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Ramalina

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Ramalina
Ramalina fraxinea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Ramalina
Ach. (1809)[1]
Type species
Ramalina fraxinea
(L.) Ach. (1810)
Species

See text

Synonyms[2]

Ramalina is a genus of greenish fruticose lichens that grow in the form of flattened, strap-like branches.[3]: 189  Members of the genus are commonly called strap lichens[3]: 189  or cartilage lichens.[4] Apothecia are lecanorine.[3]: 189 

It is in the family Ramalinaceae and in the suborder Lecanorineae.[5]

Description

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The genus Ramalina consists of shrubby (fruticose) lichens that often appear tufted, ranging from erect to hanging (pendulous) forms. The lobes of the thallus, which is the body of the lichen, typically emerge from a well-defined or more spread-out holdfast—a structure that anchors the lichen to its substrate. In rare cases, these lichens can be free-living, unattached to any surface. The branches within the thallus can vary from singular to many, and their branching pattern may be either regularly forked (dichotomous) or more irregular. These branches are commonly compressed and strap-shaped, although they can occasionally be rounded or symmetrical when viewed in cross-section. Some species may have channels, and a few can even develop window-like openings (fenestrations) or small, wart-like structures called papillae. In addition, the surface may be smooth or display ridges.[6]

The outer layer of the thallus, the cortex, is typically thin and sometimes indistinct. Beneath the cortex lies a well-developed, cylindrical layer of interwoven fungal filaments hyphae), which is absent in species like Ramalina lacera. The inner side of this layer is often invaded by the photobiont layer, where the symbiotic algae reside. The algal partner in Ramalina lichens belongs to the trebouxioid group. The medulla, a loosely packed layer of hyphae beneath the photobiont, is usually airy and web-like (arachnoid) but can be denser or even absent in hollow branches.[6]

Soralia—structures that produce asexual reproductive granules—are commonly found in Ramalina species. These granules can sometimes resemble tiny isidia, which are small, vegetative reproductive outgrowths. The reproductive structures where sexual reproduction occurs (apothecia), are usually short-stalked and located at or near the tips of the branches, often on the curved sections. The apothecia may range from concave to flat or convex as they age, with disc colours varying from pale yellow to pale green, brown, or pinkish-yellow, and sometimes covered with a white powdery coating (pruina). The edge of the apothecium, called the thalline margin, is usually present and may persist or become almost unnoticeable over time.[6]

The asci, which are the spore-producing cells within the apothecia, are elongated and club-shaped, typically containing eight spores. These spores are one-septate, meaning they have a single division, and are broadly ellipsoidal or kidney-shaped, remaining colourless. Ramalina also produces asexual reproductive structures called pycnidia, which are tiny, flask-shaped bodies with an opening (ostiole) that may be pale or darkened. The cells within these pycnidia that generate conidia (asexual spores) are generally cylindrical, and the conidia themselves are rod-shaped, colourless, and without internal divisions (aseptate).[6]

Chemically, Ramalina lichens often contain usnic acid, a compound that gives them a yellowish-green hue, along with various other substances, including depsides, depsidones, and aliphatic compounds.[6] Lichen spot tests on the cortex are K−, C−, KC+ dark yellow, and P−.[3]: 189 

Photobionts

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Studies of photobiont diversity in Ramalina species have shown that they primarily associate with green algae from the genus Trebouxia. Research on Macaronesian Ramalina species found that they commonly partner with Trebouxia sp. TR9, which appears well-adapted to the higher temperatures and light intensities of these Atlantic islands. While multiple algal partners can coexist within a single lichen thallus, typically one photobiont species strongly dominates, accounting for over 90% of the algal cells present. The identity and relative abundance of photobionts appears to be more strongly influenced by geographic location and local climate than by the particular Ramalina species involved. This suggests that Ramalina fungi tend to associate with locally adapted photobionts rather than maintaining exclusive partnerships with specific algal species. Studies of R. farinacea have found that young thalli often contain more diverse algal communities compared to mature specimens, indicating that photobiont selection may be an ongoing process during lichen development.[7]

Distribution

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The genus has a widespread distribution. A 2008 estimate placed more than 240 species in Ramalina.[8]

Species

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References

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  1. ^ Acharius, E. (1809). Lichenographia Universalis (in Latin). pp. 122, 598.
  2. ^ "Synonymy. Current Name: Ramalina Ach., in Luyken, Tent. Hist. Lich.: 95 (1809)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
  4. ^ "Ramalina". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  5. ^ C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5
  6. ^ a b c d e Cannon, P.; Ekman, S.; Kistenich, S.; LaGreca, S.; Printzen, C.; Timdal, E.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Fletcher, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2021). Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae including the genera Bacidia, Bacidina, Bellicidia, Biatora, Bibbya, Bilimbia, Cliostomum, Kiliasia, Lecania, Megalaria, Mycobilimbia, Phyllopsora, Ramalina, Scutula, Thalloidima, Toninia, Toniniopsis and Tylothallia (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 11. British Lichen Society. pp. 50–51. Open access icon
  7. ^ Blázquez, Miguel; Hernández-Moreno, Lucía S.; Gasulla, Francisco; Pérez-Vargas, Israel; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2022). "The role of photobionts as drivers of diversification in an island radiation of lichen-forming fungi". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.784182. PMC 8763358. PMID 35046912.
  8. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 591. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  9. ^ a b Zhang, Huan-Bing; Liu, Yu-Jie; Guo, Shou-Yu; Han, Liu-Fu (2021). "Two new lichen species of the genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) from China". The Bryologist. 124 (2): 162–171. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-124.1.162.
  10. ^ Pérez-Vargas, Israel (2014). "A new endemic Ramalina species from the Canary Islands (Ascomycota, Lecanorales)". Phytotaxa. 159 (4): 269–278. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.159.4.3.
  11. ^ Hale, Mason E. (1978). "A new species of Ramalina from North America (Lichenes: Ramalinaceae)". The Bryologist. 81 (4): 599–602. doi:10.2307/3242352. JSTOR 3242352.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Marcano, Vicente; Méndez, Antonio Morales; Mendez, Antonio Morales (1994). "New species of Ramalina from Venezuela". The Bryologist. 97 (1): 26–33. doi:10.2307/3243345. JSTOR 3243345.
  13. ^ Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; van den Boom, Pieter; Magain, Nicolas (2021). "Ramalina arsenii, an additional new species in the R. pollinaria group in Western Europe". The Lichenologist. 53 (6): 433–439. doi:10.1017/s0024282921000372. hdl:2268/266833.
  14. ^ a b Aptroot, A.; Schumm, F. (2008). "Key to Ramalina species known from Atlantic islands, with two new species from the Azores". Sauteria. 15: 21–57.
  15. ^ Nylander, W. (1870). "Recognitio monographica Ramalinarum". Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie (in Latin). 4: 120.
  16. ^ a b c Stevens, G. Nell (1986). "Three new saxicolous Ramalinae from Australia". The Lichenologist. 18 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1017/s0024282986000233.
  17. ^ a b c d Swinscow, T.D.V.; Krog, H. (1974). "Ramalina species with a hollow thallus (Fistularia) in East Africa". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 21: 111–124.
  18. ^ a b Steiner, J. (1904). "Flechten, auf Madeira und den Kanaren gesammelt von J. Bornmüller in den Jahren 1900 und 1901 (Fortsetzung)". Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift (in German). 54 (10): 351–365. doi:10.1007/BF01673048.
  19. ^ a b Elix, J.A.; Din, L.B.; Samsudin, M.W.B. (1991). "New species of Ramalina (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Australasia and Malaysia". Mycotaxon. 40: 41–44.
  20. ^ a b Kashiwadani, H.; Nash, T.H. III (2002). "New species of the genus Ramalina (Ascomycotina: Ramalinaceae) from the Sonoran Desert, Mexico". Mycotaxon. 83: 385–389.
  21. ^ a b Kashiwadani, H.; Moon, K.H.; Han, J.E. (2021). "Ramalina cinereovirens and R. subdecumbens (Ramalinaceae, Ascomycotina), two new species from Korea". Journal of Japanese Botany. 96 (2): 74–83.
  22. ^ Kashiwadani, H.; Moon, K.H. (2002). "A new or interesting species of the genus Ramalina (Ascomycotina:Ramalinaceae) from Korea and Japan". Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo. 28 (1): 1–6.
  23. ^ a b c d Aptroot, A.; Bungartz, F. (2007). "The lichen genus Ramalina on the Galapagos". The Lichenologist. 39 (6): 519–542. doi:10.1017/s0024282907006901.
  24. ^ a b c d e Krog, H.; Swinscow, T.D.V. (1976). "The genus Ramalina in East Africa". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 23 (3): 153–175.
  25. ^ Krog, H. (2000). "Corticolous macrolichens of low montane rainforests and moist woodlands of eastern Tanzania". Sommerfeltia. 28: 1–75. doi:10.2478/som-2000-0001.
  26. ^ a b Gasparyan, Arsen; Sipman, Harrie J. M.; Lücking, Robert (2017). "Ramalina europaea and R. labiosorediata, two new species of the R. pollinaria group (Ascomycota:Ramalinaceae), and new typifications for Lichen pollinarius and L. squarrosus". The Lichenologist. 49 (4): 301–319. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000226.
  27. ^ a b Asahina, Y. (1939). "Ramalina-Arten aus Japan (II)". Journal of Japanese Botany (in German). 15: 205–223.
  28. ^ a b Stevens, G.N. (1987). "The lichen genus Ramalina in Australia". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 16: 107–223.
  29. ^ a b c d Aptroot, A. (2008). "Lichens of St Helena and Ascension Island". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 158: 147–171. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00797.x.
  30. ^ a b c Poncet, Rémy; Lohézic-Le Dévéhat, Françoise; Ferron, Solenn; Hivert, Jean; Fontaine, Christian; Picot, Frédéric; Bidault, Ehoarn; Kervran, Lionel (2021). "The genus Ramalina (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) from the Scattered Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands), with descriptions of three new species". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 66 (2): 211–224. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2021-0019.
  31. ^ a b Moon, K.H.; Ahn, C.; Han, J.E.; Kashiwadani, H. (2016). "Two new species of Ramalina (Ascomycotina: Ramalinaceae) from Korea". Journal of Japanese Botany. 91 (Suppl.): 376–387.
  32. ^ Spjut, Richard; Simon, Antoine; Guissard, Martin; Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2020). "The fruticose genera in the Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): their diversity and evolutionary history". MycoKeys. 73: 1–68. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.73.47287. PMC 7501315. PMID 32994702.
  33. ^ Blanchon, D.J.; Bannister, J. (2002). "Ramalina meridionalis, a new species from New Zealand, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island". Australasian Lichenology. 51: 17–19.
  34. ^ Kashiwadani, H.; Nash, T.H.; Moon, K.H. (2007). "Two new species of the genus Ramalina (Ascomycotina: Ramalinaceae) from South America". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 95: 335–340.
  35. ^ De Notaris, G. (1846). "Frammenti lichenografici di un lavoro inedito". Giornale Botanico Italiano (in Italian). 2 (1): 211.
  36. ^ a b Kashiwadani, H.; Smith, C.W.; Moon (2002). "New Species of Ramalina (Ascomycotina, Ramalinaceae) from the Hawaiian Islands". Journal of Japanese Botany. 77 (6): 351–355.
  37. ^ a b Kashiwadani, H.; Moon, K.H. (2017). "Two new species of Ramalina (Ascomycotina: Ramalinaceae) from the Nansei Islands, Japan". Journal of Japanese Botany. 92 (1): 27–33.
  38. ^ Knudsen, Kerry; Lendemer, James C.; Kocourková, Jana (2018). "Ramalina sarahae (Ramalinaceae), a new species from the Channel Islands of California, U.S.A.". The Bryologist. 121 (4): 513–519. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.4.513.
  39. ^ a b Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.J.M. (2001). "New Hong Kong lichens, ascomycetes and lichenicolous fungi". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 91: 317–343.
  40. ^ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U.; et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 18 (1): 9–11. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1.
  41. ^ Szatala, O. (1937). "Ramalinae nonnullae". Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. 42 (16–20): 225–228. doi:10.1002/fedr.19370421602.
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