Jump to content

1960 United States presidential election in Virginia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1960 United States presidential election in Virginia

← 1956 November 8, 1960 1964 →
 
Nominee Richard Nixon John F. Kennedy
Party Republican Democratic
Home state California Massachusetts
Running mate Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Lyndon B. Johnson
Electoral vote 12 0
Popular vote 404,521 362,327
Percentage 52.44% 46.97%

County and Independent City Results

President before election

Dwight Eisenhower
Republican

Elected President

John F. Kennedy
Democratic

The 1960 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 8, 1960. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The Republican ticket of then-Vice President Richard Nixon of California and running mate Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. comfortably carried Virginia over the Democratic ticket of U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts and Lyndon B. Johnson, even while Kennedy narrowly prevailed nationally. In the process, Kennedy became the first Democrat to ever win the presidency without carrying the state.

For six decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.[1] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia’s electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders.[1]

This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive “antiorganization” factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote.[2] Historical fusion with the “Readjuster” Democrats,[3] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver,[4] and an early move towards a “lily white” Jim Crow party[3] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state.[5]

In 1928, the GOP did carry the state’s presidential electoral votes due to anti-Catholicism against Al Smith in the Chesapeake Bay region and increased middle-class Republicanism in the cities,[6] but it was 1952 before any real changes occurred, as in-migration from the traditionally Republican Northeast[7] meant that growing Washington, D.C., and Richmond suburbs would turn Republican not just in presidential elections but also in Congressional ones,[8] although the Republicans would not make significant gains in the state legislature. Opposition to the black civil rights legislation of Harry S. Truman meant that the Byrd Organization did not support Adlai Stevenson II,[9] with the result that Dwight D. Eisenhower carried the state aided by defections of the Southside Thurmond vote from 1948.[10] In 1956, Eisenhower repeated his win despite losing his Southside support due to the President’s opposition to Byrd’s “Massive Resistance” policy following Brown v. Board of Education,[11] as continuing Northern in-migration and a rapid swing to him of the modest but growing number of black voters allowed him to maintain his margin.[12]

In the following years, continuing “Massive Resistance” weakened the GOP in Virginia, as they could not develop a consistent or coherent response: Ted Dalton, who had received 45 percent of the vote in 1953 running against the Byrd Organization, won only 36 percent as his policy of “token integration” was drowned out by the state Democrats.[13]

Although Byrd again refused to endorse Democratic nominee, Senator John F. Kennedy, his former ally before the end of “Massive Resistance”, Governor J. Lindsay Almond, strongly endorsed the Massachusetts Senator against the Republican nominee, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon.[14]

Predictions

[edit]
Source Ranking As of
The Philadelphia Inquirer[15] Tilt R October 3, 1960
Knoxville News Sentinel[16] Likely R October 23, 1960
Daily News[17] Likely R October 28, 1960
The Daily Item[18] Likely R November 4, 1960
Hattiesburg American[19] Likely R November 7, 1960

Results

[edit]
1960 United States presidential election in Virginia[20]
Party Candidate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Republican Richard Nixon 404,521 52.44% 12
Democratic John F. Kennedy 362,327 46.97% 0
Virginia Conservative C. Benton Coiner 4,204 0.54% 0
Socialist Labor Eric Hass 397 0.05% 0
Totals 771,449 100.00% 12

Results by county or independent city

[edit]
County/City[21] Richard Nixon
Republican
John F. Kennedy
Democratic
C. Benton Coiner
Virginia Conservative
Eric Hass
Socialist Labor
Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # % # %
Accomack 2,676 47.95% 2,884 51.68% 20 0.36% 1 0.02% -208 -3.73% 5,581
Albemarle 3,135 59.47% 2,102 39.87% 34 0.64% 1 0.02% 1,033 19.60% 5,272
Alexandria 8,826 47.58% 9,662 52.08% 63 0.34% 57 0.31% 836 4.50% 18,608
Alleghany 1,214 48.79% 1,265 50.84% 8 0.32% 1 0.04% -51 -2.05% 2,488
Amelia 784 51.44% 708 46.46% 31 2.03% 1 0.07% 76 4.98% 1,524
Amherst 1,455 38.83% 2,280 60.85% 10 0.27% 2 0.05% -825 -22.02% 3,747
Appomattox 951 43.07% 1,240 56.16% 14 0.63% 3 0.14% -289 -13.09% 2,208
Arlington 23,632 51.40% 22,095 48.06% 225 0.49% 25 0.05% 1,537 3.34% 45,977
Augusta 4,034 67.36% 1,914 31.96% 40 0.67% 1 0.02% 2,120 35.40% 5,989
Bath 646 50.59% 629 49.26% 1 0.08% 1 0.08% 17 1.33% 1,277
Bedford 2,911 47.87% 3,150 51.80% 17 0.28% 3 0.05% -239 -3.93% 6,081
Bland 848 50.75% 822 49.19% 1 0.06% 0 0.00% 26 1.56% 1,671
Botetourt 2,159 56.79% 1,621 42.64% 22 0.58% 0 0.00% 538 14.15% 3,802
Bristol 1,728 52.38% 1,561 47.32% 9 0.27% 1 0.03% 167 5.06% 3,299
Brunswick 926 31.58% 1,942 66.23% 63 2.15% 1 0.03% -1,016 -34.65% 2,932
Buchanan 2,370 38.86% 3,706 60.76% 18 0.30% 5 0.08% -1,336 -21.90% 6,099
Buckingham 765 44.37% 947 54.93% 11 0.64% 1 0.06% -182 -10.56% 1,724
Buena Vista 487 53.05% 427 46.51% 4 0.44% 0 0.00% 60 6.54% 918
Campbell 2,903 48.63% 3,030 50.75% 37 0.62% 0 0.00% -127 -2.12% 5,970
Caroline 864 36.50% 1,483 62.65% 19 0.80% 1 0.04% -619 -26.15% 2,367
Carroll 3,705 66.29% 1,873 33.51% 9 0.16% 2 0.04% 1,832 32.78% 5,589
Charles City 337 34.96% 623 64.63% 3 0.31% 1 0.10% -286 -29.67% 964
Charlotte 867 32.90% 1,735 65.84% 26 0.99% 7 0.27% -868 -32.94% 2,635
Charlottesville 3,651 55.08% 2,894 43.66% 72 1.09% 11 0.17% 757 11.42% 6,628
Chesterfield 9,787 61.71% 5,982 37.72% 87 0.55% 3 0.02% 3,805 23.99% 15,859
Clarke 804 46.31% 923 53.17% 9 0.52% 0 0.00% -119 -6.86% 1,736
Clifton Forge 885 53.22% 771 46.36% 4 0.24% 3 0.18% 114 6.86% 1,663
Colonial Heights 1,372 53.16% 1,198 46.42% 10 0.39% 1 0.04% 174 6.74% 2,581
Covington 1,436 47.85% 1,558 51.92% 6 0.20% 1 0.03% -122 -4.07% 3,001
Craig 433 44.78% 534 55.22% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% -101 -10.44% 967
Culpeper 1,630 54.86% 1,332 44.83% 8 0.27% 1 0.03% 298 10.03% 2,971
Cumberland 691 54.75% 559 44.29% 12 0.95% 0 0.00% 132 10.46% 1,262
Danville 4,966 63.72% 2,611 33.50% 188 2.41% 29 0.37% 2,355 30.22% 7,794
Dickenson 2,203 44.42% 2,756 55.56% 1 0.02% 0 0.00% -553 -11.14% 4,960
Dinwiddie 935 34.81% 1,714 63.81% 36 1.34% 1 0.04% -779 -29.00% 2,686
Essex 606 54.25% 509 45.57% 1 0.09% 1 0.09% 97 8.68% 1,117
Fairfax 28,006 51.65% 26,064 48.07% 124 0.23% 25 0.05% 1,942 3.58% 54,219
Falls Church 1,525 48.18% 1,629 51.47% 7 0.22% 4 0.13% -104 -3.29% 3,165
Fauquier 2,123 51.86% 1,958 47.83% 13 0.32% 0 0.00% 165 4.03% 4,094
Floyd 1,933 70.06% 817 29.61% 4 0.14% 5 0.18% 1,116 40.45% 2,759
Fluvanna 763 54.89% 614 44.17% 13 0.94% 0 0.00% 149 10.72% 1,390
Franklin 2,080 41.47% 2,924 58.29% 9 0.18% 3 0.06% -844 -16.82% 5,016
Frederick 2,061 53.74% 1,757 45.81% 14 0.37% 3 0.08% 304 7.93% 3,835
Fredericksburg 1,566 53.72% 1,326 45.49% 22 0.75% 1 0.03% 240 8.23% 2,915
Galax 867 62.96% 508 36.89% 1 0.07% 1 0.07% 359 26.07% 1,377
Giles 2,030 46.91% 2,214 51.17% 78 1.80% 5 0.12% -184 -4.26% 4,327
Gloucester 1,310 50.00% 1,297 49.50% 10 0.38% 3 0.11% 13 0.50% 2,620
Goochland 851 48.66% 862 49.29% 33 1.89% 3 0.17% -11 -0.63% 1,749
Grayson 3,893 58.65% 2,738 41.25% 4 0.06% 3 0.05% 1,155 17.40% 6,638
Greene 573 64.24% 314 35.20% 5 0.56% 0 0.00% 259 29.04% 892
Greensville 1,057 38.21% 1,676 60.59% 31 1.12% 2 0.07% -619 -22.38% 2,766
Halifax 1,784 39.57% 2,676 59.36% 44 0.98% 4 0.09% -892 -19.79% 4,508
Hampton 7,623 51.48% 7,133 48.17% 43 0.29% 9 0.06% 490 3.31% 14,808
Hanover 3,020 59.39% 2,023 39.78% 39 0.77% 3 0.06% 997 19.61% 5,085
Harrisonburg 2,172 72.04% 836 27.73% 7 0.23% 0 0.00% 1,336 44.31% 3,015
Henrico 19,446 66.52% 9,626 32.93% 152 0.52% 11 0.04% 9,820 33.59% 29,235
Henry 2,323 41.17% 3,306 58.59% 12 0.21% 2 0.04% -983 -17.42% 5,643
Highland 527 56.55% 401 43.03% 3 0.32% 1 0.11% 126 13.52% 932
Hopewell 2,169 54.24% 1,805 45.14% 21 0.53% 4 0.10% 364 9.10% 3,999
Isle of Wight 1,141 35.91% 2,020 63.58% 13 0.41% 3 0.09% -879 -27.67% 3,177
James City 873 50.49% 845 48.87% 9 0.52% 2 0.12% 28 1.62% 1,729
King and Queen 432 43.95% 536 54.53% 14 1.42% 1 0.10% -104 -10.58% 983
King George 685 48.58% 717 50.85% 8 0.57% 0 0.00% -32 -2.27% 1,410
King William 793 51.19% 745 48.10% 10 0.65% 1 0.06% 48 3.09% 1,549
Lancaster 1,340 59.56% 895 39.78% 14 0.62% 1 0.04% 445 19.78% 2,250
Lee 3,363 46.29% 3,867 53.23% 24 0.33% 11 0.15% -504 -6.94% 7,265
Loudoun 2,526 50.99% 2,399 48.43% 28 0.57% 1 0.02% 127 2.56% 4,954
Louisa 1,170 47.60% 1,244 50.61% 39 1.59% 5 0.20% -74 -3.01% 2,458
Lunenburg 838 35.22% 1,451 60.99% 90 3.78% 0 0.00% -613 -25.77% 2,379
Lynchburg 7,271 59.33% 4,961 40.48% 23 0.19% 1 0.01% 2,310 18.85% 12,256
Madison 998 60.38% 636 38.48% 19 1.15% 0 0.00% 362 21.90% 1,653
Martinsville 1,729 49.16% 1,699 48.31% 84 2.39% 5 0.14% 30 0.85% 3,517
Mathews 1,069 60.95% 682 38.88% 3 0.17% 0 0.00% 387 22.07% 1,754
Mecklenburg 1,936 42.70% 2,533 55.87% 64 1.41% 1 0.02% -597 -13.17% 4,534
Middlesex 823 58.70% 574 40.94% 5 0.36% 0 0.00% 249 17.76% 1,402
Montgomery 4,270 66.25% 2,157 33.47% 17 0.26% 1 0.02% 2,113 32.78% 6,445
Nansemond 1,346 25.29% 3,944 74.09% 24 0.45% 9 0.17% -2,598 -48.80% 5,323
Nelson 775 34.17% 1,480 65.26% 13 0.57% 0 0.00% -705 -31.09% 2,268
New Kent 526 51.67% 481 47.25% 10 0.98% 1 0.10% 45 4.42% 1,018
Newport News 10,098 53.56% 8,678 46.02% 75 0.40% 4 0.02% 1,420 7.54% 18,855
Norfolk 3,769 42.18% 5,101 57.08% 65 0.73% 1 0.01% -1,332 -14.90% 8,936
Norfolk City 17,174 43.51% 22,037 55.83% 248 0.63% 14 0.04% -4,863 -12.32% 39,473
Northampton 995 41.60% 1,387 57.98% 9 0.38% 1 0.04% -392 -16.38% 2,392
Northumberland 1,340 60.61% 858 38.81% 11 0.50% 2 0.09% 482 21.80% 2,211
Norton 549 51.02% 526 48.88% 1 0.09% 0 0.00% 23 2.14% 1,076
Nottoway 1,319 40.14% 1,882 57.27% 84 2.56% 1 0.03% -563 -17.13% 3,286
Orange 1,413 54.28% 1,108 42.57% 78 3.00% 4 0.15% 305 11.71% 2,603
Page 2,708 62.53% 1,608 37.13% 10 0.23% 5 0.12% 1,100 25.40% 4,331
Patrick 1,362 44.98% 1,655 54.66% 9 0.30% 2 0.07% -293 -9.68% 3,028
Petersburg 2,820 48.60% 2,950 50.84% 32 0.55% 1 0.02% -130 -2.24% 5,803
Pittsylvania 3,788 47.62% 4,089 51.41% 67 0.84% 10 0.13% -301 -3.79% 7,954
Portsmouth 6,900 40.64% 9,902 58.32% 165 0.97% 13 0.08% -3,002 -17.68% 16,980
Powhatan 779 58.66% 528 39.76% 19 1.43% 2 0.15% 251 18.90% 1,328
Prince Edward 1,721 53.55% 1,459 45.40% 31 0.96% 3 0.09% 262 8.15% 3,214
Prince George 727 42.14% 983 56.99% 13 0.75% 2 0.12% -256 -14.85% 1,725
Princess Anne 4,844 44.67% 5,954 54.91% 23 0.41% 5 0.09% -1,110 -10.24% 10,843
Prince William 2,624 46.53% 2,987 52.97% 39 0.36% 6 0.06% -363 -6.44% 5,639
Pulaski 3,059 58.75% 2,104 40.41% 44 0.85% 0 0.00% 955 18.34% 5,207
Radford 1,663 57.11% 1,240 42.58% 9 0.31% 0 0.00% 423 14.53% 2,912
Rappahannock 426 43.69% 544 55.79% 3 0.31% 2 0.21% -118 -12.10% 975
Richmond 801 64.96% 425 34.47% 6 0.49% 1 0.08% 376 30.49% 1,233
Richmond City 27,307 60.41% 17,642 39.03% 245 0.54% 11 0.02% 9,665 21.38% 45,205
Roanoke 9,109 67.31% 4,384 32.40% 36 0.27% 3 0.02% 4,725 34.91% 13,532
Roanoke City 15,229 62.28% 9,175 37.52% 36 0.27% 3 0.02% 6,054 24.76% 24,453
Rockbridge 2,170 60.53% 1,405 39.19% 10 0.28% 0 0.00% 765 21.34% 3,585
Rockingham 4,829 70.27% 2,026 29.48% 16 0.23% 1 0.01% 2,803 40.79% 6,872
Russell 3,044 46.44% 3,496 53.34% 12 0.18% 2 0.03% -452 -6.90% 6,554
Scott 4,936 56.45% 3,789 43.33% 15 0.17% 4 0.05% 1,147 13.12% 8,744
Shenandoah 4,144 66.85% 2,053 33.12% 2 0.03% 0 0.00% 2,091 33.73% 6,199
Smyth 4,256 59.62% 2,864 40.12% 16 0.22% 2 0.03% 1,392 19.50% 7,138
South Boston 807 62.70% 477 37.06% 2 0.16% 1 0.08% 330 25.64% 1,287
South Norfolk 1,341 38.09% 2,155 61.20% 24 0.68% 1 0.03% -814 -23.11% 3,521
Southampton 1,263 30.62% 2,804 67.98% 57 1.38% 1 0.02% -1,541 -37.36% 4,125
Spotsylvania 1,288 46.02% 1,482 52.95% 23 0.82% 6 0.21% -194 -6.93% 2,799
Stafford 1,447 48.80% 1,494 50.39% 22 0.74% 2 0.07% -47 -1.59% 2,965
Staunton 2,789 69.17% 1,233 30.58% 9 0.22% 1 0.02% 1,556 38.59% 4,032
Suffolk 1,406 49.61% 1,419 50.07% 9 0.32% 0 0.00% -13 -0.46% 2,834
Surry 397 27.51% 1,003 69.51% 40 2.77% 3 0.21% -606 -42.00% 1,443
Sussex 713 35.78% 1,253 62.87% 25 1.25% 2 0.10% -540 -27.09% 1,993
Tazewell 3,139 41.44% 4,416 58.30% 19 0.25% 0 0.00% -1,277 -16.86% 7,574
Virginia Beach 986 42.48% 1,301 56.05% 33 1.42% 1 0.04% -315 -13.57% 2,321
Warren 1,842 49.52% 1,850 49.73% 25 0.67% 3 0.08% -8 -0.21% 3,720
Washington 4,473 53.59% 3,833 45.92% 33 0.40% 8 0.10% 640 7.67% 8,347
Waynesboro 2,444 69.57% 1,047 29.80% 22 0.63% 0 0.00% 1,397 39.77% 3,513
Westmoreland 1,176 53.00% 1,034 46.60% 8 0.36% 1 0.05% 142 6.40% 2,219
Williamsburg 721 59.10% 486 39.84% 12 0.98% 1 0.08% 235 19.26% 1,220
Winchester 2,326 65.61% 1,203 33.94% 16 0.45% 0 0.00% 1,123 31.67% 3,545
Wise 3,876 39.89% 5,822 59.92% 17 0.17% 1 0.01% -1,946 -20.03% 9,716
Wythe 2,871 57.50% 2,075 41.56% 39 0.78% 8 0.16% 796 15.94% 4,993
York 2,085 54.94% 1,691 44.56% 19 0.50% 0 0.00% 394 10.38% 3,795
Totals 404,521 52.44% 362,327 46.97% 4,204 0.54% 397 0.05% 42,194 5.47% 771,449

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic

[edit]

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Unpledged to Republican

[edit]
Senator John F. Kennedy (left) and Vice-president Richard Nixon (right), prior to their first presidential debate.

Analysis

[edit]

Unlike such states as Oklahoma, Tennessee[22] or Kentucky, Nixon’s victory in Virginia despite losing nationally did not reflect anti-Catholicism: only two counties or independent cities gave Nixon a better percentage than Eisenhower had won in 1956.[21] Nixon’s win reflected his continuing dominance of the Byrd Organization stronghold in the Shenandoah Valley, and maintaining Republican control of newly developing suburbs. Kennedy’s general gain was greatest amongst the small but slowly growing black electorate, where he reversed Eisenhower’s large gains at the preceding election.

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when Appomattox County, Campbell County, Lunenburg County, Mecklenburg County and Pittsylvania County have voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.[23]

Virginia, as the polls hinted, voted for Nixon over Kennedy by a clear though not overwhelming 5.47 percentage point margin, still a double-digit decline from Eisenhower’s two victories in the state. This was the first time a Democrat was elected president without carrying the state of Virginia, and the only time between 1924 and 1976 that Virginia backed the losing candidate.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
  2. ^ Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
  3. ^ a b Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. pp. 217–221. ISBN 1107158435.
  4. ^ Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History. 4 (3): 295–317.
  5. ^ Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. pp. 193, 219. ISBN 0870000586.
  6. ^ Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 195
  7. ^ Heinemann, Ronald L. (2008). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607-2007. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 357. ISBN 0813927692.
  8. ^ Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742552098.
  9. ^ Ely, James W. (1976). The Crisis of Conservative Virginia: the Byrd Organization and the Politics of Massive Resistance. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p. 16. ISBN 0870491881.
  10. ^ Strong, Donald S. (August 1955). "The Presidential Election in the South, 1952". The Journal of Politics. 17 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 343–389.
  11. ^ See Wilhoit, Francis M. (1973). The politics of massive resistance. p. 147. ISBN 0807607002.
  12. ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, p. 100
  13. ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, pp. 103-108
  14. ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, pp. 125-126
  15. ^ Hoffman, Fred S. (October 3, 1960). "How Election Looks Today". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia. pp. 1, 3.
  16. ^ "Populous States Are Key: Both Parties Claim Enough Votes To Win". Knoxville News Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. October 23, 1960. p. A-4.
  17. ^ Lewis, Ted (October 28, 1960). "Campaign Circus". Daily News. Jersey City, New Jersey. p. 4C.
  18. ^ "Poll of Editors Predicts Victory for Nixon-Lodge: Republican Ticket Seen Winning in 28 States and Democrats in 19". The Daily Item. November 4, 1960. p. 3.
  19. ^ Gould, Geoffrey (November 7, 1960). "Final Survey Shows Race a Tossup to the Finish". Hattiesburg American. Hattiesburg, Mississippi. p. 16.
  20. ^ "Statistics" (PDF). clerk.house.gov. April 15, 1961. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  21. ^ a b "VA US President 1960". Our Campaigns.
  22. ^ "TN US President, November 08, 1960". Our Campaigns.
  23. ^ Menendez, Albert J. (2005). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. pp. 326–331. ISBN 0786422173.