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United States men's national rugby union team

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Not to be confused with United States men's national rugby sevens team.
This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see United States women's national rugby union team.

United States
Shirt badge/Association crest
NicknameEagles
EmblemBald eagle
UnionUSA Rugby
Head coachScott Lawrence
CaptainAJ MacGinty
Most capsTodd Clever (76)
Top scorerMike Hercus (465)
Top try scorerVaea Anitoni (26)
Home stadiumVarious
First colors
Second colors
World Rugby ranking
Current15 (as of 18 November 2024)
Highest12 (2018, 2019)
Lowest20 (2008, 2022)
First international
United States 8–12 Australia 
(California, United States; November 16, 1912)
Biggest win
United States 91–0 Barbados 
(California, United States; July 1, 2006)
Biggest defeat
 England 106–8 United States
(London, England, August 21, 1999)
World Cup
Appearances8 (First in 1987)
Best resultPool stage (1987, 1991, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019)
Medal record
Men's rugby
Gold medal – first place 1920 Antwerp Team
Gold medal – first place 1924 Paris Team
Websiteusa.rugby

The United States men's national rugby union team, nicknamed the Eagles, represents the United States of America Rugby Football Union in men's international rugby union. USA Rugby is the national governing body for the sport of rugby union in the United States, and is a member of Rugby Americas North, one of six regional governing bodies under World Rugby. Until rugby returned to Olympic competition, with sevens at the 2016 Rio Games, the United States was the reigning Olympic rugby champion, having won gold at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics.

As of November 2024, the men's Eagles are ranked 15th in the world by the World Rugby Rankings.[1] Their previous highest ranking was 12th, achieved ahead of the 2019 World Cup. The team's lowest ranking was 20th, first following a winless campaign in the 2008 Churchill Cup and second for a single week in 2022 during the 2023 World Cup qualifying tournament.

The highest profile tournament in which the men's Eagles play is the Rugby World Cup. The men's Eagles have played in all but two Rugby World Cups since the tournament began in 1987. The United States is hosting the 2031 Rugby World Cup.[2]

The United States currently compete in the Pacific Nations Cup every Summer. Previously, the U.S. has competed in the now-defunct Churchill Cup and the Pan American Championship.[3] In April 2015, USA Rugby announced the creation of a new, annual International Championship to be contested among the top-6 ranked rugby nations in the Americas: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Uruguay and the United States. The contest was named the Americas Rugby Championship and began in 2016 with the final tournament taking place in 2019.[4] The United States won the 2017 Americas Rugby Championship after drawing with Argentina XV. It was the United States' first 15-a-side rugby union title in over 90 years.

History

[edit]
See also: History of rugby union in the United States

Early years: 1872–1913

[edit]
The Harvard–McGill game of 1874

Informal football games such as rugby became popular in the United States in the mid-19th century. Rugby union was played as early as 1872 among rugby clubs in the San Francisco Bay Area composed mainly of British expatriates. On December 2, 1882, the first Californian representative rugby team to play an outside opponent, took on a group of rugby-playing ex-Britons, who called themselves the Phoenix Rugby Club of San Francisco. California lost to the Phoenix club 7–4.

The USA side that played Australia at California Field during the Wallabies 1912 tour of Canada and the U.S.

The first recorded rugby game in the U.S. was played in May 1874 when local Harvard University hosted Canadian McGill University.[5] The game sparked an interest on college campuses nationwide. In 1876 Yale, Harvard, Princeton, and Columbia formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, which largely used the rugby code.[6] In 1886 Harvard's Oscar Shafter Howard introduced these rules to the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.

American football was fierce, and as injuries mounted, the public became alarmed at its brutalities and President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to outlaw the sport.[7] Beginning in 1906, rugby union became the game of choice at Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley and several other colleges in California.[8] Rugby's popularity, however, was short lived, and the sport had died out by the outbreak of World War I.

USA vs All Blacks Test match during the 1913 New Zealand tour of North America

A California student team toured Australia and New Zealand in 1910, and invited their hosts to return the visit.[9] Australia obliged by touring North America in 1912, and the U.S. national team played its first international match on November 16, 1912 against Australia in Berkeley, California. The visitors won 12–8.[10] A year later, the U.S. hosted New Zealand at the same venue on November 15, 1913, but the Kiwis ran away with the contest 51–3 in front of 10,000 spectators.[9]

Olympic Gold: 1920 and 1924

[edit]
The U.S. rugby team for the October 1920 test match vs France

Following the end of World War I, the U.S. participated in the Inter-Allied Games where they defeated Romania, before losing to a France XV side, a match in which no caps were awarded.[11] Rugby union had not been played competitively in most of the U.S. for more than a decade before the 1920 Olympics. The U.S. Olympic committee decided that because "California is the only state playing Rugby in the US, the Committee will give sanction but no financial aid". Harry Maloney, coach at Stanford University and then-president of the California rugby union, assembled a mostly California-based team, with seven players from Stanford and six from the University of California, Berkeley.[12][13][14][15] The Olympic Games Committee of the Amateur Athletic Union paid the expenses to transport the team from California to the games in Antwerp.[16] By the time the US Rugby team arrived in Europe, Czechoslovakia and Romania had withdrawn from the competition. France and the U.S. were the only teams left to compete. The U.S. won a shock 8–0 victory over France to earn the gold medal.

The stunned French suggested that the U.S. team tour France, which they did; winning three out of the four matches they played. Between 1920 and 1924, however, rugby union virtually disappeared once again in the U.S., as American football soared in popularity.

France vs U.S. rugby match during the 1924 Summer Olympics

The 1924 Paris Olympics caused France to challenge the U.S. to defend its title. Once again, the U.S. Olympic Committee granted permission but no funds. Nonetheless, seven players of the 1920 team dusted off their boots, raised $20,000, found 15 new players including some American football players who had never played in a rugby union match. The assembled U.S. team was again based heavily from Northern California, with 9 Stanford alumni, 5 from Santa Clara, and 3 from Cal.[15] The team headed for England to play some tuneup matches, where they were beaten four times.

The French Olympic Committee (FOC) had scheduled the rugby event to kick off the 1924 Paris Games at Colombes Stadium in Paris. Romania and the U.S. were expected to provide only token opposition for the European champions. On Sunday, May 11, the U.S. pounded Romania 39 to 0, including nine tries.

The U.S. team that won gold in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris

The final was played at Colombes Stadium on May 18 before an estimated crowd of 30,000–50,000 that had gathered to watch the rugby final and the awarding of the first medal of the 1924 Olympics.[15][17] Bookmakers set the odds at five to one with a 20-point spread.[18] However, the Americans were not intimidated, and the American captain Babe Slater wrote in his diary before the match "we are sure going to let them know they have been in a battle."[15] Despite the odds, the U.S. team started well, led by captain Colby "Babe" Slater, and led 3–0 at the half. Heavy tackling by the Americans, derived from American football, intimidated and exhausted the French, as the U.S. scored four tries in the second half to defeat the French 17–3.[19] Rare vintage film footage of the 1924 gold medal match was released in the documentary, "A Giant Awakens: the Rise of American Rugby".

Shortly after the 1924 Olympics, however, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) removed rugby union as an Olympic sport. Without the Olympic incentive, the sport's growth in America collapsed and the game remained dormant.

Modern history

[edit]
See also: Rugby union in the United States and United States at the Rugby World Cup

The 1960s and 1970s

[edit]

The sport then enjoyed a renaissance, beginning in the 1960s and continuing through the 1970s. This created the need for a national governing body to represent the United States in the international rugby community. The United States of America Rugby Football Union (now known as USA Rugby) was formed in 1975 by four territorial organizations (Pacific Coast, West, Midwest, and East).[20] The first Eagles match was played against Australia in 1976, before a crowd of 7,000 at Glover Stadium in Anaheim.[20][21][22] The Wallabies won 24–12.[20][21]

The U.S. also performed well against France in Chicago, losing the game 14–33, in front of 8,000 fans.[23] The next season the Eagles played two internationals, one against England (XV-not capped) at Twickenham on their 1977 United States rugby union tour of England, which they lost 37–11, and the other against Canada, which they also lost, 17–6. The U.S. played the Canadians again in 1978, and defeated them 12–7 in Baltimore.[24] They then travelled to Canada in 1979 and lost 19–12 in Toronto.

The 1980s

[edit]

The U.S. national team came to further prominence during the 1980s, and from the start of the decade, were playing a notably larger number of games every season. They did however lose all three of their games in 1980, all at home. They could not muster up a win in 1981 either, losing 3–6 to Canada, and 7–38 to South Africa, in what was considered to be the lowest attended international rugby match, with only 30 spectators present at a private polo ground in Glenville, New York.[25][26] In 1982, the U.S. drew Canada 3–3. They travelled to Australia in 1983 to play the Wallabies, and lost 49–3 in Sydney. The U.S. played its first-ever match against Japan in 1985, winning 16–15 at the Prince Chichibu Memorial Stadium.[27]

The U.S. participated in 1987 in the first ever Rugby World Cup in New Zealand and Australia. The U.S. were in Pool 1, alongside co-hosts Australia, England and Japan. The U.S. won their first ever World Cup game, defeating Japan 21–18 at Ballymore Stadium in Brisbane, with fullback Ray Nelson scoring 13 points.[28] The U.S. lost both subsequent matches; 47–12 against the Wallabies and 34–6 against England. The U.S. finished third in the pool, out of contention for the quarterfinals.

The Eagles first met Wales at Cardiff in November 1987 as the final match of their 1987 tour, where Wales, who had just finished third in the inaugural Rugby World Cup, enjoyed a 46–0 win. In 1988, the Eagles had mixed success in their tour of Europe, defeating Romania but losing to the Soviet Union.[29]

The 1990s

[edit]

The U.S. notched three consecutive wins from September 1990 to May 1991 — all against Japan — for the first three-match win streak in U.S. team history.[30]

The U.S. made their way through a qualifying tournament to reach the 1991 Rugby World Cup in the United Kingdom, pooled with defending champions New Zealand, hosts England, and Italy in a tough group. In their first match of the tournament, Italy defeated them 30–9. Next, New Zealand defeated them 46–6. Hosts England won 37–9 at Twickenham. The U.S. finished fourth in the pool.

The Eagles came close to beating an Australian XV side, at Riverside in 1993, losing 22–26.[31]

In round one of the Americas qualifying tournament for the 1995 Rugby World Cup the U.S. defeated Bermuda 60–3 to advance to round two. Argentina defeated the Eagles twice in close games in the series to qualify, leaving the U.S. missing out on the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa.

The Eagles had a successful tour of Europe in 1998, beating Spain and Portugal.[29] Also in 1998, the U.S. played Fiji for the first time, losing 9–18 in Suva.[32]

The Eagles set out to qualify for the 1999 Rugby World Cup in Wales. In round four of the Americas qualifying tournament in Buenos Aires, the United States lost 52–24 to Argentina and 31–14 to Canada, but defeated Uruguay 21–16 in their last game to qualify for the 1999 tournament. The U.S. played in the 1999 Pacific Rim Championship, notching its first-ever victories over Fiji (25–14) and Tonga (30–10).[32]

However, the Eagles subsequently suffered their heaviest defeat ever, losing 106–8 to England in a warmup match before the 1999 Rugby World Cup.[33][34]

The Eagles entered the 1999 Rugby World Cup in pool E alongside Australia, Ireland and Romania. In their first game, the United States went down 53–8 to Ireland. They then lost to Romania 27–25. Australia defeated the Eagles 55–19 in their final game of the tournament, seeing the Eagles finish fourth in the pool. The Eagles, however, had the honor of being the only side to score a try against the eventual champions, Australia, during the entire tournament.[35]

The 2000s

[edit]

In qualifying matches for the 2003 Rugby World Cup the U.S. finished third in the Americas. The U.S. won the repechage and qualified for the 2003 tournament by beating Spain 62–13 and 58–13. The Super Powers Cup was first contested in 2003 between Japan, Russia and the United States.[36] The U.S. then followed up with victories over Japan and Canada. This was the first time the Eagles had won four consecutive tests since making their international debut in 1976.[30]

At the 2003 Rugby World Cup the Eagles finished fourth of five in their pool. In the first match against Fiji, the Americans led 13–3 early in the second half, but Fiji regained the lead and secured a 19–18 win, with the Eagles suffering their ninth consecutive World Cup loss. The U.S. then lost to Scotland. The Americans defeated Japan 39–26, behind 17 points by Mike Hercus, for their first win in a Rugby World Cup since 1987 (also against Japan).[37] The U.S. closed the tournament with a loss to France, concluding the tournament with a 1–3 record.

The 2004 Super Powers Cup saw the addition of Canada. The U.S. beat Russia in the third-place play-off. The U.S. toured Europe in November 2004, losing 55–6 to Ireland and 43–25 to Italy. The 2005 Super Cup took part between the U.S., Canada, Japan and Romania. The U.S. lost 30–26 to Canada but beat a Romanian team stripped of their France-based players 23–16 in the third place play-off.

The U.S. Eagle mascot during 2010 Churchill Cup.

The U.S. campaign to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup began in 2006. The U.S. lost 56–7 to Canada, resulting in a home/away play-off against Uruguay. The U.S. defeated Uruguay 42–13 in the first match and 26–7 in the second to send them through to the Rugby World Cup.[38]

In the 2007 Rugby World Cup, the U.S. joined England, Samoa, South Africa and Tonga in Pool A. The Eagles, ranked 13th in the world standings, lost all 4 games in Pool A, scoring 1 bonus point in the game against Samoa. Coached by New Zealander Peter Thorburn, the Eagles started off with tough match against the defending world champions England, losing 28–10. The U.S. was then beaten by Tonga 25–15, lost to Samoa 25–21, and lost their final match to highly favored South Africa 64–15. The Eagles, however, had a major highlight in the South Africa match. After a Todd Clever interception and a pair of passes, Takudzwa Ngwenya sped down the sideline and outran the speedster Bryan Habana to score a try that received Try of the Year honors at the 2007 IRB Awards.[39]

Following the resignation of Scott Johnson, on March 5, 2009 Eddie O'Sullivan was named the new national coach.[40]

The Eagles finished a solid 2009 campaign at a mark of 4–5, with a 4–3 record in full internationals. In the 2009 Churchill Cup, the Eagles lost to Ireland and Wales, but defeated Georgia to take home the Bowl.[41]

The 2011 Rugby World Cup cycle

[edit]

The Eagles split a World Cup qualifying series with Canada, but lost on aggregate points. The Eagles then faced Uruguay in a two-game playoff. In November 2009, the United States booked their place at the 2011 Rugby World Cup with two wins against Uruguay, winning the home leg 27–6 in Florida.[42]

The Eagles played 7 matches in 2010: 3 home matches in June at the Churchill Cup, finishing with a 1–2 record, and 4 matches in Europe in the Fall, finishing 1–3. In the June 2010 Churchill Cup, the US beat Russia 39–22, before losing to the England Saxons 32–9 and France A 24–10. For the November 2010 tests, the Eagles traveled to Europe. The Eagles defeated Portugal 22–17,[43] but lost to Scotland A 25–0,[44] and lost to Georgia 19–17.[45] The Eagles finished 2010 ranked 16th in the world,[46] and with a record in test matches of 2 wins (Russia, Portugal) and 1 loss (Georgia).

The buildup to the 2011 Rugby World Cup started in June with three matches in the Churchill Cup. The Eagles dropped their first matches to the England Saxons 87–8[47] and to Tonga 44–13,[48] before defeating Russia 32–25.[49] 2011 was the final Churchill Cup.[50] The Eagles finalized their 2011 Rugby World Cup preparations with three test matches in August.[51] The Eagles lost to Canada 28–22,[52] lost their second match against Canada 27–7.[53] and lost to Japan 20–14. The Eagles had a 1–5 record in test matches for the year in their preparations for the 2011 Rugby World Cup.[54]

Australia scrum against the U.S. at the 2011 RWC.

In their 2011 Rugby World Cup opening match against Ireland the Eagles defense initially held, before conceding their first try at the 39' mark. The final tally was 22–10.[55] The Eagles came into the World Cup with their measuring mark for success as being a win over Russia. The Americans took a 10–3 lead into the half, and held on to win 13–6.[56] For their third match, Australia dominated, leading to the final result of 67–5, the worst defeat a U.S. team has ever suffered to Australia.[57] The final match saw the Eagles playing Italy for a third-place finish in Pool C. The Italians finished with a 27–10 victory.[58] The defeat marked the end of the 2011 Rugby World Cup for the U.S.

The Eagles finished 2011 with a record of 2–7 in full tests. The performances in the Rugby World Cup showed improvement, and the win over Russia left the team with a 1–3 RWC record and feeling as a modest success. The World Cup also saw prop Mike MacDonald become both the most capped Eagle in World Cup play (11 caps) and the most capped Eagle of all time at 65 caps. Also notable was the performance of lock John van der Giessen, who achieved the most lineout steals of all players in the 2011 Rugby World Cup, despite appearing in only three matches.[59]

The 2015 Rugby World Cup cycle

[edit]

The Eagles played three matches in North America during the 2012 June international window. This was a regular series of international tests for the United States against Tier 1 (Italy) and Tier 2 (Canada, Georgia) opponents, as the Churchill Cup is no longer held. The highlights of the June tests were a win over higher-ranked Georgia, and a match against Italy at BBVA Compass Stadium in Houston that drew a record crowd of 17,214.[60] The Eagles also played three matches in Europe during the November 2012 tests. The Eagles finished their European tour with 2 wins (Romania, Russia) and 1 loss (Tonga) — the first time since 1998 that the Eagles had concluded a European tour with a winning record — and improved in ranking from 17th to 16th.[29]

The U.S. v. the Māori All Blacks at PPL Park in 2013.

The U.S. played five matches during the June 2013 international test window, with one test match against Ireland and four matches as part of the 2013 IRB Pacific Nations Cup. The U.S. started with competitive matches against Canada (9–16), Ireland (12–15), and Tonga (9–18), but finished with double-digit losses against Fiji (10–35) and Japan (20–38), and sliding to #18 in the rankings. In August 2013, the U.S. played a home-and-away series against Canada as part of qualifying for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The U.S. lost both matches by an aggregate score of 20–40, meaning the U.S. must play Uruguay in 2014 as part of 2015 RWC qualifying. In November 2013, the U.S. lost 19–29 to the Māori All Blacks at PPL Park in Philadelphia before a sold-out crowd of 18,500.[61]

Throughout late 2013 and early 2014, a number of U.S. players signed contracts to play professionally overseas. Of the players called into the U.S. national team in March 2014 for two home-and-away 2015 Rugby World Cup qualifying matches against Uruguay, 14 of the 26 were playing professionally overseas, with 10 playing professionally in England.[62] The Eagles defeated Uruguay 59–40 on aggregate over two tests during 2014 to qualify for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. During the June 2014 test window, the U.S. played competitive matches against higher ranked Scotland and Japan, and the test window culminated with a 38–35 victory over Canada. Subsequently, in November 2014 the Eagles were defeated 74–6 by New Zealand in a match played in front of a crowd of more than 61,000 spectators at Soldier Field, Chicago.[63]

The Eagles began a lengthy assembly in build up to the 2015 Rugby World Cup with the 2015 Pacific Nations Cup. On July 18, the U.S. dropped the opening PNC match 21–16 to Samoa.[64] The team bounced back to upset Japan 23–18. The Eagles, however, fell to Tonga in the final preliminary match for the PNC 33–19. In the resulting fifth-place match, the Eagles edged rival Canada 15–13. The victory was the second consecutive over team Canada. Three weeks later, Canada and the U.S. met again in a World Cup warmup match. For the first time, the U.S. laid claim to a three-match win streak over team Canada after defeating the Canadians 41–23.[65] Continuing on the road to the World Cup, the U.S. faced off against English Premiership side Harlequins, where the Americans fell to the visitors 24–19.[66] The Eagles returned to Soldier Field to compete against the #2 ranked Australia Wallabies. The Americans trailed 14–10 at the half. In the second half, the Wallabies capitalized on American errors and pushed the match out of reach: Australia 47, the U.S. 10.[67]

Professionalization of the domestic league (2016–present)

[edit]
Main articles: PRO Rugby and Major League Rugby

The Professional Rugby Organization (PRO Rugby) began a professional rugby competition in 2016.[68] Five teams played a 10-match schedule from April to July. Each PRO Rugby team had a quota for overseas players and U.S. Eagles internationals.[69][70] The U.S. national team included 14 professionals in the starting lineup for the June 2015 test against Italy — six U.S.-based professionals and eight overseas professionals.[71] PRO Rugby did not last long, however, with the competition folding after only one season.

Professional rugby returned in 2018 with the advent of Major League Rugby, a seven-team competition that runs from April to early July. U.S. head coach Gary Gold called up an all-professional squad for the June 2018 tests, drawing from a mix of Major League Rugby players and overseas professionals. During the June 2018 tests, the U.S. defeated Scotland 30–29 to give the U.S. its first win over a Tier 1 nation since beating France at the 1924 Olympics.[72] In the November tests, the U.S added wins against Canada (42–17), Samoa (30–29), and Romania (31–5) to ensure their longest full international test win streak in team history with 10. The streak ended with a defeat to Ireland in Dublin. In their first match of the 2019 Rugby World Cup, they were defeated (45–7) against England.[73]

In 2022, the Eagles failed to qualify for a World Cup for the first time since the 1995 edition having participated in the prior six tournaments.[74] In the Final Qualification Tournament they drew with Portugal 16–16, but as a result of a points difference, Portugal advanced to their second-ever Rugby World Cup.[75] Earlier in the qualification process the U.S. lost a two-game series, 50–34 to Uruguay and then lost by a single point to Chile on aggregate.[74]

Recent results

[edit]

The following table shows the results of the U.S. national team during the previous 24 months, as well as upcoming fixtures.

Notes:

  • Opponent rank is listed as of the date of the match.
  • Green shading indicates a win or tie against a higher ranked opponent. Red shading indicates a loss or tie against a lower ranked opponent.
Date Opponent Opp Rank Result Venue Attend­ance Event Top U.S. scorer
2024-11-23  Spain 17 W 26–23 Estadio Nacional Complutense end-of-year tests Tavite Lopeti (10)
2024-11-16  Tonga 18 W 36–17 Chambéry Savoie Stadium end-of-year tests MacGinty (16)
2024-11-09  Portugal 15 W 21–17 Estádio Cidade de Coimbra end-of-year tests MacGinty (6)
2024-09-21  Samoa 14 L 13–18 Hanazono Rugby Stadium Pacific Nations Cup Luke Carty (8)
2024-09-14  Fiji 10 L 3–22 Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium Pacific Nations Cup Chris Mattina (3)
2024-09-06  Japan 14 L 24–41 Kumagaya Rugby Ground Pacific Nations Cup Nate Augspurger (10)
2024-08-31  Canada 21 W 15–28 Dignity Health Sports Park Pacific Nations Cup Conner Mooneyham (10)
2024-07-13  Scotland 6 L 7–42 Audi Field 17,418 mid-year tests Boni (5)
2024-07-05  Romania 20 L, 20–22 SeatGeek Stadium 2,000 mid-year tests MacGinty (15)
2023-11-18  Spain 19 W, 42–12 El Pantano Stadium La Vila International Rugby Cup Final Carty (10)
2023-11-11  Brazil 26 W, 48–3 El Pantano Stadium La Vila International Rugby Cup Mano (15)
2023-09-17 France Toulouse n/a W, 24–21 America First Field friendly Carty (9)
2023-08-19  Georgia 11 L, 7–22 Mikheil Meskhi Stadium 15,000[76] RWC warm-up de Haas (5)
2023-08-11  Portugal 16 L, 46–20 Estádio Algarve RWC warm-up Carty (8)
2023-08-05  Romania 19 W, 31–17 Stadionul Arcul de Triumf RWC warm-up Four players tied (5)

Overall record and rankings

[edit]
Main article: List of United States national rugby union team test match results
Men's World Rugby Rankings
Top 20 as of 25 November 2024[77]
Rank Change[i] Team Points
1 Steady  South Africa 092.78
2 Steady  Ireland 090.78
3 Steady  New Zealand 090.36
4 Steady  France 088.51
5 Steady  Argentina 084.97
6 Steady  Scotland 083.34
7 Steady  England 082.31
8 Steady  Australia 081.52
9 Steady  Fiji 080.07
10 Steady  Italy 078.64
11 Steady  Wales 074.01
12 Steady  Georgia 073.85
13 Steady  Japan 072.95
14 Steady  Samoa 072.68
15 Steady  United States 070.02
16 Steady  Portugal 068.82
17 Increase1  Uruguay 067.06
18 Decrease1  Spain 065.98
19 Steady  Tonga 065.46
20 Steady  Romania 063.01
21 Steady  Chile 061.72
22 Steady  Hong Kong 059.49
23 Steady  Canada 059.18
24 Steady  Netherlands 058.56
25 Steady  Russia 058.06
26 Steady  Namibia 057.87
27 Steady  Zimbabwe 057.16
28 Steady  Brazil 056.53
29 Steady  Belgium 056.51
30 Steady   Switzerland 056.04
  1. ^ Change from the previous week
United States's historical rankings
See or edit source data.
Source: World Rugby[77]
Graph updated to 25 November 2024

Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by a United States national XV at test level up until November 23, 2024.[78]

Opponent Played Won Lost Drawn Win % For Aga Diff
 Argentina 9 0 9 0 0% 136 294 −158
 Argentina Jaguars 1 0 1 0 0% 30 34 −4
 Australia 8 0 8 0 0% 78 368 −290
 Australia XV 1 0 1 0 0% 22 26 −4
 Barbados 1 1 0 0 100% 91 0 +91
 Bermuda 1 1 0 0 100% 60 3 +57
 Brazil 5 4 1 0 80% 198 74 +124
 Canada 66 25 39 2 37.88% 1,226 1,513 −287
 Chile 8 6 2 0 75% 336 125 +211
 England 6 0 6 0 0% 59 298 −239
 England XV 2 0 2 0 0% 11 96 −85
 England Saxons 5 0 5 0 0% 58 237 −179
 Fiji 7 1 6 0 14.29% 100 165 −65
 France 8 1 7 0 12.5% 102 214 −112
 France XV 1 1 0 0 100% 8 0 +8
 Georgia 7 3 4 0 42.86% 153 139 +14
 Germany 1 1 0 0 100% 46 17 +29
 Hong Kong 8 4 4 0 50% 201 198 +3
 Ireland 11 0 11 0 0% 125 489 −364
 Ireland XV 1 0 1 0 0% 7 32 −25
 Ireland Wolfhounds 2 0 2 0 0% 22 74 −52
 Italy 5 0 5 0 0% 74 154 −80
 Japan 25 13 11 1 52% 699 601 +98
 Kenya 1 1 0 0 100% 68 14 +54
 New Zealand 5 0 5 0 0% 43 379 −336
 New Zealand XV 1 0 1 0 0% 6 53 −47
 Māori 1 0 1 0 0% 6 74 −68
 Portugal 5 3 1 1 60% 140 101 +39
 Romania 10 7 3 0 70% 260 143 +117
 Russia 8 8 0 0 100% 280 110 +170
 Samoa 8 2 6 0 25% 141 174 −33
 Scotland 7 1 6 0 14.29% 103 291 −188
 Scotland XV 1 0 1 0 0% 12 41 −29
 Scotland A 1 0 1 0 0% 9 13 −4
 South Africa 4 0 4 0 0% 42 209 −167
 Soviet Union 1 0 1 0 0% 16 31 −15
 Spain 5 5 0 0 100% 237 64 +173
 Tonga 11 2 9 0 18.18% 189 289 −100
 Tunisia 1 1 0 0 100% 47 13 +34
 Uruguay 20 15 4 1 75% 612 361 +251
 Wales 7 0 7 0 0% 86 315 −229
 Wales XV 1 0 1 0 0% 18 24 −6
Total 287 106 175 5 36.93% 6,157 7,850 −1,693

Wins against Tier 1 nations

[edit]

The following is a list of U.S.'s wins against Tier 1 countries, including XV sides:

September 5, 1920 United States  8–0 France France XV Belgium Olympisch Stadion, Antwerp  
Try: Joseph Hunter
Con: Dink Templeton
Pen: Dink Templeton
 Report Attendance: 55,000
May 18, 1924 France  3–17  United States France Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes  
Try: Henri Galau
 Report Try: Jack Patrick
Lefty Rogers
Linn Farrish (2)
Caesar Mannelli
Con: Charlie Doe
 Attendance: 20,000
February 3, 2018 United States  17–10  Argentina XV United States StubHub Center, Carson, California  
17:00 PST Try: Tony Lamborn 57'm
Pen: Will Magie (2/4) 16', 42'
Will Hooley (2/2) 70', 77'
 Report Try: Santiago Montagner 38'c
Con: Juan Cruz González (1/1) 39'
Pen: Juan Cruz González (1/2) 23'
 Attendance: 6,500
Referee: Chris Assmus (Canada)
June 16, 2018 United States  30–29  Scotland United States BBVA Compass Stadium, Houston  
Try: Joe Taufete'e (2) 37' c, 42' c
Hanco Germishuys 58' c
Con: AJ MacGinty (3/3) 38', 43', 60'
Pen: AJ MacGinty (3/3) 16', 28', 47'
 Report Try: Blair Kinghorn 1' c
Penalty try 24'
George Turnere 33' c
Dougie Fife 80' m
Con: Blair Kinghorn (2/3) 2', 35'
Pen: Blair Kinghorn (1/2) 40'
 Attendance: 11,300
Referee: Wayne Barnes (England)

Record against Tier 1 teams

[edit]

The following table shows the top ten best U.S. results in test matches against Tier 1 opponents.[79][80]

Pts Diff Result Opponent Date
+14 W (17–3)  France 1924-05-18
+1 W (30–29)  Scotland 2018-06-16
–3 L (26–29)  Argentina 1996-09-14
–3 L (12–15)  Ireland 2013-06-08
–4 L (8–12)  Australia 1912-11-16
–4 L (20–24)  Italy 2016-06-18
–5 L (11–16)  Argentina 1994-06-20
–5 L (23–28)  Wales 1997-07-12
–6 L (22–28)  Argentina 1994-05-28

Rivalry with Canada

[edit]
Main article: History of rugby union matches between Canada and United States

The United States' biggest rival is Canada, having played more test matches against Canada than any other nation. The two teams first met in 1977, and have played every year since then with the exceptions of 2010 and 2020, 2022–2023. As of the end of 2024, the two sides have met 66 times, with 25 wins for the U.S., 39 wins for Canada, and 2 draws.

The U.S. and Canada routinely play each other in qualifying matches for the Rugby World Cup. They have met in the qualification stages for every tournament, with the exception of the 1987 invitational tournament and the 1995 tournament, for which Canada had automatically qualified by reaching the quarterfinals in the 1991 Rugby World Cup. Between 2016 and 2019, the teams played each other annually in the now defunct Americas Rugby Championship.

Rugby World Cup

[edit]
Main article: United States at the Rugby World Cup

The United States has qualified for every Rugby World Cup except the 1995 and 2023 tournament. The best result that the U.S. has managed at a Rugby World Cup is to win one game, which it accomplished in 1987, 2003, and again in 2011.

Tourn­ament Host Win/Loss
(BP)[o 1] 		U.S. Finish Wins Leading scorer
1987  Australia
 New Zealand 		1–2 3rd in Pool A Japan (21–18) Ray Nelson (24)
1991  England
 France
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Wales 		0–3 4th in Pool A — Mark Williams (16)
1995  South Africa Did not qualify
1999  Wales 0–3 4th in Pool 5 — Kevin Dalzell (22)
2003  Australia 1–3 (2 BP) 4th in Pool B Japan (39–26) Mike Hercus (51)
2007  France 0–4 (1 BP) 5th in Pool A — Mike Hercus (26)
2011  New Zealand 1–3 (0 BP) 4th in Pool C Russia (13–6) Chris Wyles (18)
2015  England 0–4 (0 BP) 5th in Pool B — AJ MacGinty (25)
2019  Japan 0–4 (0 BP) 5th in Pool C — AJ MacGinty (17)
2023  France Did not qualify
2027  Australia To be determined
2031  United States Qualified as host
  1. ^ A bonus point is awarded for scoring 4 tries or for losing by 7 points or less.

Other tournaments

[edit]

Honors

[edit]
Americas Rugby Championship
Olympics

Pacific Nations Cup

[edit]
Main article: World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup

The Pacific Nations Cup has been held since 2006 and the United States has been a participant in four tournaments.

Tournament U.S. record U.S. finish Leading U.S. scorer U.S. wins
2013 0–4 5th / 5 Chris Wyles (19) —
2014 1–1 3rd / 6 Chris Wyles (32) Canada
2015 2–2 5th / 6 AJ MacGinty (44) Japan, Canada
2019 2–1 3rd / 6 AJ MacGinty (28) Canada, Samoa
2024 1–3 4th / 6 Luke Carty (25) Canada

Americas Rugby Championship

[edit]
Main article: Americas Rugby Cup

The Americas Rugby Championship pits the six highest ranked rugby nations in North and South America (Argentina XV, Brazil, Canada, Chile, United States, and Uruguay). It was first contested in 2016.

Tournament U.S. record U.S. finish Leading U.S. scorer U.S. wins
2016 2–1–2 2nd James Bird (32) Canada, Chile
2017 4–1–0 1st Ben Cima (36) Uruguay, Brazil, Canada, Chile
2018 5–0–0 1st Will Magie (38) Argentina XV, Uruguay, Brazil, Canada, Chile
2019 3–0–2 3rd Joe Taufete'e (30) Brazil, Canada, Chile

Summer Olympics

[edit]
Main article: Rugby union at the Summer Olympics

Rugby was included an Olympic sport four times from 1900 to 1924, with the United States winning the last two of those tournaments — 1920 and 1924. After a lengthy absence, rugby returned to the Summer Olympics in 2016, albeit in the rugby sevens format.

Olympics U.S. finish U.S. record Defeated
France 1900 Paris (U.S. did not participate)
United Kingdom 1908 London (U.S. did not participate)
Belgium 1920 Antwerp Gold 1–0 France
France 1924 Paris Gold 2–0 France, Romania

Defunct competitions

[edit]

Pacific Rim Rugby Championship

[edit]
Main article: Pacific Rim Rugby Championship
Year Winner Runner-up Third place Refs
1996  Canada  Hong Kong  United States [81]
1997  Canada  Hong Kong  Japan [82]
1998  Canada  Hong Kong  United States [83]
1999  Japan  Western Samoa  United States [84]
2000  Fiji  Western Samoa  Tonga [85]
2001  Fiji  Western Samoa  Japan [86]

Churchill Cup

[edit]
Main article: Churchill Cup
Year Host nation(s) U.S. record U.S. finish /
# Teams
2003 Canada Canada 1–2 2nd / 3
2004 Canada Canada 0–2 4th / 4
2005 Canada Canada 1–1 3rd / 4
2006 Canada United States Canada & United States 0–3 6th / 6
2007 England England 0–3 6th / 6
2008 Canada United States Canada & United States 0–3 6th / 6
2009 United States United States 1–2 5th / 6
2010 United States United States 1–2 4th / 6
2011 England England 1–2 5th / 6

Super Cup

[edit]
Main article: Super Cup (rugby union)
Year Champion Second Third Fourth US Record (W–L)
2003 Russia United States Japan N/A 1–1
2004 Japan Canada United States Russia 1–1
2005 Canada Japan United States Romania 1–1

Coaches

[edit]

Former head coaches

[edit]
Correct as of 23 November 2024
Coach Season(s) GP W D L Win % Championships / notes
– 1912 1 0 0 1 0% First International test match
– 1913 1 0 0 1 0%
– 1919 1 1 0 0 100% 1–1 at the Inter-Allied Games (Match against France XV was uncapped)
Ireland Harry Maloney (trainer/selector)[12]
Australia Daniel Carroll (player/coach)[88] 		1920 2 1 0 1 50% 1920 Olympic Gold Medal
United States Charlie Austin[89] 1924 2 2 0 0 100% 1924 Olympic Gold Medal
England Dennis Storer[90] 1976–1977 4 0 0 4 0% First U.S. national team coach in the modern era
United States Ray Cornbill[91] 1978–1983 10 1 1 8 10%
New Zealand Ron Mayes[92] 1983–1987 8 3 1 4 37.5%
Ireland George Hook[93] 1987 4 1 0 3 25% 1–3 at the 1987 RWC
England Jim Perkins[94] 1987–1991 21 7 0 14 33.33% 0–3 at the 1991 RWC
United States Clarence Culpeper[95] 1992 2 1 0 1 50%
United States Jack Clark[92] 1993–1999 48 16 0 32 33.33% First coach to fail to qualify for a Rugby World Cup (1995). 0–3 at the 1999 RWC
Australia Duncan Hall[96] 2000–2001 12 3 0 9 25%
United States Tom Billups[97] 2001–2006 33 12 0 21 36.36% 1–3 at the 2003 RWC
New Zealand Peter Thorburn[98] 2006–2007 14 3 0 11 21.43% 0–4 at the 2007 RWC
Australia Scott Johnson[99] 2008–2009 4 1 0 3 25%
Ireland Eddie O'Sullivan[100] 2009–2011 25 8 0 17 32% 1–3 at the 2011 RWC
United States Mike Tolkin[101] 2012–2015 34 11 1 22 32.35% 0–4 at the 2015 RWC
New Zealand John Mitchell[102] 2016–2017 19 8 3 8 42.11% Americas Rugby Championship: (2017)
New Zealand Dave Hewett[103] 2017 2 1 0 1 50% Interim
South Africa Gary Gold[104] 2018–2022 37 21 1 15 56.76% Americas Rugby Championship: (2018); 0–4 at the 2019 RWC. Failed to qualify for the 2023 RWC
United States Scott Lawrence 2023– 12 7 0 5 58.33%
Total 1912–present 296 108 7 181 36.49%

Players

[edit]

Current squad

[edit]

On 15 October 2024, the United States announced a 30-player squad for their 2024 November Tour.[105] Tomas Casares was later added to the squad ahead of the opening game vs Portugal. [106]

  • Caps Updated: 23 November 2024
Player Position Date of birth (age) Caps Club/province
Shilo Klein Hooker (1999-05-04) May 4, 1999 (age 25) 2 United States San Diego Legion
Sean McNulty Hooker (1995-07-10) July 10, 1995 (age 29) 5 United States Miami Sharks
Kapeli Pifeleti Hooker (1999-09-01) 1 September 1999 (age 25) 16 England Saracens
Pono Davis Prop (1997-08-04) August 4, 1997 (age 27) 5 United States Houston SaberCats
Jack Iscaro Prop (1997-08-04) 4 August 1997 (age 27) 12 United States Old Glory DC
Alex Maughan Prop (1995-04-24) 24 April 1995 (age 29) 7 United States Anthem RC
Paul Mullen Prop (1991-11-16) 16 November 1991 (age 33) 40 United States New Orleans Gold
Payton Talea Prop (1998-08-17) 17 August 1998 (age 26) 1 United States San Diego Legion
Jake Turnbull Prop (1993-07-17) 17 July 1993 (age 31) 13 United States Anthem RC
Jason Damm Lock (1995-01-26) 26 January 1995 (age 29) 8 United States Los Angeles
Siaosi Mahoni Lock (1999-01-29) 29 January 1999 (age 25) 11 United States Houston Sabercats
Greg Peterson (c) Lock (1989-08-31) 31 August 1989 (age 35) 49 United States San Diego Legion
Tomas Casares Back row (1999-04-11) 11 April 1999 (age 25) 3 United States Miami Sharks
Cory Daniel Back row (1995-09-11) September 11, 1995 (age 29) 9 United States Old Glory DC
Jamason Faʻanana-Schultz Back row (1996-06-13) 13 June 1996 (age 28) 13 United States Old Glory DC
Mikey Grandy Back row (1998-05-29) 29 May 1998 (age 26) 1 United States Anthem RC
Vili Helu Back row (1996-03-20) 20 March 1996 (age 28) 13 United States San Diego Legion
Paddy Ryan Back row (1998-10-13) 13 October 1998 (age 26) 13 United States San Diego Legion
Moni Tongaʻuiha Back row (1994-10-05) October 5, 1994 (age 30) 9 United States New Orleans Gold
Thomas Tu’avao Back row (1993-10-27) 27 October 1993 (age 31) 9 Unattached
Ruben de Haas Scrum-half (1998-10-09) 9 October 1998 (age 26) 35 South Africa Cheetahs
Ethan McVeigh Scrum-half (1999-12-14) 14 December 1999 (age 24) 5 United States Old Glory DC
Luke Carty Fly-half (1997-09-27) 27 September 1997 (age 27) 21 United States New Orleans Gold
AJ MacGinty Fly-half (1990-02-26) 26 February 1990 (age 34) 40 England Bristol Bears
Dominic Besag Centre (2004-08-06) August 6, 2004 (age 20) 8 United States Saint Mary's College
Mark O’Keeffe Centre (1993-09-13) 13 September 1993 (age 31) 2 United States Chicago Hounds
Tavite Lopeti Centre (1998-11-20) 20 November 1998 (age 26) 18 United States Seattle Seawolves
Nate Augspurger Wing (1990-01-31) 31 January 1990 (age 34) 47 United States Chicago Hounds
Conner Mooneyham Wing (1996-03-26) 26 March 1996 (age 28) 5 United States Anthem RC
Noah Brown Wing (2001-10-01) October 1, 2001 (age 23) 1 United States Chicago Hounds
Erich Storti Fullback 2 United States Anthem RC
Mitch Wilson Fullback (1996-04-15) 15 April 1996 (age 28) 12 United States Anthem RC

Player records

[edit]
See also: United States national rugby union team player statistics and List of United States national rugby union players

Most caps

[edit]

Last updated: November 23, 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.

Most tries

[edit]

Last updated: November 23, 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.

Most points

[edit]

Last updated: November 23, 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.

Award winners

[edit]

The following United States players have been recognised at the World Rugby Awards since 2001:[107]

Stadiums and attendance

[edit]

The Eagles do not have an official home stadium. Boxer Stadium in San Francisco was the unofficial home of the Eagles from 1996 to 2000, hosting 12 of their 17 test matches.[108] The Eagles also played several of their home games at Infinity Park in Glendale, Colorado. The Eagles played a home match against a Tier 1 nation every June between 2012 and 2014, in front of large crowds at BBVA Stadium in Houston, Texas.[109] Since 2012, the Eagles have played at other MLS stadiums, such as Talen Energy Stadium in Philadelphia and the Dignity Health Sports Park in Los Angeles. The Eagles play some of their less high-profile matches at smaller soccer venues.

The highest attended matches with greater than 10,000 fans played in the U.S. involving the U.S. national team are:[110]

Rank Attendance Opponent Date Venue Metro area
1 61,500  New Zealand 2014-11-01 Soldier Field (NFL) Chicago, Ill.[111]
2 39,720  New Zealand 2021-10-23 FedEx Field (NFL) Washington D.C.[112]
3 30,051[a]  Māori All Blacks 2018-11-03 Soldier Field (NFL) Chicago, Ill.[113]
4 23,212  Australia 2015-09-05 Soldier Field (NFL) Chicago, Ill.[114]
5 22,370  Ireland 2017-06-10 Red Bull Arena (MLS) New York, N.Y.[115]
6 20,181  Ireland 2013-06-08 BBVA Compass Stadium[b] (MLS) Houston, Tex.[116]
7 20,001  Scotland 2014-06-08 BBVA Compass Stadium[b] (MLS) Houston, Tex.[117]
8 18,700  Māori All Blacks 2016-11-04 Toyota Park[c] (MLS) Bridgeview, Ill.[118]
9 18,500  Māori All Blacks 2013-11-09 PPL Park[d] (MLS) Chester, Pa.[119]
10 17,418  Scotland 2024-07-12 Audi Field (MLS) Washington D.C.[120]
11 17,214  Italy 2012-06-03 BBVA Compass Stadium[b] (MLS) Houston, Tex.[121]
12 14,000  New Zealand XV 1980-10-08 San Diego Stadium[e] (NFL) San Diego, Calif.[122]
13 13,591  Chile 2016-02-20 Lockhart Stadium[f] (NASL) Fort Lauderdale, Fla.[123]
14 13,000  South Africa 2001-12-01 Robertson Stadium[g] (FBS) Houston, Tex.[124]
15 11,300  Scotland 2018-06-16 BBVA Compass Stadium[b] (MLS) Houston, Tex.
16 10,241  Argentina XV 2016-02-06 BBVA Compass Stadium[b] (MLS) Houston, Tex.[125][9]
Notes
  1. ^ This match was part of a triple header, with the other two matches featuring Ireland vs Italy and the USA women vs New Zealand Black Ferns.
  2. ^ a b c d e Now known as BBVA Stadium.
  3. ^ Now known as SeatGeek Stadium.
  4. ^ Now known as Talen Energy Stadium.
  5. ^ Now known as SDCCU Stadium.
  6. ^ Demolished in 2019 and replaced on-site by Inter Miami CF Stadium.
  7. ^ Demolished in 2012 and replaced on-site by TDECU Stadium.
  • The international rugby match in the U.S. with the largest crowd did not involve the United States national team; 61,500 watched Ireland defeat New Zealand 40–29 at Soldier Field on November 5, 2016.[126]

Other U.S. national teams

[edit]

USA Falcons

[edit]
Americas Rugby Championship
Year Champion U.S. result
2009 Argentina Jaguars 4th
2010 Argentina Jaguars 3rd
2011 Not held due to the 2011 Rugby World Cup
2012 Argentina Jaguars 4th
2013 Argentina Jaguars 2nd
2014 Argentina Jaguars 2nd
2015 Not held due to the 2015 Rugby World Cup
Main article: USA Selects

The USA Falcons, formerly the USA Selects is the second national rugby team for the United States. The USA Falcons is a developmental team, usually fielding younger players looking to break into the U.S. national team, and sometimes including amateur domestic U.S. national team players who need more high-level matches.

The USA Selects formerly participated in the Americas Rugby Championship, when the tournament only featured "A" sides for Argentina, Canada, the United States, and Uruguay. The USA Selects best results in the ARC were their second-place finishes in 2013 and 2014[127][128] Since 2016, the ARC only features an A team from Argentina along with the national sides of Brazil, Canada, Chile, Uruguay, and the United States. The USA Falcons now play in a separate tournament known as the Americas Pacific Challenge.[129][130]

Women's national team

[edit]
Main article: United States women's national rugby union team

The U.S. women's national team, officially formed in 1987, has been an international powerhouse since its inception, although more recently have fallen behind other powerhouses such as England and New Zealand on the world rankings. The Eagles won the first official World Cup in 1991, and finished second in the two following World Cups (1994, 1998). The Eagles have set a high standard for international competition, leading an ensuing wave of women's rugby growth and game development worldwide. The US finished 7th in the 2002 tournament. The women's national team traveled to the United Kingdom in January 2006 to play Scotland, Ireland and England, winning all three games. The 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup was held in Edmonton, Canada.

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
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  2. ^ [1], NPR, May 12, 2022.
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  4. ^ "Americas' top Six Rugby Nations Planning for Bright Future", Nick Sero, April 24, 2015.
  5. ^ Rugby in USA, Rugby Football History. Accessed September 26, 2015.
  6. ^ Gridiron football, Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
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  8. ^ "Can American rugby move beyond the college campus?", The Guardian, September 25, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c "The tour that killed American rugby", ESPN Scrum, Huw Richards, October 29, 2013.
  10. ^ The Rugby History Society. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  11. ^ "INTER-ALLIED GAMES - Colombes". espnscrum. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  12. ^ a b "Great Moments in Stanford Olympic History: Rugby Mania". Go Stanford. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  13. ^ "1920 Rugby: Cal's First Olympic Gold Medalists". California Golden Blogs. June 18, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  14. ^ "Harry Maloney". Stanford Static. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d "1924 Rugby: A Wild Olympic Rematch", California Golden Blogs, June 20, 2012.
  16. ^ "A.A.U. to Pay Expenses of Rugby Team to Olympics". The New York Times. Stanford University, Calif. June 4, 1920. Retrieved October 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ U.S. Team is Hissed by French When it Wins Olympic Title, The New York Times, May 19, 1924
  18. ^ Rugby at the 1924 Olympics. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
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  20. ^ a b c SCRFU History Archived October 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Southern California RFU. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  21. ^ a b "January 31, 1976: Australia 24 United States (halftime: Australia 13-6)". Gainline. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
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  82. ^ Pacific Rim Championship. ESPN Scrum. 1997.
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  84. ^ Pacific Rim Championship. ESPN Scrum. 1999.
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