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Triple deity

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This article is about deities with triple forms. For triads of deities, see Triad (religion). For the Christian doctrine, see Trinity. For the modern pagan belief, see Triple Goddess (Neopaganism).
The Greek goddess Hecate portrayed in triplicate

A triple deity is a deity with three apparent forms that function as a singular whole. Such deities may sometimes be referred to as threefold, tripled, triplicate, tripartite, triune, triadic, or as a trinity. The number three has a long history of mythical associations and triple deities are common throughout world mythology. Carl Jung considered the arrangement of deities into triplets an archetype in the history of religion.[1][2][3]

In classical religious iconography or mythological art,[4] three separate beings may represent either a triad who typically appear as a group (the Greek Moirai, Charites, and Erinyes; the Norse Norns; or the Irish Morrígan) or a single deity notable for having three aspects (Greek Hecate, Roman Diana).[5]

Origins

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Georges Dumézil proposed in his trifunctional hypothesis that ancient Indo-European society conceived of itself as structured around three activities: worship, war, and toil.[6] As social structures developed, particular segments of societies became more closely associated with one of the three fundamental activities. These segments, in turn, became entrenched as three distinct "classes", each one represented by its own god.[7] In 1970, Dumézil proposed that some goddesses represented these three qualities as different aspects or epithets. Interpreting various deities, including the Iranian Anāhitā and the Roman Juno, he identified what were, in his view, examples of this.[8] Dumézil's trifunctional hypothesis proved controversial. Many critics[specify] view it as a modern imposition onto Indo-European religion rather than an idea present in the society itself.[9][full citation needed][10][11]

Vesna Petreska posits that myths including trinities of female mythical beings from Central and Eastern European cultures may be evidence for an Indo-European belief in trimutive female "spinners" of destiny.[12]: 222  However, according to the linguist M. L. West, various female deities and mythological figures in Europe show the influence of pre-Indo-European goddess-worship, and triple female fate divinities, typically "spinners" of destiny, are attested all over Europe and in Bronze Age Anatolia.[13]

Ancient India

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The Trimurti with their consorts.
Main articles: Trimurti and Tridevi

The trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, in which the cosmic functions of creation, preservation, and destruction are personified as a triad of deities, is called Trimūrti (Sanskrit: त्रिमूर्ति 'three forms' or 'trinity'), where Brahma is considered the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer.

The sacred symbol of Hinduism, the Om (or Aum), the sacred sound, syllable, mantra, and invocation, is considered to have an allusion to Trimurti, where the A, U, and M phonemes of the word are considered to indicate creation, preservation and destruction, the which the whole as representing the transcendent or absolute Brahman is added. It also indicates the three basic states of consciousness, in addition to which the whole syllable is interpreted as the subject of the consciousness, the self-principle (Ātman), which is considered to be identical with the Brahman.

The Tridevi is the trinity of goddess consorts for the gods in the Trimurti, typically personified by the Hindu goddesses Saraswati, Lakshmi, and Parvati. In Shaktism, these triune goddesses are considered the manifestations of Mahadevi, the Supreme Goddess (the female abolute), also known as Mula-Prakriti or Adi Parashakti.

Antiquity

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A first-century BC denarius (RRC 486/1) depicting the head of Diana and her triple cult statue[14]

The Roman goddess Diana was venerated from the late sixth century BC as diva triformis, "three-form goddess",[15] and early on was conflated with the similarly depicted Greek goddess Hekate.[16] Andreas Alföldi interpreted a late Republican numismatic image as Diana "conceived as a threefold unity of the divine huntress, the Moon goddess and the goddess of the nether world, Hekate".[17] This coin shows that the triple goddess cult image still stood in the lucus of Nemi in 43 BC. The Lake of Nemi was Triviae lacus for Virgil (Aeneid 7.516), while Horace called Diana montium custos nemoremque virgo ("keeper of the mountains and virgin of Nemi") and diva triformis ("three-form goddess").[15] In his commentary on Virgil, Maurus Servius Honoratus said that the same goddess was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Proserpina in hell.[18]

Spells and hymns in Greek magical papyri refer to the goddess (called Hecate, Persephone, and Selene, among other names) as "triple-sounding, triple-headed, triple-voiced..., triple-pointed, triple-faced, triple-necked". In one hymn, for instance, the "Three-faced Selene" is simultaneously identified as the three Charites, the three Moirai, and the three Erinyes; she is further addressed by the titles of several goddesses.[19] Translation editor Hans Dieter Betz notes: "The goddess Hekate, identical with Persephone, Selene, Artemis, and the old Babylonian goddess Ereschigal, is one of the deities most often invoked in the papyri."[20]

E. Cobham Brewer's 1894 Dictionary of Phrase & Fable contained the entry, "Hecate: A triple deity, called Phoebe or the Moon in heaven, Diana on the earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell," and noted that "Chinese have the triple goddess Pussa".[21] The Roman poet Ovid, through the character of the Greek woman Medea, refers to Hecate as "the triple Goddess";[22] the earlier Greek poet Hesiod represents her as a threefold goddess, with a share in earth, sea, and starry heavens.[23] Hecate was depicted variously as a single womanly form; as three women back-to-back; as a three-headed woman, sometimes with the heads of animals; or as three upper bodies of women springing from a single lower body ("we see three heads and shoulders and six hands, but the lower part of her body is single, and closely resembles that of the Ephesian Artemis".)[24]

The Olympian demiurgic triad in platonic philosophy was made up of Zeus (considered the Zeus [king of the gods] of the Heavens), Poseidon (Zeus of the seas) and Pluto/Hades (Zeus of the underworld). All were considered to be ultimately a monad; the same Zeus who gave rise to the Titanic demiurgic triad of Helios (the sun when in the sky), Apollo (the sun seen in the world of humankind), and Dionysus (god of mysteries, or the "sun" of the underworld), as in Plato's Phaedrus, concerning the myth of Dionysus and the Titans)[25]

Ancient Celtic cultures

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Terracotta relief of the Matres, from Bibracte, city of the Aedui in Gaul.

The Matres or Matronae are usually represented as a group of three but sometimes with as many as 27 (3 × 3 × 3) inscriptions. They were associated with motherhood and fertility. Inscriptions to these deities have been found in Gaul, Spain, Italy, the Rhineland and Britain, as their worship was carried by Roman soldiery dating from the mid-first to third century AD.[26] Miranda Green observes that "triplism" reflects a way of "expressing the divine rather than presentation of specific god-types. Triads or triple beings are ubiquitous in the Welsh and Irish mythic imagery" (she gives examples including the Irish battle-furies, Macha, and Brigit). "The religious iconographic repertoire of Gaul and Britain during the Roman period includes a wide range of triple forms: the most common triadic depiction is that of the triple mother goddess" (she lists numerous examples).[27]

In the case of the Irish Brigid it can be ambiguous whether she is a single goddess or three sisters, all named Brigid.[28] The Morrígan also appears sometimes as one being, and at other times as three sisters,[29][30][31][32] as do the three Irish goddesses of sovereignty, Ériu, Fódla and Banba.[33][34]

Christianity

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Main article: Trinity
Renaissance painting by Jerónimo Cosida depicting the Christian Trinity, as a three faced head, accompanied by a Shield of the Trinity diagram.

Nicene Christians profess "one God in three divine persons" (God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit). This is not to be understood as a belief in (or worship of) three Gods, nor as a belief that there are three subjectively-perceived "aspects" in one God, both of which the Catholic Church condemns as heresy. The Catholic Church also rejects the notions that God is "composed" of its three persons and that "God" is a genus containing the three persons.

The c. fourth-century Gnostic text "Trimorphic Protennoia" presents a threefold discourse of the three forms of Divine Thought: the Father, the Son, and the Mother (Sophia).[35] Micheus, Michar, and Mnesinous, the three heavenly spirits of baptism, also appear in various Sethian Gnostic texts.[36]

Some Christian saints, especially martyrs, are trios who share a feast day or other remembrance. (See Category:Saints trios.) Whether they are subject to actual veneration and prayed to for supernatural aid, or simply honored, varies by Christian denomination.[citation needed]

Modalistic Monarchianism

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Main article: Modalistic Monarchianism
See also: Patripassianism

Whereas Nicene Christians professes "one God in three divine persons" (God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Ghost), Modalism is a form of Christian Unitarianism which stands in opposition to Trinitarianism and holds that the one God is also just one person, but simply appears in three different forms; those forms being the Father, Son, and Spirit. Modalism holds that the same one God simply appears in different forms throughout history. For example, Jesus was simply one form of the same God, and so Modalism holds that the "Father" suffered no less on the cross than did the "Son", as these are simply two names for one deity appearing in different forms. In addition, Modalism holds that the Holy Spirit is not a separate person from the Father either, but is simply a term that describes God in action. Modalism is considered a heresy in orthodox Christianity.[37]

Neopaganism

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Main article: Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)
Symbol of Triple Goddess, composed of waxing crescent, full moon, and waning crescent

Peter H. Goodrich interprets the literary figure of Morgan le Fay as a manifestation of a British triple goddess in the medieval romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.[38] A modern idea of a triple goddess is central to the new religious movement of Wicca.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Bentley Lamborn, Amy (2011). "Revisiting Jung's "A Psychological Approach to the Dogma of the Trinity": Some Implications for Psychoanalysis and Religion". Journal of Religion and Health. 50 (1): 108–119. doi:10.1007/s10943-010-9417-9. ISSN 0022-4197. JSTOR 41349770. PMID 21042858. S2CID 21332730.
  2. ^ Stein, Murray (1990). Moore, Robert L.; Meckel, Daniel (eds.). Jung and Christianity in dialogue: Faith, feminism, and hermeneutics. New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 9780809131877.
  3. ^ "Triads of gods appear very early, at the primitive level. The archaic triads in the religions of antiquity and of the East are too numerous to be mentioned here. Arrangement in triads is an archetype in the history of religion, which in all probability formed the basis of the Christian Trinity." C. G. Jung. A Psychological Approach to the Dogma of the Trinity.
  4. ^ For a summary of the analogous problem of representing the trinity in Christian art, see Clara Erskine Clement's dated but useful Handbook of Legendary and Mythological Art (Boston, 1900), p. 12.
  5. ^ Virgil addresses Hecate as tergemina Hecate, tria virginis, ora Dianae (Aeneid, 4.511).
  6. ^ William Hansen, Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans (Oxford University Press US, 2005), p. 306_308 online.
  7. ^ The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy p. 562
  8. ^ Nāsstrōm, Britt-Mari (1999). "Freyja — The Trivalent Goddess". In Sand, Erik Reenberg; Sørensen, Jørgen Podemann (eds.). Comparative Studies in History of Religions: Their Aim, Scope and Validity. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 62–64.
  9. ^ Allen, N. J. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2007.10.53
  10. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction p. 32
  11. ^ Gonda, J. (November 1974). "Dumezil's Tripartite Ideology: Some Critical Observations". The Journal of Asian Studies. 34 (1): 139–149. doi:10.2307/2052415. JSTOR 2052415. S2CID 144109518.
  12. ^ Petreska, Vesna (2006). "Demons of Fate in Macedonian Folk Beliefs". In Klaniczay, Gábor; Pócs, Éva (eds.). Christian Demonology and Popular Mythology. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 221. ISBN 963-7326-76-6. OCLC 84742672. They are females – three women, maidens or sisters .... They appear in three age categories, young, middle-aged, and old .... The youngest one starts the foretelling, then the middle one, but the crucial information is foretold by the third, the oldest narechnitsa .... This belief is related to the ancient Indo-European tradition of threefold death
  13. ^ West, Martin Litchfield (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. pp. 140–141, 379–385.
  14. ^ (CNG)
  15. ^ a b Horace, Carmina 3.22.1.
  16. ^ Green, C.M.C. (2007). Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  17. ^ Alföldi, "Diana Nemorensis", American Journal of Archaeology (1960:137-44) p 141.
  18. ^ Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 6.118.
  19. ^ Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. (1989). The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation: Including the Demotic Spells – Texts. University of Chicago Press. PGM IV 2785-2890, on pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-226-04447-7.
    "Triple" assertions also occur in PGM IV. 1390-1495 on p.65, PGM IV. 2441-2621 on pp.84-86, and PGM IV. 2708-84 on p.89.
  20. ^ Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. (1989). The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation: Including the Demotic Spells – Texts. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04447-7.
  21. ^ Brewer, E. Cobham (1894). Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. pp. 593, 1246.
  22. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, book 7, tr. John Dryden, et al (1717). Accessed 2009-09-23.

    Hecate will never join in that offence:
    Unjust is the request you make, and I
    In kindness your petition shall deny;
    Yet she that grants not what you do implore,
    Shall yet essay to give her Jason more;
    Find means t' encrease the stock of Aeson's years,
    Without retrenchment of your life's arrears;
    Provided that the triple Goddess join
    A strong confed'rate in my bold design.
  23. ^ Eliade, Mircea (ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion (1987 edition), "Hekate" entry, vol.6, p.251.
  24. ^ Farnell, Lewis Richard (1896). Chapter 19, "Hekate: Representations in Art", in The Cults of the Greek States, volume 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.557.
  25. ^ The golden chain: an anthology of Pythagorean and Platonic philosophy, Algis Uždavinys, 274
  26. ^ Takacs, Sarolta A. (2008) Vestal Virgins, Sybils, and Matrons: Women in Roman Religion. University of Texas Press. pp. 118–121.
  27. ^ Green, Miranda. "Back to the Future: Resonances of the Past", pp.56-57, in Gazin-Schwartz, Amy, and Holtorf, Cornelius (1999). Archaeology and Folklore. Routledge.
  28. ^ Miranda Green, The Celtic World (Routledge, 1996), p. 481; Hilary Robinson, "Becoming Women: Irigaray, Ireland and Visual Representation," in Art, Nation and Gender: Ethnic Landscapes, Myths and Mother-figures (Ashgate, 2003), p. 116.
  29. ^ Sjoestedt, Marie-Louise (18 September 2000). Celtic Gods and Heroes. Dover Publications. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0-486-41441-8.
  30. ^ Ó hOgain, Daithi (1991). Myth, Legend and Romance: An Encyclopedia of the Irish Folk Tradition. Oxford: Prentice Hall Press. pp. 307–309. ISBN 0-13-275959-4.
  31. ^ Ellis Davidson, Hilda (1988). Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-8156-2441-7.
  32. ^ MacKillop, James (1998). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 335–336. ISBN 0-19-280120-1.
  33. ^ "Ériu". Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia. 14 April 2011.
  34. ^ Mhatre, Sandeep. "Datta Sampradaay and Their Vital Role". Swami Samarth Temple. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  35. ^ "Trimorphic Protennoia". Gnosis.org. Translated by Turner, John D. Hollywood, California: Gnostic Society. 1998.
  36. ^ Meyer, Marvin (2007). The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. New York: HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-162600-5. OCLC 124538398.
  37. ^ D.H. Williams, "Modalism", in Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, 2011.
  38. ^ Peter H. Goodrich, "Ritual Sacrifice and the Pre-Christian Subtext of Gawain's Green Girdle," in Sir Gawain and the Classical Tradition (McFarland, 2006), pp. 74–75

Additional sources

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  • Jung, C. G. "A Psychological Approach to the Dogma of the Trinity" (1948), in Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Princeton University Press 1969, vol. 11, 2nd edition, pp. 107–200.
  • Brabazon, Michael (Summer 2002). "Carl Jung and the Trinitarian Self". Quodlibet. 4 (2–3). Retrieved September 19, 2008.
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