Jump to content

Tuvan People's Republic: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 51°41′53″N 94°23′24″E / 51.698°N 94.390°E / 51.698; 94.390
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
this article needs more references
Line 42: Line 42:
==History==
==History==
{{Main|History of Tuva}}
{{Main|History of Tuva}}
Following the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], Communist troops took Tuva in January 1920. The chaos accompanying this era allowed the Tuvans to again proclaim their independence. On 14 August 1921, the [[Bolshevik]]s (supported by [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]]) established a Tuvan People's Republic, called '''Tannu Tuva''' until 1926. The capital Khem-Beldir was eventually renamed [[Kyzyl]] ('Red' in Tuvan; in Tuvan and Russian: Кызыл; in 1922-26 named "Красный", ''Krasnyy'', 'Red' in Russian). A treaty between the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] in 1926 affirmed the country’s independence. No other countries formally recognized it, although it appeared on maps and globes produced in the United States.
Following the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], Communist troops took Tuva in January 1920. The chaos accompanying this era allowed the Tuvans to again proclaim their independence. On 14 August 1921, the [[Bolshevik]]s (supported by [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|bloody Russia]]) established a Tuvan People's Republic, called '''Tannu Tuva''' until 1926. The capital Khem-Beldir was eventually renamed [[Kyzyl]] ('Red' in Tuvan; in Tuvan and Russian: Кызыл; in 1922-26 named "Красный", ''Krasnyy'', 'Red' in Russian). A treaty between the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] in 1926 affirmed the country’s independence. No other countries formally recognized it, although it appeared on maps and globes produced in the United States.


[[File:Flag of Tannu Tuva (1926-1930).png|thumb|150px|left|Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic, 24 November 1926–28 June 1930.]]
[[File:Flag of Tannu Tuva (1926-1930).png|thumb|150px|left|Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic, 24 November 1926–28 June 1930.]]


Tuva’s first Prime Minister was [[Donduk Kuular]] of the [[Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party]]. Kuular made [[Buddhism]] the state religion and tried to limit settlers and propaganda coming from Russia. He also tried to establish ties with Mongolia. Russia became increasingly alarmed by these initiatives and in 1929 Prime Minister Kuular was arrested and later executed. In Russia meanwhile (in 1930) five members of the [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]] (KUTV), the same group that executed Kuular, were appointed "commissars extraordinary" for Tuva. Staunchly loyal to [[Joseph Stalin]]'s government, they purged the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party of about a third of its members and pushed [[collectivisation]] in the traditionally nomadic cattle breeding country. The new government set about trying to destroy Buddhism and shamanism in Tuva, a policy encouraged by Stalin. Evidence of the success of these actions can be seen in the decline in the numbers of [[lama]]s in the country: in 1929 there were 25 lamaseries and about 4,000 lamas and Shamans; in 1931 there was just one lamasery, 15 lamas, and approximately 725 shamans. The attempts at eradicating nomadic husbandry were more difficult. A census in 1931 showed that 82.2% of Tuvans still engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. [[Salchak Toka]], one of the commissars extraordinary mentioned above, was made General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party in 1932. He stayed in power in Tuva until his death in 1973.
Tuva’s first Prime Minister was [[Donduk Kuular]] of the [[Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party]]. Kuular made [[Buddhism]] the state religion and tried to limit settlers and propaganda coming from bloody Russia. He also tried to establish ties with Mongolia. Bloody Russia became increasingly alarmed by these initiatives and in 1929 Prime Minister Kuular was arrested and later executed. In bloody Russia meanwhile (in 1930) five members of the [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]] (KUTV), the same group that executed Kuular, were appointed "commissars extraordinary" for Tuva. Staunchly loyal to [[Joseph Stalin]]'s government, they purged the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party of about a third of its members and pushed [[collectivisation]] in the traditionally nomadic cattle breeding country. The new government set about trying to destroy Buddhism and shamanism in Tuva, a policy encouraged by Stalin. Evidence of the success of these actions can be seen in the decline in the numbers of [[lama]]s in the country: in 1929 there were 25 lamaseries and about 4,000 lamas and Shamans; in 1931 there was just one lamasery, 15 lamas, and approximately 725 shamans. The attempts at eradicating nomadic husbandry were more difficult. A census in 1931 showed that 82.2% of Tuvans still engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. [[Salchak Toka]], one of the commissars extraordinary mentioned above, was made General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party in 1932. He stayed in power in Tuva until his death in 1973.


Tuva entered [[World War II]] with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] on 25 June 1941, three days after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German attack]] on the Soviet Union. On 11 October 1944, at the request of Tuva's Small People's Khural (parliament), Tuva has become a part of the Soviet Union as the [[Tuvan Autonomous Oblast]] of the [[Russian SFSR]] by the decision of [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the USSR. The Small People's Khural formalized the reunion at its final session on 1 November 1944. Salchak Toka was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party. Tuva was an [[Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union|autonomous republic]] ([[Tuvan ASSR]] within the Russian SFSR) from 10 October 1961 until 1992.
Tuva entered [[World War II]] with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] on 25 June 1941, three days after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German attack]] on the Soviet Union. On 11 October 1944, at the request of Tuva's Small People's Khural (parliament), Tuva has become a part of the Soviet Union as the [[Tuvan Autonomous Oblast]] of the [[Russian SFSR]] by the decision of [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the USSR. The Small People's Khural formalized the reunion at its final session on 1 November 1944. Salchak Toka was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party. Tuva was an [[Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union|autonomous republic]] ([[Tuvan ASSR]] within the Russian SFSR) from 10 October 1961 until 1992.

Revision as of 22:50, 13 August 2011

Tuvan People's Republic
Tьвa Arat Respuвlik
1921–1944
Tannu Tuva
Tannu Tuva
StatusSatellite state of the Soviet Union
CapitalKyzyl
Common languagesTuvan, Russian
Religion
Tibetan Buddhism, Shamanism
GovernmentSocialist republic
Historical eraInterwar period
• Established
August 14 1921
• Annexed
October 11 1944
Area
1944170,500 km2 (65,800 sq mi)
Population
• 1944
95,400
CurrencyTuvan akşa
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Tannu Uriankhai
Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
Tuvan People's Republic's location (in modern boundaries)

The Tuvan People's Republic (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva; Tuvan: Tьвa Arat Respuвlik, Тыва Арат Республик, Tyva Arat Respublik) (1921–1944) was an independent state in the territory of the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia (though part of the Qing Empire until its collapse in 1911), also known as Uryankhaisky Krai (Russian: Урянхайский край). It was a satellite state of USSR. The Tuvan People's Republic is now formally known as Tuva Republic within the Russian Federation.

History

Main article: History of Tuva

Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Communist troops took Tuva in January 1920. The chaos accompanying this era allowed the Tuvans to again proclaim their independence. On 14 August 1921, the Bolsheviks (supported by bloody Russia) established a Tuvan People's Republic, called Tannu Tuva until 1926. The capital Khem-Beldir was eventually renamed Kyzyl ('Red' in Tuvan; in Tuvan and Russian: Кызыл; in 1922-26 named "Красный", Krasnyy, 'Red' in Russian). A treaty between the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People's Republic in 1926 affirmed the country’s independence. No other countries formally recognized it, although it appeared on maps and globes produced in the United States.

Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic, 24 November 1926–28 June 1930.

Tuva’s first Prime Minister was Donduk Kuular of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party. Kuular made Buddhism the state religion and tried to limit settlers and propaganda coming from bloody Russia. He also tried to establish ties with Mongolia. Bloody Russia became increasingly alarmed by these initiatives and in 1929 Prime Minister Kuular was arrested and later executed. In bloody Russia meanwhile (in 1930) five members of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV), the same group that executed Kuular, were appointed "commissars extraordinary" for Tuva. Staunchly loyal to Joseph Stalin's government, they purged the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party of about a third of its members and pushed collectivisation in the traditionally nomadic cattle breeding country. The new government set about trying to destroy Buddhism and shamanism in Tuva, a policy encouraged by Stalin. Evidence of the success of these actions can be seen in the decline in the numbers of lamas in the country: in 1929 there were 25 lamaseries and about 4,000 lamas and Shamans; in 1931 there was just one lamasery, 15 lamas, and approximately 725 shamans. The attempts at eradicating nomadic husbandry were more difficult. A census in 1931 showed that 82.2% of Tuvans still engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. Salchak Toka, one of the commissars extraordinary mentioned above, was made General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party in 1932. He stayed in power in Tuva until his death in 1973.

Tuva entered World War II with the USSR on 25 June 1941, three days after the German attack on the Soviet Union. On 11 October 1944, at the request of Tuva's Small People's Khural (parliament), Tuva has become a part of the Soviet Union as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast of the Russian SFSR by the decision of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The Small People's Khural formalized the reunion at its final session on 1 November 1944. Salchak Toka was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party. Tuva was an autonomous republic (Tuvan ASSR within the Russian SFSR) from 10 October 1961 until 1992.

The area that was the Tuvan People's Republic is now known as Tyva Republic within the Russian Federation. Over 75% of population of Tuva are ethnic Tuvans.

Heads of Institutions

Heads of state

Heads of government

Heads of party

Population

Population of Tuva[1]
1918 1931 1944 1958
Tuvans 48,000 64,900 81,100 98,000
Russians and other 12,000 17,300 14,300* 73,900
Total 60,000 82,200 95,400 171,900

*: Russian population declined due to the conscription ("call up") to the Red Army in the Second World War period

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuvinian People's Republic.

References

  1. ^ V.A.Grebneva "Geography of Tuva". Kyzyl, 1968 (in Russian)

51°41′53″N 94°23′24″E / 51.698°N 94.390°E / 51.698; 94.390

Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Tuvan_People%27s_Republic&oldid=444707855"