Jump to content

Hinduism in the United Kingdom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from UK Hindu Identity)

This article is about Hinduism in the United Kingdom as a whole. For Hinduism in each of its constituent countries, see Hinduism in England, Hinduism in Scotland, Hinduism in Wales, and Hinduism in Northern Ireland.
Hindus in the United Kingdom
Neasden Temple in London.
Total population
United Kingdom United Kingdom: 1,066,894 – 1.6% (2021)
England England: 1,020,533 – 1.8% (2021)[1]
Scotland Scotland: 29,929 – 0.6% (2022)[2]
Wales Wales: 12,242 – 0.4% (2021)[1]
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland: 4,190 – 0.2% (2021)[3]
Regions with significant populations
Greater London453,034 – 5.1%[4]
South East England154,748 – 1.7%
East Midlands120,345 – 2.5%
West Midlands88,116 – 1.5%
Religions
Majority: Vaishnavism
Minority: Shaivism
Languages
Related ethnic groups
British Sikhs and British Buddhists
Hinduism by country
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Caribbean
Oceania
South America
Full list

Hinduism is the third-largest religious group in the United Kingdom, after Christianity and Islam; the religion is followed by over one million people representing around 1.6% of the total population.[6] According to the 2021 United Kingdom census Hindus are primarily concentrated in England, particularly in Greater London and the South East, with just under 50,000 Hindus residing in the three other nations of the United Kingdom.[7][2][8][9] Hindus have had a presence in the United Kingdom since the early 19th century, as at the time India was part of the British Empire. Many Indians in the British Indian Army settled in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.[10]

Most British Hindus are immigrants, mainly from India,[11] and there are also significant number of Hindu immigrants from Sri Lanka[12] and Nepal,[13][14] with even smaller numbers from Afghanistan,[15] Bangladesh,[16][17] and Bhutan.[18] In the recent times, due to the efforts of ISKCON, BAPS and other Hindu organisations and mass following of Yoga, Meditation and other Hindu practises, many British citizens have embraced Hinduism, including many celebrities.[19][20]

History

[edit]

The British Hindu population includes those who came directly from the Indian subcontinent, descendants of those Hindus who had originally migrated to other countries but later resettled in the United Kingdom, and those born and raised in the UK. It is not unusual to find third or fourth generation Hindus.

There have been three main waves of migration of Hindus in the UK, and most of the Hindu migration has occurred after World War II.[21] The first wave was at the time of British India's independence and partition in 1947. Also, in the early 1960s the Conservative health minister Enoch Powell recruited a large number of doctors from the Indian sub-continent.[22] The second wave occurred in the 1970s mainly from East Africa especially due to the expulsion of Asians from Uganda.[21][23] Later, communities included those from Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Mauritius and Fiji. The last wave of migration began in the 1990s and is a result of the United Kingdom's immigration policy, which made studying and immigration to the UK easier. This wave also included Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka and professionals including doctors and software engineers from India.[21]

Life and culture

[edit]
Construction of a golden Chariot in Manor Park, London, as part of a celebration at the Swami Ayyappan Temple.

Community and social life

[edit]
A classic red London bus passes by a Hindu Rathayatra Procession in London, UK

According to United Kingdom's Office of National Statistics, of all ethnic minorities in Britain, the British Hindus had the highest rate of economic activity in 2011 and 2018,[24][25] and a median net wealth of £206,000 in 2006 (compared to median net wealth of £223,000 for British Christians).[26] In addition to this, according to survey conducted by Trust for London in 2012, Hindus living in London have the second highest median net wealth of £277,400 following British Jews' with the highest median wealth of £312,500.[27] Hindu men are more likely than the general population to be entrepreneurs, and both Hindu men and women are more likely than the general population to have higher education.[28] Over a 20-year period, British Hindus also had the third-lowest poverty level (after British Christian and British Jews),[29] and the second-lowest rates of arrest, trial or imprisonment at 0.5% (after British Jews' 0.3%) among all ethnic groups tracked by UK's Ministry of Justice.[30] Hindus constitute less than 0.5% of the total Prison population in Britain (compared to 48% for Christians and 15% for Muslims).[31] According to Office for National Statistics, British Hindus also have the second highest employment rate of 76% amongst all religious groups in UK followed by people with no religious affiliation at 77%.[25] Employees who identified as Hindu have consistently had the second-highest median hourly earnings; in 2018, this was £13.80.[25] 4 in 10 of those who identified as Hindu were occupied in high-skill occupations[25] which was second in the country following British Jews. British who identified as Hindus have the highest percentage with a degree or equivalent qualification.[25]

Temples and organisations

[edit]
See also: List of Hindu temples in the United Kingdom
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London is the largest Hindu temple of England, in northwest London.

A University of Derby report states that there are considerable linguistic and theosophical diversities among Hindus in the United Kingdom, yet they also share certain core beliefs, rites and festivals of Hinduism.[32]

UK-wide Hindu organisations include the National Council of Hindu Temples, the Hindu Council UK and the Hindu Forum of Britain—national umbrella organisations for Hindus in the UK.[33] The National Council of Hindu Temples UK which is the oldest UK-wide Hindu organisation. It comprises over 300 Hindu temples (mandirs) and Hindu faith organisations.[33][34] The Hindu Council UK representing almost 400 affiliated cultural and religious organisations of various Hindu denominations including temples,[33][35] and the Hindu Forum of Britain, with nearly 300 member organisations.[33][36]

There are regional organizations that organise community events and social affairs in the UK, such as The Hindu Council of Birmingham.[37]

There were over 150 Hindu temples in the UK in 2012[38] with 30 Temples in the London area alone.[39] Slough Hindu Temple was built by the Slough Hindu Cultural Society - formally opened in 1981 - it was the first purpose-built Hindu Temple in the British Isles. However, the first Hindu Temple in the UK was opened in the late-1920s near Earls Court in London and it was functional for about four years.[40] In 2020, Historic England (HE) published A Survey of Hindu Buildings in England with the aim of providing information about buildings that Hindus use in England so that HE can work with communities to enhance and protect those buildings now and in the future. The scoping survey identified 187 Hindu temples in England.[41]

There is a diversity of Hindu-based organisations in the UK including the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS) in Neasden (Greater London), the Chinmaya Mission, Ramakrishna Mission and Sai Organisation, each having large followings. SHYAM, an educational Hindu organisation teaches the Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, Shrimad Bhagavad, Vedas and Upanishads.[42] The predominant Hindu beliefs found in the UK include its Vedanta monist, Vedanta monotheistic and various sampradayas.[43] Less of 1% of the Hindus in the UK identify themselves to be belonging to Divine Life Society, Hare Krishna and other organizations.[44]

Festivals and community events

[edit]
Diwali decorations in Leicester, United Kingdom.[45]

Hindus in the United Kingdom celebrate major festivals such as Diwali.[45] Homes and businesses are decorated with festive lights and Hindus gift sweets such as laddoo and barfi. Community events such as dances and parties bring Hindus and non-Hindus together. Leicester annually plays hosts to one of the biggest Diwali celebrations outside of India.[46]

The Hindu festival of Diwali has begun to find acceptance into the larger British community.[47][48] King Charles has attended Diwali celebrations at some of UK’s prominent Hindu temples, such as the Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden.[49][50][51] Since 2009, Diwali has been celebrated every year at 10 Downing Street, the residence of the UK Prime Minister.[52][47]

Hindu Council UK

[edit]

The Hindu Council UK is an umbrella organisation for Hindus living in the United Kingdom, and is one of several groups representing Hindus that are influential at the national level.[53][33] It was set up in 1994. According to the Council's then-General Secretary, it faced opposition from the Sangh Parivar when it was founded.[53] It collaborated with the Department for Communities and Local Government to explore how caste influenced public life in the UK.[53] A debate on religious conversion hosted on its website reflected a Hindu nationalist perspective, and included contributors from the Vishva Hindu Parishad.[53]

Demographics

[edit]
Distribution of British Hindus by local authority, 2021 census
Hindus in the United Kingdom by region and country
Region / Country 2021[57] 2011[62] 2001[67]
Number % Number % Number %
England England 1,020,533 1.8% 806,199 1.5% 546,982 1.1%
—Greater London 453,034 5.1% 411,291 5.0% 291,977 4.1%
—South East 154,748 1.7% 92,499 1.1% 44,575 0.6%
—East Midlands 120,345 2.5% 89,723 2.0% 66,710 1.6%
—West Midlands 88,116 1.5% 72,247 1.3% 56,668 1.1%
—East 86,631 1.4% 54,010 0.9% 31,386 0.6%
—North West 49,749 0.7% 38,259 0.5% 27,211 0.4%
—Yorkshire and the Humber 29,243 0.5% 24,074 0.5% 15,797 0.3%
—South West 27,746 0.5% 16,324 0.3% 8,288 0.2%
—North East 10,924 0.4% 7,772 0.3% 4,370 0.2%
Scotland Scotland[a] 29,929 0.6% 16,379 0.3% 5,564 0.1%
Wales Wales 12,242 0.4% 10,434 0.3% 5,439 0.2%
Northern Ireland 4,190 0.2% 2,382 0.1% 825 0.05%
United Kingdom United Kingdom 1,066,894 1.6% 835,394 1.3% 558,810 1.0%

Population

[edit]
Historical Population
YearPop.±%
196130,000—    
1971138,000+360.0%
1981278,000+101.4%
1991397,000+42.8%
2001558,810+40.8%
2011835,394+49.5%
20211,066,894+27.7%
Religious Affiliation was not recorded in the census prior to 2001.

According to the 2021 Census, Hindus in England and Wales enumerated 1,032,775, or 1.7% of the population.[68] Northern Ireland recorded a population of 4,190, or 0.2% of the population.[55] The equivalent census was recorded a year later in Scotland with a population of 29,929, making up 0.6% of the population.[56] The local authorities with the highest number of Hindus were: Harrow (67,392: 25.8% of the population), Leicester (65,821: 17.9%), Brent (52,876: 15.6%), Redbridge (34,372: 11.1%) and Hillingdon (33,020: 10.8%).[69]

In the 2011 census, Hinduism was followed by 1.5% of the population of England, 0.34% in Wales and 0.31% in Scotland.[70][71] Nearly half of the 817,000 Hindus living in England and Wales were residents of the London metropolitan area.[72] About 300,000 British Hindus of all ages were born in the UK.[21]

The Hindu population in the UK is predominantly urban, and has relatively higher representation in the professional and managerial positions.[28]

Ethnicity

[edit]
Ethnic composition of British Hindus, 2021 census[73]

In the 2021 census for England and Wales, 77.2% of Hindus identified as Indian, 0.7% as either Pakistani or Bangladeshi, 15.6% were of other Asian heritage, 1.1% were of Mixed heritage, 0.7% as White, 0.2% identified as Black and the remaining 4.5% identified with other ethnic groups.[73] The main places of birth were in South Asia at 528,096 (51.1% of the total Hindu population), the United Kingdom at 360,772 people (34.9%), South and Eastern Africa at 106,361 (10.3%), other parts of Europe at 14,300 (1.4%) and East and Southeast Asia at 9,767 (0.9%). Among individual countries outside of the UK, the countries of: India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Nepal, Uganda, Mauritius and Tanzania made up the most common countries of birth for Hindus residing in England and Wales.[74]

According to census records from 2011, 95.6% of the Hindus in England and Wales are ethnically Asian, with the 4.4% of the remainder being as follows: White 1.47%, Mixed 1.19%, Black 0.67% and other ethnicities 1% (including 0.13% Arab).[75]

A very large proportion of Hindus in the United Kingdom are ethnically Asian, mainly Indians whose ancestors immigrated to the United Kingdom for employment or took asylum due to poverty, discrimination and persecution.[76]

Converts

[edit]

Famous converts to Hinduism include:

  • Lead Guitarist of the Beatles, George Harrison converted to Hinduism in the mid 1960s. Upon his death in 2001, he was cremated per Hindu rituals and his ashes consecrated into river Ganges.[77]
  • Philosopher John Levy also converted to Hinduism.
  • Novelist Christopher Isherwood, converted to Hinduism and remained a Hindu until his death.[78]
  • Hindu scholar Krishna Dharma (formerly Kenneth Anderson), converted to Hinduism in 1979.
  • In September 2006, Rev. David Ananda Hart made headlines when he converted to Hinduism whilst still remaining a priest of the Church of England.[79]

Society

[edit]

Politics

[edit]
British Hindu Rishi Sunak became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2022

In the 2017 general election, eight Hindu MPs (five Conservative and three Labour) were elected to Parliament.[80]

During the 2019 general election, The Times of India reported that supporters of Narendra Modi's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) were actively campaigning for the Tories in 48 marginal seats,[81] and the Today programme reported that it had seen WhatsApp messages sent to Hindus across the country urging them to vote Conservative.[82][83] Some British Indians spoke out against what they saw as the BJP's meddling in the UK election.[84] The Hindu Council UK has been strongly critical of Labour, going as far as to say that Labour is "anti-Hindu"[85] and objected to the party's condemnation of the Indian government's actions in the disputed territory of Kashmir.[83]

In 2022, Rishi Sunak became the first practicing Hindu British Prime Minister, as well as the first non-white Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.[86]

Economics

[edit]

The 2021 census for England and Wales recorded 66.9% of Hindus either owning their home with a mortgage (43.6%) or outright (23.3%). 27.6% rent privately or live rent free and the remaining 5.5% live in social housing.[87]

Hindus are on average the second wealthiest religious group after Jewish people in the UK. Employees who identified as Hindu have consistently had the second-highest median hourly earnings; in 2018, this was £13.80.[88]

Discrimination and stereotyping

[edit]
See also: Hinduphobia

A report authored by Robert Berkeley of Runnymede Trust states that the Hindu community groups and organizations in the United Kingdom face systematic disadvantage and discrimination.[28] They face a legacy of inequality, targeting and stereotyping in daily life and by the media, which has left the Hindu community isolated, with a limited capacity to engage with other communities, or address the problems they face.[28][89]

Scholars state that the Hindu community in the United Kingdom, and Europe in general, has faced discrimination in immigration policies adopted by the local governments.[90][91] In local councils, construction or expansion permits for Hindu temples and community centers have been turned down for years, while Muslim mosques and Christian churches have been approved by the same councils and built.[92] The discrimination suffered by Hindu communities from the local council officials in Britain has been described by Paul Weller as follows,

Neighbourhood traffic and parking issues continued to be reported as a problem. For example, a leader of the Hindu community told us that his temple was not given permission or space for worshippers to park outside the temple during festivals – which occurred only a few times a year. By contrast, he drew attention to parking restrictions have been lifted every Friday for the local mosque and identified this as unfair. A Hindu woman in another field research location, described problems with securing planning permission to build an extension and car park for her local temple. She contrasted this with the experience of Muslims who, according to her, had been allowed to build a mosque on "each and every road".

Nearly 50% of Hindu children, both boys and girls, in British schools have reported to being victims of bullying for being Hindu and their religious heritage.[93][94] However, Claire Monks et al. note that children of various races and religions report being victims of bullying in British schools as well.[95]

The Hindu community in the United Kingdom is not unique in suffering discrimination and stereotyping.[28][96] The similarly small Jewish community of the United Kingdom, and in recent years the much larger Muslim community of the United Kingdom, has also expressed similar concerns. New legislation and institutions to understand and respond to religious discrimination are being debated by British politicians.[28][96]

Private golfing, country clubs and other social clubs in Britain have routinely discriminated against and denied entry to Hindus – in addition to Sikhs, Muslims, women, Africans and other minorities after asserting "freedom of association" principle,[97] and parts of EU-wide law to limit this practice were adopted in the United Kingdom in 1998.[98][99] In some instances of Islamist terrorism, such as after the 7 July 2005 London bombings, Hindus along with Sikhs of the United Kingdom became more targeted and vulnerable for backlash than Muslims.[96][100]

In October 2018, it was reported that Conservative Party (UK) London mayoral candidate Shaun Bailey had written a pamphlet, entitled No Man’s Land, for the Centre for Policy Studies. In it, Bailey argued that accommodating Hindus "[robs] Britain of its community" and is turning the country into a "crime riddled cess pool". He also claimed that South Asians "bring their culture, their country and any problems they might have, with them" and that this was not a problem within the black community "because we’ve shared a religion and in many cases a language".[101] In the pamphlet, Bailey had confused the Hindu religion and the Hindi language: "You don’t know what to do. You bring your children to school and they learn far more about Diwali than Christmas. I speak to the people who are from Brent and they’ve been having Hindi (sic) days off."[102] The Conservative Party Deputy Chairman, James Cleverly, defended Bailey and insisted he was misunderstood, and that he was implying black boys were drifting into crime as a result of learning more about Hinduism rather than "their own Christian culture".[103] However, the anti-racism Hope Not Hate campaign group called Bailey's comments "grotesque".[104] The comments were condemned by the Hindu Council of the United Kingdom who expressed "disappointment at the misrepresentation of our faith" by Bailey.[105]

In April 2023 the Henry Jackson Society did an investigation on Anti-Hindu hate in schools, according to the report 51% of parents of Hindu pupils state that their child had experienced anti-Hindu hate in schools while less than 1% of schools surveyed reported any anti-Hindu related incidents in the last five years. They also found that many Muslim students have bullied their Hindu classmates on religious grounds, The Telegraph reported quoting the study, claimed that Muslim pupils called for Hindus to convert or face "threats of hell for disbelievers" using terms such as "kaffir". In one example a child "was harassed and told that if they convert to Islam, their life will become so much easier" and another was told: "You aren't going to survive very long... If you want to go to paradise, you'll have to come to Islam... Hindus are the herbivores at the bottom of the food chain, we will eat you up." Another parent said children were told to watch videos of an Islamic preacher and to "convert because Hinduism makes no sense", The Telegraph reported. According to the think tank, religious education was "fostering discrimination" against Hindus with inappropriate references to the Indian caste system and misconceptions over the worship of deities which students felt made "a mockery of them".[106][107][108][109]

British Overseas Territories

[edit]
Territory Percent Ref.
Anguilla 0.42% [110]
Bermuda 0.2% [citation needed]
British Virgin Islands 1.88% [111]
Cayman Islands 0.8% [112]
Gibraltar 2% [citation needed]
Montserrat 0.8% [113]
Turks and Caicos Islands Unknown [114]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Scotland held its census a year later after the rest of the United Kingdom due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, data shown is for 2022 as opposed to 2021.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data". Scotland's Census. National Records of Scotland. 21 May 2024. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024. Alternative URL Archived 2021-05-14 at the Wayback Machine 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Religion'
  3. ^ "MS-B21: Religion". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  4. ^ "TS030 - Religion Edit query". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  5. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). media.johnwiley.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ "CT0341 2018 Census - Religion by ethnic group by main language - England and Wales". ONS. National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-11-29. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  8. ^ "Census 2021 main statistics religion tables". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2022-09-07. Archived from the original on 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  9. ^ "MS-B21: Religion - full detail". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  10. ^ Tong, Junie T. (2016-04-15). Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture versus Western Markets. CRC Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-317-13522-7.
  11. ^ "UK-based Hindu groups call upon Prime Minister Boris Johnson to act against persecution of Hindus in Pakistan". The Times of India. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  12. ^ Aspinall, Peter J. (2019-01-02). "The Sri Lankan community of descent in the UK: a neglected population in demographic and health research". South Asian Diaspora. 11 (1): 51–65. doi:10.1080/19438192.2018.1505065. ISSN 1943-8192. S2CID 149483258.
  13. ^ "From Kathmandu to Kent: Nepalis in the UK". Himal Southasian. 2014-12-26. Archived from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  14. ^ Pariyar, Mitra (2020-06-01). "Caste, military, migration: Nepali Gurkha communities in Britain". Ethnicities. 20 (3): 608–627. doi:10.1177/1468796819890138. ISSN 1468-7968. S2CID 214103367.
  15. ^ Yudhvir Rana (Jan 13, 2019). "UK government to obtain inputs from Afghan Sikh and Hindu's for processing their asylum applications". The Times of India. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  16. ^ "Bangla Stories - Bengali Hindu Migrant: Ashim Sen - Bradford". www.banglastories.org. Archived from the original on 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  17. ^ "London Kalibari – London Kalibari". Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  18. ^ "The ethnic cleansing hidden behind Bhutan's happy face". Firstpost. 2013-07-01. Archived from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  19. ^ Berg, Travis Vande; Kniss, Fred (2008). "ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (1): 79–104. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x. ISSN 0038-0253. JSTOR 40220058. S2CID 146169730.
  20. ^ "At 47%, Hinduism biggest gainer in religious conversion in Kerala". The New Indian Express. 2 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  21. ^ a b c d Fredman, Sandra (2011). Discrimination law. Oxford England New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-958442-0.
  22. ^ "'Enoch Powell was not an out-and-out racist'". www.telegraph.co.uk. 12 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  23. ^ "Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin's Expulsion of Asians in 1972". International Business Times. 2012-03-13. Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  24. ^ Full story: What does the Census tell us about religion in 2011? Archived 2016-01-08 at the UK Government Web Archive Office of National Statistics, UK Government (May 2013)
  25. ^ a b c d e "Religion, education and work in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  26. ^ Karen Rowlingson, Policy Commission on the Distribution of Wealth Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine University of Birmingham (2012)
  27. ^ "Inequalities and disadvantage in London: Focus on Religion and Belief". Trust for London. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Robert Berkeley, Connecting British Hindus - An enquiry into the identity and public policy engagement of British Hindus Archived 2016-04-14 at the Wayback Machine Runnymede Trust, Hindu Forum of Britain (2006)
  29. ^ Anthony Heath and Yaojun Li (2015), Review of the relationship between religion and poverty Archived 2015-05-05 at the Wayback Machine, Nuffield College, Oxford and University of Manchester
  30. ^ Gavin Berman & Aliyah Dar (July 2013), Prison Population Statistics Archived 2020-02-24 at the Wayback Machine 1991-2012, Social and General Statistics, Ministry of Justice, ONS, UK Government
  31. ^ https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf Archived 2020-02-24 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  32. ^ Weller, Paul (2008). Religious diversity in the UK : contours and issues. London u.a: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-9898-4.
  33. ^ a b c d e Zavos, John (2012). "Chapter 6. Hindu Organisation and the Negotiation of Public Space in Contemporary Britain". In John Zavos; et al. (eds.). Public Hinduisms. New Delhi: SAGE Publ. India. ISBN 978-81-321-1696-7.
  34. ^ http://www.nchtuk.org Archived 2018-05-20 at the Wayback Machine National Council of Hindu Temples UK, accessed 3 August 2009
  35. ^ Affiliates Archived 2013-02-12 at the Wayback Machine Hindu Council UK, accessed 4 August 2009
  36. ^ About us Archived 2018-05-20 at the Wayback Machine About us, accessed 12 December 2008
  37. ^ Weller, Paul (2011). Religions in the UK 2007-2010. Derby: Multi-Faith Centre at the University of Derby. ISBN 978-0-901437-30-3.
  38. ^ LIST OF HINDU TEMPLES IN THE UK Archived 2018-05-20 at the Wayback Machine National Council of Hindu Temples (UK), accessed 3 May 2015
  39. ^ http://allhindutemples.com/?multi_city=London Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine 30 Temples in the London area
  40. ^ Bimal Krishnadas (edited by), Directory of Hindu Temples in the UK, 2004-2006, page 7, published by the National Council of Hindu Trmples (UK), Leicester.
  41. ^ Singh, Jasjit; Tomalin, Emma (2020). "A Survey of Hindu Buildings in England. historic England Research Report 203/2020". research.historicengland.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Home". gitaclass.org. Archived from the original on 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  43. ^ Paul Weller, Hindu Origins and Key Organisations in the UK Archived 2015-07-16 at the Wayback Machine University of Derby, United Kingdom
  44. ^ Paul Weller, Some ‘Other’ Religious Groups in the UK: Key Information[permanent dead link‍] University of Derby, United Kingdom
  45. ^ a b Leicester Diwali celebrations draw large crowds Archived 2015-10-08 at the Wayback Machine BBC News (3 November 2013)
  46. ^ "Diwali – The Festival of Light". Leicester City Council. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
  47. ^ a b Roy, Amit (25 October 2011). "Dazzle at downing, colour at commons". Mumbai Miday. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  48. ^ "Transcript of the Prime Minister's Diwali reception speech". Gov.UK. Government of the United Kingdom. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  49. ^ PTI (10 November 2007). "Prince Charles, Camilla celebrate Diwali in UK". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  50. ^ "Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Celebrate Diwali at BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, London". www.mandir.org. BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  51. ^ Thompson, Jessica Cargill. "Seven wonders of London: BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Hindu Mandir". Time Out London. Time Out Group. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  52. ^ PTI (17 October 2009). "Brown celebrates Diwali at 10, Downing Street, in a 'historic' first". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  53. ^ a b c d Zavos, John (2010). "Situating Hindu nationalism in the UK: Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the development of British Hindu identity". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 48 (1): 2–22. doi:10.1080/14662040903444475. ISSN 1466-2043. S2CID 153791094.
  54. ^ "TS030 - Religion Edit query". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  55. ^ a b "MS-B21: Religion - full detail". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  56. ^ a b "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion" Archived 2024-05-21 at the Wayback Machine. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  57. ^ 2021/22: England and Wales,[54] Northern Ireland,[55] and Scotland[56]
  58. ^ "KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  59. ^ "Census 2011: Religion: KS211NI (administrative geographies)". nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  60. ^ "Census 2011: Religion - Full Detail: QS218NI - Northern Ireland". nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  61. ^ "Scotland's Census 2011: Table KS209SCa" (PDF). scotlandcensus.gov.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  62. ^ 2011: England and Wales,[58] Northern Ireland,[59][60] and Scotland[61]
  63. ^ "KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  64. ^ "Census 2001: Religion (administrative geographies)". nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  65. ^ "Table KS07c: Religion (full list with 10 or more persons)". nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  66. ^ "Summary: Religious Group Demographics". scotland.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  67. ^ 2001: England and Wales,[63] Northern Ireland[64][65] and Scotland[66]
  68. ^ "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-11-29. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  69. ^ "Religion, 2021, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  70. ^ ONS (2010-07-02). "Release Edition Reference Tables". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
  71. ^ "2011 Census: Key Results from Releases 2A to 2D". Scotland's Census. Archived from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
  72. ^ "Home - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1996-12-19. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
  73. ^ a b "RM031: Ethnic group by religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  74. ^ "Country of birth (extended) and religion". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 11 June 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  75. ^ "UK Government Web Archive". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  76. ^ Robinson, Lena (2005-09-01). "South Asians in Britain: Acculturation, Identity and Perceived Discrimination". Psychology and Developing Societies. 17 (2): 181–194. doi:10.1177/097133360501700206. ISSN 0971-3336. S2CID 145467823.
  77. ^ Tillery, Gary (2011). Working class mystic : a spiritual biography of George Harrison. Quest Books/Theosophical Pub. House. pp. 91–148. ISBN 978-0-8356-0900-5.
  78. ^ "About Christopher Isherwood". www.isherwoodfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  79. ^ "British priest in Kerala in conversion debate". The Hindu. 2006-09-13. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  80. ^ "Record number of Muslim MPs elected". The Muslim News. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  81. ^ "BJP support group bats for Tories in 48 key UK seats". The Times of India. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  82. ^ "What's behind the Labour Party's rift with Hindu voters?". New Statesman. 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  83. ^ a b "General election 2019: Labour seeks to calm Hindu voters' anger". BBC News. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  84. ^ Siddique, Haroon (11 November 2019). "British Indians warn Hindu nationalist party not to meddle in UK elections". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  85. ^ "Fresh blow for Labour as Hindu Council claims party discriminates against community". Politics Home. 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  86. ^ "'Historic moment' as Rishi Sunak becomes first British Asian prime minister". The Independent. 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  87. ^ "Religion and tenure of household". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  88. ^ "Religion, education and work in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics".
  89. ^ Dias (Editor: Charles Westin), Nuno (2010). Identity processes and dynamics in multi-ethnic Europe. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-90-8964-046-8. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  90. ^ Skutsch, Carl (2005). Encyclopedia of the world's minorities. New York: Routledge. p. 554. ISBN 978-1-57958-470-2.
  91. ^ Weller, Paul (2001). Religious discrimination in England and Wales. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. ISBN 978-1-84082-612-8.
  92. ^ Paul Weller et al. (2015) (21 May 2015). Religion or Belief, Discrimination and Equality: Britain in Global Contexts. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-1474237512.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  93. ^ Gelfand, Michele; et al. (2015). Handbook of Advances in Culture and Psychology, Volume 5. Oxford University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-19-021897-3.
  94. ^ E Nesbitt (1993), Gender and religious tradition: The role learning of British Hindu children, Gender and Education, 5(1): 81-91
  95. ^ Monks, Claire P.; et al. (2008). "Peer victimization in multicultural schools in Spain and England". European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 5 (4): 507–535. doi:10.1080/17405620701307316. S2CID 145614268.
  96. ^ a b c Paul Iganski (2008), Hate crime and the city, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9781861349408
  97. ^ Lindblom (2005). Non-governmental organisations in international law. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–183. ISBN 978-0-521-85088-9.
  98. ^ Thane, Pat (2010). Unequal Britain equalities in Britain since 1945. Continuum. pp. 58–68. ISBN 978-1-84706-298-7.
  99. ^ Jacobsen, Knut (2004). South Asians in the diaspora histories and religious traditions. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12488-2.
  100. ^ 7/7 backlash against Hindus and Sikhs, The Telegraph; Quote - "There have been 932 hate crimes against Indians, predominantly Hindus and Sikhs, compared with around 600 such instances against Pakistani and Bangladeshi Muslims".
  101. ^ "Tory London mayoral candidate claimed celebrating Hindu and Muslim festivals has turned Britain into 'cesspool of crime'". The Independent. 2018-10-04. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  102. ^ Sonwalkar, Prasun (4 October 2018). "Anti-Hindu, Muslim views return to haunt London mayor candidate Shaun Bailey". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  103. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (4 October 2018). "Tory deputy chairman admits concerns about Shaun Bailey remarks". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  104. ^ "Tory London mayor candidate's comments 'Islamophobic'". BBC News. 4 October 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  105. ^ "Hindus in the UK". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  106. ^ https://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HJS-Anti-Hindu-Hate-in-Schools-Briefing-final.pdf Archived 2023-04-28 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  107. ^ "Muslim Students Harass Hindu Classmates in UK; Force Them to Convert to Islam: Report". 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  108. ^ "Muslim pupils tell Hindu classmates in UK to convert: Report". The Economic Times. 19 April 2023.
  109. ^ Johnston, Neil (18 April 2023). "Muslim pupils tell Hindu classmates to convert to Islam to avoid bullying". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  110. ^ "Demographics of Anguilla". gov.ai. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
  111. ^ "Population Demographics of British Virgin Islands" (PDF). Statistic Department. Government of British Virgin Islands. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 11 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  112. ^ "The 2010 Caymon Islands Census" (PDF). ESO.ky. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  113. ^ "2000 Round of Population and Housing Census Sub-project" (PDF). Caricomstats.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  114. ^ "India - Turks and Caicos Islands Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. January 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hinduism in the United Kingdom.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1257214273"