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United Nations Administered Kosovo

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Kosovo
1999–2008 (de facto)
Map of Kosovo
Map of Kosovo
StatusEntity under interim international administration
CapitalPristina
Common languages
SRSG 
President 
Prime Minister 
History 
10 June 1999
17 February 2008 (de facto)
Area
• Total
10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi)
Population
• 
2,067,507
CurrencyDeutsche Mark (1999–2001)[1]
Euro (2002–2008)[2]
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Republic of Kosova
Kosovo

United Nations Administered Kosovo refers to the period between 1999 and 2008 when the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo was directly responsible for the governance of Kosovo. This period began on 10 June 1999 with the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244[3] and effectively ended on 17 February 2008 with the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo.[4]

Background

[edit]
Main article: History of Kosovo

In 1945, at the conclusion of the Second World War, Kosovo was organised within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) as the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija. In 1963 the region was reorganised as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija with increased autonomy and was renamed as the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo in 1968. In 1975 Kosovo was granted significantly increased levels of autonomy. In 1990, under the regime of Slobodan Milošević, the level of autonomy was reduced and the official name reverted to the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.

In 1991, during the Breakup of Yugoslavia, Ethnic Albanian representatives of Provincial Assembly unilaterally declared the Republic of Kosova and established parallel instructions for education, medical care, and taxation. Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992. Ethnic tensions increased between Yugoslav authorities and the Ethnic Albanian guerilla movement, the Kosovo Liberation Army, resulting in the Kosovo War breaking out in February 1998. In March 1999, NATO proposed the Rambouillet Agreement which would have granted Kosovo substantial autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The agreement was accepted by the Ethnic Albanian side but rejected by the Yugoslav side prompting the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia on 24 March 1999. On 9 June 1999, NATO and the Federal Republic Yugoslavia reached the Kumanovo Agreement whereby Kosovo would be placed under United Nations administration. This arrangement was formalised by the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 on 10 June 1999 which established the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.

Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo. Serbia continues to claim Kosovo as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.

Administrative history

[edit]
Part of a series on the
History of Kosovo
Kosovo
Prehistory
Antiquity
Roman Kosovo
Medieval Kosovo
Ottoman Kosovo
20th Century
Contemporary
See Also

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 allowed for the "[deployment] in Kosovo, under United Nations auspices, [an] international civil and security [presence]". The first regulation passed by the Special Representative of the Secretary General, on 25 July 1999, established that UNMIK was responsible for all legislative and executive authority in Kosovo. That regulation also stated that all laws applicable in Kosovo prior to 24 March 1999 would continue to apply in Kosovo insofar as they do not conflict with "internationally recognized human rights standards and shall not discriminate against any person on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, association with a national community, property, birth or other status".[5] This was later amended to state that the law applicable would be that as it stood on 22 March 1989.[6]

Initial arrangements

[edit]

A twelve-member Kosovo Transitional Council was formed on 16 July 1999. Chaired by the SRSG, the KTC was the described as being the highest political consultative body within the United Nations administration. Its purpose was to offer the main political parties and ethnic communities in Kosovo an opportunity for direct input into the decision-making process of UNMIK.[7]

Joint Interim Administrative Structure

[edit]
Main article: Joint Interim Administrative Structure

A more formal system of administration was put in place on 30 January 2000 when a Joint Interim Administrative Structure was established.[8] The membership of the Kosovo Transitional Council was expanded and it assumed the role of a deliberative assembly. A transitional cabinet, known as the Interim Administrative Council, was established with eight members, four of which were appointed by UNMIK and four by political parties in Kosovo.[9][8]

Provisional Institutions of Self Government

[edit]
Main article: Provisional Institutions of Self-Government

Resolution 1244 permitted the United Nations to establish and oversee the development of "provisional, democratic self-governing institutions" in Kosovo. To achieve this aim, a Constitutional Framework for Self-Government in Kosovo was promulgated in May which would established Provisional Institutions of Self-Government.[10] The institutions included establishing a directly elected Assembly of Kosovo which would nominate a President and a Government led by a Prime Minister.[11] Elections for the new assembly were held on 17 November 2001 and on 4 March 2002, Ibrahim Rugova was appointed as President[12] and a cabinet was formed led by Bajram Rexhepi as Prime Minister.[13]

Office Holders

[edit]

Special Representative of the Secretary-General

[edit]
Main article: Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Kosovo
No. Name Lifespan Term of office State
— Sérgio Vieira de Mello 1948–2003 13 June 1999 15 July 1999  Brazil
1 Bernard Kouchner 1939– 15 July 1999 12 January 2001  France
2 Hans Hækkerup 1945–2013 13 January 2001 31 December 2001  Denmark
— Charles H. Brayshaw 1942– 1 January 2002 14 February 2002  United States
3 Michael Steiner 1949– 14 February 2002 8 July 2003  Germany
— Charles H. Brayshaw 1942– 8 July 2003 25 August 2003  United States
4 Harri Holkeri 1937–2011 25 August 2003 11 June 2004  Finland
— Charles H. Brayshaw 1942– 11 June 2004 16 August 2004  United States
5 Søren Jessen-Petersen 1945– 16 August 2004 30 June 2006  Denmark
— Steven P. Schook 1953– 30 June 2006 31 August 2006  United States
6 Joachim Rücker 1951– 1 September 2006 17 February 2008  Germany

President of Kosovo

[edit]
Main article: President of Kosovo
Parties

  LDK

No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Elected Term of office Political party
Presidents
2002–2008
1 Ibrahim Rugova
(1944–2006)
 2002 4 March 2002 21 January 2006
(Died in office) 		Democratic League
— Nexhat Daci
(1944–)
 — 21 January 2006 10 February 2006 Democratic League
2 Fatmir Sejdiu
(1951–)
 2006
2008 		10 February 2006 17 February 2008 Democratic League

Prime Minister of Kosovo

[edit]
Main article: Prime Minister of Kosovo
Parties

  PDK   LDK   AAK   PPK   Independent

No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Elected Term of office Political party
Prime Ministers
2002–2008
1 Bajram Rexhepi
(1954–2017)
 2001 4 March 2002 3 December 2004 Democratic Party
2 Ramush Haradinaj
(1968–)
 2004 3 December 2004 8 March 2005 Alliance for the Future
— Adem Salihaj
(1950–)
Acting Prime Minister 		— 8 March 2005 25 March 2005 Democratic League
3 Bajram Kosumi
(1960–)
 — 25 March 2005 10 March 2006 Parliamentary Party
4 Agim Çeku
(1960–)
 — 10 March 2006 9 January 2008 Independent
supported by
Alliance for the Future
5 Hashim Thaçi
(1968–)
 2007 9 January 2008 17 February 2008 Democratic Party

Cabinets

[edit]
Main article: Cabinet of Kosovo
Assumed office Prime Minister Composition Cabinet Election
15 December 1999 n/a Interim
4 March 2002 Bajram Rexhepi Rexhepi cabinet 2001
3 December 2004 Ramush Haradinaj First Haradinaj cabinet 2004
25 March 2005 Bajram Kosumi Kosumi cabinet
10 March 2006 Agim Çeku Çeku cabinet
9 January 2008 Hashim Thaçi Second Thaçi cabinet 2007

Elections

[edit]
Main article: Elections in Kosovo

Central

[edit]

Prior to the declaration of independence of Kosovo in February 2008, three elections were held for the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government:

Local

[edit]

Three local elections were held in Kosovo during the period of direct UN administration:

Local government

[edit]
Main article: Subdivisions of Kosovo
Districts of Kosovo in 2008
Municipalities of Kosovo in 2008

At the start of the period of United Nations administration Kosovo had been divided into five districts. Reforms initiated by UNMIK in 2000 increased the number of districts to seven which were; District of Mitrovica, District of Peja, District of Gjakova, District of Pristina, District of Ferizaj, District of Prizren and District of Gjilan. Each region was overseen by a Regional Administrator appointed by UNMIK.[14]

The districts of Kosovo are divided into municipalities. In 2000, UNMIK merged the municipalities of Gora and Opolje to form the new municipality of Dragash and created a new municipality, Malisheva in Prizren district. New Serb majority municipalities were subsequently created along with the Turkish majority municipality of Mamusha. By 2008, the number of municipalities stood at 38 of which 27 had an Albanian ethnic majority, 10 Serb and 1 Turkish.

Initially, municipalities were administered by Municipal Administrative Boards headed by Municipal Administrators appointed by UNMIK. Local elections were first held on 28 October 2000 to elect Municipal Assemblies for each municipality. Each Municipal Assembly was headed by an Assembly President elected by the members of its Municipal Assembly from within its membership. Further local elections were held on 26 October 2002 under the same model.[15] At the final set of local elections held under United Nations administration on 17 November 2007, each municipality directly elected a Mayor in addition to its Municipal Assembly.[16]

Security and law enforcement

[edit]

The Kumanovo Agreement, which ended the Kosovo War, and Resolution 1244 required that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia withdrew its military, paramilitary forces and police from Kosovo. The resolution also required that the Kosovo Liberation Army and other armed Kosovo Albanian armed groups be disbanded. Security in Kosovo was to be provided by a NATO-led international peacekeeping force known as the Kosovo Force (KFOR).

On 21 September 1999, UNMIK established a civil defence service known as the Kosovo Protection Corps to assist in emergency situations such as major fires, industrial accidents, search and rescue operations, humanitarian assistance and demining. The KPC could have up to 3000 full time officers and 2000 reservists of which 10 percent should be from ethnic minority groups. The KPC would not have any role in law enforcement.[17][18]

Initially law and order in Kosovo was maintained by a United Nations International Police Force. On 6 September 1999, UNMIK established a police school in Vushtrri to train officers for the new Kosovo Police Service which would gradually take over policing duties as it expanded in size and developed further capabilities.[19][20]

  • Emblem of KFOR
    Emblem of KFOR
  • Emblem of the Kosovo Protection Corps
    Emblem of the Kosovo Protection Corps
  • First emblem of the Kosovo Police Service[21]
    First emblem of the Kosovo Police Service[21]
  • First cap badge of the Kosovo Police Service[21]
    First cap badge of the Kosovo Police Service[21]
  • Second emblem of the Kosovo Police Service
    Second emblem of the Kosovo Police Service
  • UNMIK issued vehicle registration plate
    UNMIK issued vehicle registration plate

International relations

[edit]

Membership of international organizations

[edit]
Main article: Membership of Kosovo in international organizations

During the period of direct administration by UNMIK, Kosovo gained membership of the following international organisations:

International Organisation Political Entity Represented Application date Admission date Status
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) UNMIK [when?] Observer[22]
South East Europe Transport Observatory (SEETO) Kosovo* and UNMIK[23][24] 11 June 2004[25] Member
Energy Community Kosovo*[26][27] 1 July 2006 Member
European Common Aviation Area (ECAA) UNMIK 30 November 2006 Member
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) UNMIK 6 April 2006 26 July 2007[28] Member

Free trade agreements

[edit]

UNMIK signed several free trade agreements with other countries on behalf of Kosovo:

International treaty or convention Political Entity Represented Signature Ratification
Free Trade Agreement with Albania[29] UNMIK 7 July 2003[30] 1 October 2003[31]
Free Trade Agreement with North Macedonia[32] UNMIK 2 February 2006[31]
Free Trade Agreement with Croatia UNMIK 28 September 2006[31] 1 November 2006[31][33]
Free Trade Agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina UNMIK 19 October 2006[31] 1 December 2006[31][33]

Travel documents

[edit]
UNMIK travel document

Between 2000 and 2008, UNMIK issued passport-sized travel documents to habitual residents of Kosovo for the purpose of foreign travel.[34][35][36] The document carried UNMIK travel document/titre de voyage on the cover, contained 32 pages and was valid for two years. The document contained a machine readable strip with the three-letter code "UNK" in place of a country code.[37][38]

Liaison Offices

[edit]
Main article: List of diplomatic missions in Kosovo

Several countries and international organizations opened Liaison offices in Kosovo during the period of United Nations administration.

Sport

[edit]
Main articles: Sport in Kosovo and Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations
Logo of the Kosovo Olympic Committee used prior to 2008

In 2003 the Assembly of Kosovo passed the Law on Sports (Law No. 2003/24) which designated the Olympic Committee of Kosovo (OCK) as the highest sports institution in Kosovo [39][40][41] The OCK would not become a member of the International Olympic Committee until 2014, after the unilateral declaration of Independence. Unlike the case for East Timor, athletes from Kosovo did not take part as independents at the Olympic Games during the period of UN administration. A Special Olympics association for Kosovo was formed in 2002 and athletes from Kosovo took part in the Special Olympics World Games in 2003 and 2007. Athletes from Kosovo also participated at the fourth World Dwarf Games in Rambouillet, France in 2005.[42]

A Kosovo Football Federation had been established as a branch of the Football Association of Yugoslavia in 1946. A representative team for Kosovo played several unofficial friendly matches between 2002 and 2008 including matches against Albania, Saudi Arabia and Monaco.[43][44]

At least twenty-three sports federations existed during the period of United Nations administration of which three; the Table Tennis Federation of Kosovo, Handball Federation of Kosovo and Special Olympics Kosovo gained affiliation with their respective international governing body.[45]

Media and communications

[edit]

Postal services

[edit]
Postage stamp for Kosovo issued by UNMIK in 2000

Kosovo had operated its own postal service within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia since 1959. At that time Yugoslav postage stamps were in use. After Kosovo came under United Nations administration, UNMIK became responsible for issuing postage stamps for Kosovo. The first UNMIK issued stamps were released on 15 March 2002 based on the theme of "peace".[46][47] Further sets were issued by UNMIK up until Kosovo unilaterally declared independence after which stamps were issued in the name of the Republic of Kosovo.[48]

Telecommunications

[edit]

The Post, Telephone and Telegraph of Kosovo (PTK) was established in 1959. During the Kosovo conflict, assets of the company were either stolen or destroyed, leading to the interruption of telecommunication services.[49] After the conflict, PTK launched Vala, the largest mobile operator in the territory, with the assistance of Monaco Telecom.

Following the breakup of the SFR Yugoslavia in 1992, which had +38 as country code, Kosovo used the code +381, which was granted to FR Yugoslavia and later used by Serbia for fixed line telephone services. For mobile phone networks, Kosovo based providers used either the Monaco code +377 or the Slovenia code +386.[50] Kosovo would gain its own calling code, +383 in 2017.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ UNMIK (4 October 1999). "UNMIK Administrative Direction No. 1999/2 - Implementing UNMIK Regulation No. 1999/4 of 2 September 1999 on the currency permitted to be used in Kosovo". unmissions.org.
  2. ^ UNMIK (21 December 2001). "UNMIK Amending Administrative Direction No. 1999/2 implementing UNMIK Regulation No. 1999/4 on the currency permitted to be used in Kosovo" (PDF). unmissions.org.
  3. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. S/RES/1244(1999) (1999)
  4. ^ "Kosovo: The world's newest state". The Economist. 2008-02-23. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  5. ^ UNMIK (25 July 1999). "UNMIK Regulation No. 1999/1 - On the authority of the Interim Administration in Kosovo". unmissions.org.
  6. ^ UNMIK (12 December 1999). "UNMIK Regulation No. 1999/24 - On the law applicable in Kosovo". unmissions.org.
  7. ^ UNMIK (16 July 1999). "UNMIK convenes first meeting of Kosovo Transitional Council" – via ReliefWeb.
  8. ^ a b UNMIK (14 January 2000). "UNMIK Regulation No. 2000/1 - On the Kosovo Joint Interim Administrative Structure". unmissions.org.
  9. ^ "UNMIK at 18 months - Joint Interim Administrative Structure (JIAS)". UNMIK. 2000. Archived from the original on June 8, 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  10. ^ UNMIK (15 May 2001). "UNMIK Regulation No. 2001/9 - A Constitutional Framework for Provisional Self-Government in Kosovo" (PDF). unmissions.org.
  11. ^ "Constitutional Framework for Provisional Self-Government in Kosovo" (PDF). UNMIK. December 2002 – via European Stability Initiative.
  12. ^ "Kosovo names key ministers - March 4, 2002". CNN. 2002-03-04. Retrieved 2022-09-07.
  13. ^ UNMIK (4 March 2002). "Kosovo Provisional Self Government Formed" – via UNOV.
  14. ^ https://unmik.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/regulations/02english/E1999regs/RE1999_14.htm
  15. ^ Congress of Local and Regional Authorities (8 January 2003). "Report on the municipal elections in Kosovo 26 October 2002". Council of Europe. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  16. ^ "UNMIK sets date for Kosovo elections". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  17. ^ UNMIK (20 September 1999). "UNMIK Regulation 1999/8 - On the establishment of the Kosovo Protection Corps". unmissions.org.
  18. ^ "TMK/KPC's History and Mission". Kosovo Protection Corps. Archived from the original on 2007-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ^ "Mission in Kosovo - Police Education and Development" (PDF). OSCE. 23 March 2005.
  20. ^ Greene, Morgan; Friedman, Jonathan; Bennet, Richard; Boutellis, Arthur (February 2012). "Building the police service in a security vacuum: International efforts in Kosovo, 1999 - 2011" (PDF). Innovations for Successful Societies. Princeton University.
  21. ^ a b Lubomir Kotek (14 April 2001). "2115 - On 14 April 2001, 251 cadets graduated from the Kosovo Police Service School". OSCE.
  22. ^ "SECI observers". Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. United Nations Mission to Kossovo (UNMiK) [sic]
  23. ^ Before 2013 only the UNMIK.
  24. ^ "SEETO Participants". Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  25. ^ "SEETO – South-east Europe Transport Observatory". Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2015. ...(SEETO) is regional transport organization established by the Memorandum of Understanding...signed on June 11th, 2004 by the Governments of Albania...and the United Nations Mission in Kosovo and the European Commission.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  26. ^ Before April 2013 membership was assigned to the UNMIK.
  27. ^ "Parties to the Energy Community". Energy Community. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) initialled" (PDF) (Press release). UNMIK. 2006-11-10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
  29. ^ "UNMIK - International Agreements". UNMIK.
  30. ^ "Free Trade Agreement between the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Albania and the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) on behalf of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government in Kosovo". 7 July 2003. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
  31. ^ a b c d e f "Stability Pact" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2015.[permanent dead link]
  32. ^ "Interim Free Trade Agreement" (PDF). UNMIK. 31 August 2005.
  33. ^ a b Provisional application
  34. ^ UNMIK (29 March 2000). "UNMIK Regulation No. 2000/18 - On Travel Documents". unmissions.org.
  35. ^ "UN to issue travel documents to Kosovo residents". 30 March 2000. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
  36. ^ "First passports issued in Kosovo". SETimes. 31 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  37. ^ "Appendix 7 to Section IV - Three-Letter Codes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  38. ^ "Kosovo : UNMIK Travel Document (2005 — 2007)". July 2017.
  39. ^ "The NOC of Kosovo was established in 1992 and has more than 30 affiliated National Federations (NFs)." Olympic.org. Olympic Games.
  40. ^ "On the Promulgation of the Law on sports adopted by the Assembly of Kosovo" (PDF).
  41. ^ "Law on Sport" (PDF).
  42. ^ Little People of Kosova
  43. ^ "Kosova 0:1 Albania". RSSSF. 7 September 2002.
  44. ^ "Përfaqësuesja e Kosovës në futboll" [Kosovo national team in football]. Forumi Shqiptar (in Albanian). 22 April 2006. Përfaqësuesja e Kosovës mposhti atë të Monacos me rezultat 7:1
  45. ^ "Kosovar athletes stage Olympic Protest | Culture and Sports". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07.
  46. ^ "Philatelic History – Posta e Kosovës".
  47. ^ "Paqe I – Posta e Kosovës".
  48. ^ "Adem Jashari – Posta e Kosovës".
  49. ^ "PTK - About us". Ptkonline.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  50. ^ *"Telecommunications: Kosovo's callers forced to talk in foreign codes". Financial Times. 13 December 2009.
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