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Typhoon Louise (Ining)
Tropical Storm Marge (Liling)
Contour map of air pressures near the typhoon
Surface weather analysis of Typhoon Louise approaching the Philippines on November 18
Meteorological history
as Typhoon Louise
FormedNovember 14, 1964 (November 14, 1964)
DissipatedNovember 21, 1964 (November 21, 1964)
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds305 km/h (190 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Meteorological history
as Tropical Storm Marge
FormedNovember 20, 1964 (November 20, 1964)
DissipatedNovember 26, 1964 (November 26, 1964)
Tropical storm
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds100 km/h (65 mph)
Lowest pressure995 hPa (mbar); 29.38 inHg
Overall effects
FatalitiesAt least 577 (1 in Palau, ≥576 in the Philippines)
Damage≥$12.6 million (1964 USD)
Areas affectedPalau, Philippines
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1964 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Louise and Tropical Storm Marge, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ining and Tropical Storm Liling, respectively, were a pair of tropical cyclones that impacted Palau and the Philippines in November 1964. Louise was one of the most destructive typhoons documented in the central Philippines. Tracking data from meteorological agencies disagree whether the systems were a single tropical cyclone or two distinct tropical cyclones that occurred in quick succession, named separately by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) as Louise and Marge (and by the Philippine Weather Bureau as Ining and Liling).

The typhoon may have formed as early as November 14 in the vicinity of Yap State. It quickly strengthened and became a typhoon by November 16. Later that day, the storm passed south of Palau near Anguar. Intensification continued, and Louise's winds later reached Category 5 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale at 7.3°N, closer to the equator than any other storm of such strength in the Northern Hemisphere on record. The storm's one-minute sustained winds topped out at 305 km/h (190 mph) before making landfall on Surigao del Sur on November 18. Agencies that consider Louise and Marge to be the same storm indicate that the typhoon weakened over the Philippines and tracked northwest before making a counterclockwise arc across Luzon and the eastern South China Sea. Agencies that consider them separate systems believe Louise dissipated after crossing the Philippines, with a separate Marge concurrently developing east of Luzon and taking the arced path. Dissipation of Marge occurred by November 26.

Widespread devastation occurred in Angaur and Peleliu, two southern islands in Palau. In Peleliu, 97 percent of structures were destroyed. There was one death and four injuries caused by the typhoon in Palau, with total property and crop damage amounting to US$50,000–US$100,000. Louise moved across 13 Philippine provinces, with the most severe damage occurring in Surigao del Norte where the damage amounted to around US$12.5 million. Enumerations of the death toll ranged between 576 and 631, with around 300,000 people left homeless. Property damage was high throughout the affected regions, with Surigao City suffering the brunt of the typhoon. Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal stated that he had never "seen a more comprehensive devastation of any one province" following an aerial survey of Surigao del Norte.

Meteorological history

[edit]

Disagreements on classification

[edit]

The classification of Typhoon Louise and Tropical Storm Marge as a single tropical cyclone or two distinct tropical cyclones is disputed among the datasets of meteorological agencies. The China Meteorological Administration (CMA) lists the system as a singular entity.[1] However, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)—of which the former manages the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific[2]—analyze the system as two tropical cyclones that occurred in quick succession.[3][4][5]: 61  The JTWC named these two systems separately as Louise followed by Marge. The Philippine Weather Bureau also distinctly named the storms Ining and Liling.[6]

Typhoon Louise

[edit]
Track of Louise according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Louise originated from the interaction between a polar trough and a westward-moving tropical wave. A vortex spawned from this interaction by November 12, accompanied by low air pressures.[5]: 232  The system was first detected using meteorological satellites, a venue for observation still in its infancy in the early 1960s.[7] Data from the CMA suggest that the storm may have developed into a tropical cyclone as early as November 14, though the JMA and JTWC believed that the storm acquired such characteristics on November 15 while it was located approximately 160 km (99 mi) south of Yap State. The newly formed system developed quickly: reconnaissance aircraft began probing the developing storm late on November 15, finding one-minute maximum sustained winds of around 130 km/h (81 mph). This suggested Louise had potentially reached typhoon intensity within a day of forming.[1][8]: 78  Tracking west-northwest, the typhoon passed 22 km (14 mi) south of Angaur on November 16, with its one-minute sustained winds reaching 185 km/h (115 mph) during the close passage according to the JTWC.[9][1][8]: 78  Intensification continued, and Louise attained its peak intensity on November 18 with one-minute maximum sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) according to the JTWC. The JMA estimated a minimum air pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.02 inHg).[1] This ranked Louise as one of the strongest typhoons in 1964.[8]: 79  The typhoon was also located unusually close to the equator: at one point the storm had an intensity equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale while located at 7.3°N, placing it closer to the equator than any other Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone of such intensity.[10]

On November 19, Louise made landfall on the shores of Lanzua Bay in Surigao del Sur, Philippines.[8]: 78  At the time, the JTWC estimated that the storm had one-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). The typhoon then weakened as it crossed the Visayas and fell below typhoon intensity on November 20. The fate of the storm after this point is disputed.[1] According to the JTWC, the once powerful typhoon, named solely Louise, crossed Panay and slowed until it was stationary near Masbate later on November 20, rapidly weakening into a tropical depression and later dissipating on November 21.[8]: 78 

Tropical Storm Marge

[edit]
Track of Marge according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

As Louise dissipated, the JTWC tracked a newly developing tropical cyclone, named Marge, that moved into Luzon at Dingalan as a low-end tropical storm. This system then emerged into the South China Sea, where it moved erratically over a small area and attained peak one-minute sustained winds of 100 km/h (62 mph) on November 22 before dissipating the next day.[11] At the height of Marge's intensity, the storm possessed a large eye some 55–85 km (34–53 mi) in diameter.[6] The JMA assessed Louise to have weakened after its encounter with the Philippines with dissipation in the South China Sea on November 21.[3] The agency also monitored Tropical Storm Marge separately with a track beginning north of Samar on November 20 and taking an arced and clockwise path through Luzon and southwards within the South China Sea until the Marge's dissipation on November 26.[4] The CMA depicts Marge indistinguishably from Louise, with the storm taking a continuous path northwest through the Visayas and then curving west across Luzon before turning south in the South China Sea. Data from the agencies indicate this second phase of the storm's duration dissipated on or before November 26.[1]

Impact and aftermath

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Political map of the islands of Palau
Map of Palau in 1970

The islands of Palau—administered at the time as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands—were affected by Louise between about 12:00 p.m. PWT on November 16 to 3:00 p.m. PWT November 17 (03:00 UTC November 16–06:00 UTC November 17). Angaur was within the storm's eye for 45 minutes.[12] One-minute sustained winds were estimated at 185 km/h (115 mph) with gusts to 220 km/h (140 mph) as the typhoon passed.[9][13] Thousands of people were rendered homeless by the typhoon in the islands.[14] Louise's strong winds and storm surge destroyed much of the crops and vegetation on Angaur and Peleliu.[12] Ninety percent of homes and much of the municipal and Trust government structures on Angaur were destroyed;[14][12] a LORAN station operated by the United States Coast Guard and a church were among the few structures left standing. The damage was more pervasive on Peleliu where 97 percent of structures were destroyed. Total destruction or severe damage befell 15 percent of government facilities and 30 percent of private residences in Koror.[12] The loss of homes displaced 53 families in Angaur and 125 families in Peleliu.[15] One fatality and four injuries were reported in total from Palau, with property and crop damage ranging from US$50,000–US$500,000.[12] Guam initiated relief efforts shortly after the typhoon's passage of Palau,[16] leading to a joint effort between the Guam government, Commander Naval Forces Marianas, the American Red Cross, and the United States Coast Guard to deliver emergency supplies to the affected areas, including building materials, clothing, and vaccines.[15] President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized $250,000 in federal funding for emergency assistance to Angaur and Peleliu on December 10.[17][18] A rehabilitation committee was later established to plan the reconstruction of Angaur and Peleliu.[19]

Contour map of air pressures near the typhoon over the Philippines
Surface weather analysis of the storm moving through the Philippines on November 19

In its summary of 1964 typhoons published in the annual Climatological Data report, the United States Weather Bureau wrote that Louise "was one of the most destructive storms to hit the central Philippines in years." The death toll reached at least 576 and was accompanied by numerous displaced, injured, or missing persons.[8] Reuters reported that as many as 300,000 people were left homeless, while the Philippine government indicated that 286,870 people were left homeless and estimated that 157,000 families were affected by the storm.[20][21][22][23] The Philippine Red Cross enumerated 631 fatalities, 69 injured, 157 missing, and 376,235 displaced persons.[24] The typhoon wrought widespread damage, valued in the millions in Philippine pesos, to crops and public infrastructure.[25][22] Communications were undermined in the typhoon.[26] Louise traversed at least thirteen Philippine provinces.[27] Winds as high as 260 km/h (160 mph) battered the provinces of Agusan, Bohol, Leyte, Surigao del Norte, and Negros Island.[8] Surigao del Norte was hardest hit among them; at least 100 people were killed and an estimated 100,000 people were displaced by the storm in the province.[28][29] These casualty figures were reported by a local police commander and later the Philippine Constabulary.[27][30] At least 312 deaths occurred in Surigao, Surigao del Norte, where damage was estimated by Governor Constantino Navarro at around US$12.5 million;[31][32] a village in the city reported over 100 fatalities and the loss of all buildings.[33][8] Bacolod on Negros Island reported ten deaths and additional injuries.[25] A tornado razed a chapel, killing the chapel minister and his family.[34] A village leader in Negros Island gave of the following description of the destruction to a Philippine news service, as reported by The Canadian Press:[34]

It was a pathetic sight as hysterical parents lost all their children. It was a nightmare. [...] Drowning victims shouting for help, others clinging to rooftops as their houses were carried away by rampaging floodwaters or smashed by logs ...

Floods and landslides damaged several bridges and public buildings in Agusan Province.[25] Twelve drownings were reported in Occidental Mindoro.[35] Nine inter-island ships capsized during the storm.[8] Five people were killed after their ship sank off of Surigao del Norte.[36][25] Another ship bearing 55 passengers sank off Zamboanga; the drownings of 6 people were confirmed while another 32 were presumed as drowned.[37] Forty-six people were rescued after a freighter and a salvage tug were forced into a reef by the typhoon's winds off Labuan in Malaysia.[8][38]

A state of calamity was declared for Surigao del Norte, accompanied by bans of hoarding and price speculation in the disaster zones.[34][39] Colonel Godofredo Mendoza directed the deployment of all available Philippine Constabulary personnel in the province to assist in disaster relief.[40] A government team was also mobilized to Surigao by President Diosdado Macapagal, as well as members of the Cabinet of the Philippines to survey the damage.[41][31] Macapagal took part in an aerial survey of the damage in Surigao del Norte on November 25. Following the survey, Macapgal held an emergency meeting with the Cabinet and directed the issuance of loans to storm victims and to provide military and financial assistance to rebuilding the province; Macapgal commented that he had never "seen a more comprehensive devastation of any one province."[42] Supplies and personnel were shipped to the disaster zone from Manila and other cities in the Philippines.[25] The relief efforts of the Philippine Red Cross and Philippine Constabulary were directed not only to the typhoon's aftermath but to concurrent floods and an outbreak of cholera throughout the northern and central Philippines.[43] The U.S. granted US$25,000 in relief aid to the Philippines.[23] In June 1966, the Congress of the Philippines authorized ₱3.4 million to be distributed annually through fiscal year 1969-70 for Surigao del Norte and its municipalities.[44]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "1964 Super Typhoon LOUISE:MARGE (1964319N08141)". IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Asheville, North Carolina: University of North Carolina–Asheville. 2018. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  2. ^ "Latest Advisories". Tropical Cyclone Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  3. ^ a b Kitamoto, Asanobu. "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 196431 (LOUISE) - Detailed Track Information". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Kitamoto, Asanobu. "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 196432 (MARGE) - Detailed Track Information". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Cassidy, Richard M., ed. (February 15, 1964). Annual Typhoon Report, 1964 (PDF) (Report). Annual Typhoon Report. Guam, Mariana Islands: Fleet Weather Central/Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Annual Report of the Weather Bureau, FY 1964–1965". Annual Report of the Weather Bureau. Manila, Philippines: Philippines Weather Bureau. 1965.
  7. ^ Significant Achievements in Satellite Meteorology 1958-1964 (Report). Significant Achievements In... Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1966. SP-94. Retrieved November 26, 2020 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Climatological Data: National Summary (Annual 1964)" (PDF). Climatological Data. 15 (13). Asheville, North Carolina: United States Weather Bureau: 74, 78–79. 1965. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.
  9. ^ a b "A Summary of Palau's Typhoon History" (PDF). Palau: Coral Reef Research Foundation. December 2014.
  10. ^ Masters, Jeff (December 4, 2020). "Typhoon Bopha hits the Philippines at Cat 5 strength; at least 40 killed". Category 6. Wunderground. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  11. ^ "Rough Log, North Pacific Weather: September–November 1964". Mariners Weather Log. 9 (1). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 28–32. January 1965 – via HathiTrust.
  12. ^ a b c d e "November 1964" (PDF). Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena. 6 (11). Asheville, North Carolina: United States Weather Bureau: 115. 1965. Retrieved November 26, 2020 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.
  13. ^ "Typhoon Lashes Palau". Guam Daily News. Vol. 19, no. 278. Hagåtña, Guam. November 18, 1964. p. 12. Retrieved November 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ a b "A Typhoon Blow". The Kansas City Star. Vol. 85, no. 61. Kansas City, Missouri. Associated Press. November 17, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved November 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ a b "Emergency Aid Moving to TT Isles". Guam Daily News. Vol. 219, no. 280. Hagåtña, Guam. November 21, 1964. p. 12. Retrieved December 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "Typhoon Louise Hits Pacific Islands Area". The Sun. Vol. 256, no. 2. Baltimore, Maryland. Associated Press. November 18, 1964. p. 7. Retrieved November 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "Typhoon Louise (DR-181-FSM)". Washington, D.C.: FEMA. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  18. ^ "Disaster Declared". The Courier-Journal. Vol. 220, no. 164. Louisville, Kentucky. Associated Press. December 11, 1964. p. 21. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Goding, M. W. (1964). 1964 Annual Report (Report). The High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30. Office of the High Commissioner.
  20. ^ "Typhoon Deaths Rise". Daily News. Vol. 46, no. 130. New York, New York. Reuters. November 24, 1964. p. 8. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ "Nineteen More Are Killed By Typhoon Louise". The Palladium-Item. Vol. 134, no. 280. Richmond, Indiana. United Press International. November 22, 1964. p. 16. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ a b "250 Are Reported Dead In Philippines Typhoon". The Evening Sun. Vol. 110, no. 30. Baltimore, Maryland. Reuters. November 21, 1964. p. 3. Retrieved December 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ a b "588 Killed By Typhoon". St. Joseph Gazette. Vol. 120, no. 154. St. Joseph, Missouri. United Press International. November 26, 2020. p. 2C. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "Philippines Get Renewed Storm Warning". The Honolulu Advertiser. No. 54591. Honolulu, Hawaii. United Press International. November 29, 1964. p. A1-A. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ a b c d e "Storm Toll May Hit 200 on Island". The Spokesman-Review. No. 191. Spokane, Washington. November 21, 1964. p. 8. Retrieved December 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ "Typhoon kills 250". The Leader-Post. Vol. 55, no. 272. Regina, Saskatchewan. Reuters. November 21, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved December 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ a b "Typhoon Toll Rises By 19". The Charlotte Observer. No. 258. Charlotte, North Carolina. United Press International. November 22, 1964. p. 12A. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "Dying Typhoon Louise Leaves Huge Death, Property Losses". Lompoc Record. No. 193. Lompoc, California. United Press International. November 20, 1964. p. 3-A. Retrieved November 27, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Typhoon Louise Leaves 100 Dead". Journal and Courier. Vol. 45, no. 279. Lafayette, Indiana. Associated Press. November 20, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved November 27, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "Typhoon Kills 100". Santa Cruz Sentinel. No. 278. Santa Cruz, California. Associated Press. November 22, 1964. p. 13. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ a b "Typhoon Louise Damage Studied". Lansing State Journal. Lansing, Michigan. Associated Press. November 23, 2020. p. D-12. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "Philippine Officials Inspect Typhoon Loss". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Vol. 86, no. 325. St. Louis, Missouri. Associated Press. November 23, 1964. p. 6A. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "Typhoon Louise Kills 100 In Philippiens". The Independent Record. Vol. 21, no. 306. Helena, Montana. Associated Press. November 20, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved November 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ a b c "Typhoon Louise kills 567". The Leader-Post. Vol. 55, no. 275. Regina, Saskatechwan. Canadian Press. November 25, 1964. p. 5. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "Typhoon Kills 67 Filipinos". The Capital Times. Vol. 94, no. 139. Madison, Wisconsin. United Press International. November 21, 1964. p. 15. Retrieved December 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ "Typhoon Leaves Over 100 Dead In Philippines". Wilkes-Barre Time Leader. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. November 20, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved November 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ^ "Philippine Ship Sinks; Many Lost". Oakland Tribune. Vol. 178, no. 334. Oakland, California. United Press International. November 29, 1964. p. A2. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ "Hope Abandoned for Two Vessels". Spokane Daily Chronicle. No. 54. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. November 21, 1964. p. 2. Retrieved December 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ^ "Calamity Is Proclaimed In Philippine Province". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Vol. 86, no. 327. St. Louis, Missouri. United Press International. November 25, 1964. p. 11D. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^ "Typhoon Louise Casualties High". The Record. Vol. 70, no. 143. Hacksensack, New Jersey. United Press International. November 20, 1964. p. 3. Retrieved November 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ "Typhoon Toll Increasing". Evening Journal. Vol. 32, no. 277. Wilmington, Delaware. United Press International. November 23, 1964. p. 2. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ "Official Week in Review: November 22 — November 28, 1964". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  43. ^ "300 killed in Philippines". The Guardian. No. 36820. Manchester, United Kingdom. November 21, 1964. p. 9. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  44. ^ An Act Authorizing the Appropriation of Three Million Pesos As Subsidy to the Rehabilitation of the Province of Surigao del Norte and its Municipalities Which Were Devastated by Typhoon Louise Last November 19, 1964 (House Bill 421). Sixth Congress of the Republic of the Philippines. May 19, 1966.
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