 1624: Turks try to restore him, 1628: restored, 1635: deposed by Turks, 1636: dies in exile.

His younger brother was one of the many people named Devlet Giray. His father was Shakai Mubarek, one of the many sons of Devlet I Giray (1550–77), five of whom had been khans in the period 1577 to 1608. Since his father was not a khan he was not technically eligible for the throne.

SellSunz

Family

All subsequent Crimean khans were descended from Selyamet, except for five who were sons or grandsons of his brothers. Selyamet was the youngest of the many sons of Devlet I Giray (1551-1577). His brothers were khans Mehmed II Giray (1577-84, killed by Islyam), Islyam II Giray (1584-88, died naturally), Gazi II Giray (1588-1607, followed by Selyamet) and Fetih I Giray (1596, interrupting Gazi II) and Alp, Shakai Mubarek and five others who died early.

When he came to the throne he was the last surviving brother, so he had to deal with his nephews and their sons. These were, starting with Selyamet's brothers: Mehmed II (sons Murad, Safa, Saadet II Giray [sons Kumyk, Devlet, Mehmed III Giray and Shahin]), Gazi II (son Toqtamış Giray), Shakai Mubarak (sons Canibek Giray and Devlet).

His sons

• Kumyk: Probably poisoned by Russians in Astrakhan along with his uncle Murad
• Devlet: Nureddin under Gazi II; in 1601 planed to rebel but was killed.
• Shahin: Escaped after Devlet was killed, active until 1641.
• Mehmed III Giray: Escaped after Devlet was killed, killed Tokhtamysh, later khan.

wow =mad2Sons

Mehmed’s sons ==DevilSons.04aug== Devlet (lived 1502-1577) was the ancestor of all subsequent khans. For his ancestors see Meñli I Giray. His 12 sons caused dynastic problems for the next fifty years.

• Khaspudan (?-?): little information
• Akhmed and Haji (?-1555): both killed by Russians at Sudbishchi in 1555 under Devlet I
• Sherdan (?-1572?): possibly killed at the Battle of Molodi
• Adil (?-1579): executed by Persians (ru:Адиль Герай (калга))
• Mehmed II Giray (1532-1584), khan 1577-84. fought in Persia for Turks, deposed by Turks, killed by brother Alp
• Islyam II Giray (-1588), khan 1584-88, imposed by Turks, unsuccessful, natural death
• Alp (-after 1598): good warrior, quarrelsome, almost became khan in 1583 and 1588 (ru:Алп Герай)
• Shakai Mubarek (-1593) ,fled Gazi II, died in Circassia, 2 sons were khans (ru:Шакай Мубарек Герай)
• Gazi II Giray (1554-1607) khan 1588-1607, fought for Turks in west, 2 sons were khans
• Fetih I Giray (1558-1597) khan 1596, briefly imposed by Turks, grandson a khan
• Selâmet I Giray (1558-1610) khan 1608-10, imposed by Turks, 3 sons were khans
  • Grandsons:
• Mehmed's son Saadet II Giray (1560-87), khan 1584, rebelled against Islyam II
• Gazi II's sons Toqtamış Giray (1589-1608), khan 1607-1608 and İnayet Giray, khan 1635-37
• Mubarek's son Janibek Geray khan 1610-23, 1628-35
• Fetih's grandson Adil Giray khan 1666-71
  • All subsequent khans were descended from Selyamet, except for the sons and grandsons of his brothers noted above.

Hist.Reg.Ukraine

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First line
: mouth of Don River

This layout usually works well. It places major fixed-length items in columns on the left and minor variable-length items on the right. Decimal degrees are easier than degrees-minutes-seconds. Two digits are usually enough. Use negative longitude for the western hemisphere.

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|places=

{*{Location map~|Ukraine|lat=50.39|long=24.74|label=Dubno}}

{*{Location map~|Ukraine|lat=50.45|long=30.52|label=Kiev| marksize=16|label_size=200|background=yellow}}

{*{Location map~|Ukraine|lat=46.16|long=33.69|label=Perekop| position=top|mark=X solid black 17.gif}}

{*{Location map~|Ukraine|lat=48.83|long=24.01|label=Lvov| mark=Point carte.svg}}

{*{Location map~|Ukraine|lat=45.00|long=34.00|label=CRIMEA| position=top|mark=clear pog.svg}}

{*{Location map~|Ukraine|lat=47.00|long=25.00|label=TRANS-<*br/>SYLVANIA| position=bottom|marksize=0}}

{*{Location map~|Ukraine|lat=47.10|long=39.42|label=| mark=Blue-circle.png}}<*!--Azov-->

}*}

Relief option on the first line turns relief on and off (sometimes). Error messages are poor, so save early and often. Additional information at Template: Location map; Template:Location map many; Template:Location map+; Template:Location map~. Maps can be searched for at Commons:Category:Location maps by country. Icons can be found at Commons:Category:Map icons.

These tricks are sometimes useful (remove the *):

• Code: <*!--comment-->
• Label: None: label= or position=none; Big=label_size=200; background=yellow; Split=top<*br/>bottom; Mouseover: label=[*[Jail|Go To]]
• Icon: None:mark=clear pog.svg or marksize=0; Big: marksize=16
• Caption: Linefeed: <*br/>; Icon in caption: [*[file:Blue-circle.png|10px]]:
• Some good icons:

Arrows1 =Pfeil (oben,unten,rechts,links,rechts oben).svg

Arrows2 =Red Arrow (Up,Down,Right,Left).svg

=Dot-yellow.svg; =Red dot.svg; =Blue-circle.png; =Point carte.svg; =Solid blue.svg; =X solid black 17.gif; =Filled diamond.svg;

=Blue-circle-concentric.png; =Location dot black.svg; =Location dot yellow.svg; =Location dot red.svg; =Location dot blue.svg

=Yellow ffff00 pog.svg; =Red pog.svg; =Purple 8000ff pog.svg; =Blue pog.svg;

Sheikh Ahmed and his Brothers

By this time the remnant of the Golden Horde was known as the Great Horde. In 1480 Ahmed Khan bin Küchük lost control of Russia. In 1481 he was killed and power passed to three of his sons who seem to have ruled jointly. These were Sheikh Ahmed, Seyid Ahmed and Murtaza. Seyid was probably the senior. They ranged between the Don and Ural Rivers and perhaps as far south as the Kuma River, but did not hold the Khanate of Astrakhan which belonged to their nephew. They were allied with Grand Duchy of Lithuania and at war with the Khanate of Crimea which was allied with Russia.

There are three versions of the 1485 war with Crimea. One story says that in 1485 Murtaza was driven by famine from the Don to Crimea where he was captured by Mengli Girai and imprisoned in Kaffa. He was rescued by Seyid Ahmed who also plundered several Crimean towns. A second version says that Crimea planned to attack Seyid on the Volga. Murtaza pretended to defect but Mengli Girai saw through this and arrested him. Seyid came to the rescue and defeated and wounded Mengli Gerai, who fled. Seyid then slaughtered the population of Solgat after they had surrendered and marched on Kaffa. The Turkish governor sent several of his ships out to sea. When Seyid's ambassadors arrived they were told that the Turks had sent a fleet and soon the Crimean ships returned firing cannon. Seyid fell for this and withdrew, plundering the country. Mengli Girei defeated him and he was forced to disgorge his plunder and go home. A third version is by Giosafat Barbaro. He says that Mengli Gerai planned to attack Astrakhan which was held by Murtaza. Mengli won and captured a numbered of people. Seyid crossed the frozen Volga, rescued Murtaza and Mengli returned to Crimea. Next year Murtaza attacked Crimea, could not capture Kaffa and went home. At this point Murtaza disappears from the records. (The Russian Wikipedia has him flee to Lithuania before 1498 and, probably, appear on the Don in 1500 (below)).

Before 1487 the brothers attacked Crimea and Russia sent an army with uncertain results. In 1491 Seyid and Sheikh Ahmed attacked Crimea. A Russian force was sent and they withdrew without meeting the Russians. The brothers next allied with Abdal-Karim Khan Astrakhani, tried to invade Crimea, but this was blocked by the Crimeans, Russians, Nogais, the Khan of Kazan and 2000 troops sent by the Sultan. Many of their herds were captured. About 1500 the forces of Mengli Gerai and Sheikh Ahmed met on the Don, but Mengli withdrew without a fight. According to Nikolay Karamzin, from this time the Crimeans ceaselessly harassed the Great Horde. Many of Sheikh Ahmed's people deserted. Seyid Ahmed sought refuge in Russia and is not heard of again. In 1502 Sheikh Ahmed's people suffered from famine and were captured or scattered by Mengli Girai. Mengli sent a letter to Ivan announcing their detruction. Sheikh Ahmed fled to Turkey (sic) but was driven out since he was an enemy of their Crimean friends. The Crimeans chased him to Kiev where he was captured by the Lithuaneans. They held him as a guest or prisoner and threatened to release him if the Crimeans misbehaved. After a failed escape attempt from Traki he was moved to Kaunas. (In 1527 he was released and became khan of Astrakhan.)

Thus ended the Golden Horde which had ruled the western steppe for 250 years.

Map Tookie

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cushy

There are doubts about the date and location of this battle. This information was removed from the main article, so it probably belongs on the talk page. Both war and battle were fought some time between 555 and 565. Chevannes' estimate of 567, made in 1903, may be out of date. As for location, Litvinsky has a eight-day battle in the Bukhara area. Kurbanov puts the 8-day battle at Nesef (Karshi), the Hephthalites having moved east to make it more difficult for the Turkish cavalry. Gumilyov has a concentration at Burkhara and then a withdrawal east 'to the mountains' because of the Turk's cavalry advantage and a decision to accept battle at Nesef (Karshi). Christian has 'near Nesef (Karshi).' Qarshi is about 150km southeast of Bukhara.

Dates for the war are: 560-65 (Gumilyov,Ancient Turks, ch iii,1967); 555 (Stark,2008, Altturkenzeit,210, cited by Baumer); ended in 557 (Iranica,Khosrow ii); 558-61 (Iranica,Hephthalites); 557-63 (Baumer, Hist.Cent.Asia,2,174) ; 557-61 (Sinor,1990, Hist Inner Asia,301); 558-? (Kurbanov, Hephthalites, 186); 560-563 (Litvinsky in UNESCO,Hist.civs.central Asia,iii,143, citing 6 other writers); 562-65 (Christian, hist. russia,mongolia,c.a.,252); 567 (Chavannes,1903, Documents, 236+229)

For the battle: 565 (Gumilyov,1967, ch iii, citing Ferdowsi and an 1828 French book on the Roman Empire); 557 (Iranica,Kosrow II, (date of Hephthlite destriction)); 563 (Litvinsky,UNESCO,Hist.civs.c.a.,iii,176); 565 (Christian, hist. russia,mongolia,c.a.,252); circa 565 (Grousset,Empire Steppes, 1970,p82); 567 (Chavannes,1903, Documents, 236+229); 557,558,563,565,or 563-567 (Kurbanov, Hephthalites, 187 citing five sources). The 8-day business may come from Ferdowsi.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>CRAP

The date and location of this battle are uncertain. The war was fought some time between 555 and 565 (see footnote in Western Turkic Kaghanate). The battle is variously dated as 557,558,563 and 565. Chevannes' estimate of 567, made in 1903, may be out of date. Litvinsky has a eight-day battle in the Bukhara area. Kurbanov puts the battle at Qarshi, the Hephthalites having moved east to make it more difficult for the Turkish cavalry. Gumilyov has a concentration near Bokhara and a withdrawal east 'to the mountains' because of the Turkish cavalry. (Qarshi is about 150km southeast of Bukhara.) Christian has 'near Nesef (Karshi).' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Map Tarim. poss

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Gaochang in Xinjiang. The map is about 1800 km wide.

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[*[File:Caspian Sea relief location map.jpg|thumb|50px|MapCap2 -file, 50px 35-48N, 46-55E]]

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MapKZ: Siberian Line about 1800

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