Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic Armenian: Անդրկովկասի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Դաշնային (Ֆեդերատիվ) Հանրապետություն Andrkovkasi Khorhrdayin Soc‘ialistakan Dashnayin (Federativ) Hanrapetut‘yun Azerbaijani: Zaqafqaziya Sosialist Federativ Sovet Respublikası زاقافقازیا اجتماعی فدراتیو شورا جمهوریتی Georgian: ამიერკავკასიის საბჭოთა ფედერაციული სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა Amierk'avk'asiis Sabch'ota Pederatsiuli Sotsialist'uri Resp'ublik'a Russian: Закавказская Социалистическая Федеративная Советская Республика Zakavkazskaya Sotsalisticheskaya Federativnaya Sovetskaya Respublika
1922–1936
Flag (1925–1936) Emblem (1930–1936)
Anthem: Интернационал "The Internationale"
Location of the Transcaucasian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union
Status	Union Republic of the Soviet Union (1922–1936)
Capital	Tiflis (Tbilisi)
Common languages	Armenian Azerbaijani Georgian Russian
Ethnic groups (1926)	30.7% Georgians 28.2% Azerbaijani Turks 22.7% Armenians 5.7% Russians 5.2% Iranian peoples 1.1% Jews 1.0% Lezgic peoples 1.0% Greeks 1.0% Abkhazians 3.4% Others
Demonym(s)	Transcaucasian
Government	Federal Soviet socialist republic
Legislature	All-Caucasian Congress of Soviets
History
• Established	12 March 1922
• Disestablished	5 December 1936
Area
• Total	186,043 km2 (71,832 sq mi)
• Water	2,785 km2 (1,075 sq mi)
• Water (%)	1.49%
Currency	Transcaucasian rouble, Soviet rouble
Preceded by Succeeded by SSR Abkhazia Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Georgian SSR Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Georgian SSR
Today part of	Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Abkhazia South Ossetia

The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.

The TSFSR comprised Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, traditionally known as the "Transcaucasian Republics" as they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains. The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics establishing the Soviet Union in 1922. The TSFSR was created ostensibly to consolidate the economic situation and Bolshevik control over the region. The TSFSR was dissolved upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and its constituent republics were elevated individually to republics of the Soviet Union.

History

The roots of a Transcaucasian condominium state trace back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1918, following the October Revolution, when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and formed their own state called the Transcaucasian Federation. Competing ethno-national interests and confrontation with the Ottoman Empire in World War I led to the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation only two months later, in April 1918.

The three successor states—the First Republic of Armenia, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia—lasted until the end of the Russian Civil War that was being fought across the mountains, when they were invaded by the Red Army and sovietized. Following the proposal by Vladimir Lenin the three now Soviet Republics, the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs, were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922. On 13 December that year, the First All-Caucasian Congress of Soviets transformed this federation of states into a unified federal state and renamed it into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, though keeping formally the autonomy of its constituent republics. The congress also adopted the constitution, appointed the Central Executive Committee (the highest legislative body between congressional sessions), and the Council of People's Commissars (the government). Mamia Orakhelashvili, a Georgian Bolshevik leader, became the first chairman of the Transcaucasian SFSR's Council of People's Commissars. Tbilisi was the capital of the republic.

The republic became a founding member of the Soviet Union on 30 December along with the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the Byelorussian SSR. In December 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved and divided again among the Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani SSRs.

Autonomous republics within the TSFSR

Map of the Transcaucasian region during the Soviet era

After the Red Army invasion of Georgia, Abkhazia (an autonomous province within the Democratic Republic of Georgia) was declared a Soviet Republic. In March 1922, the Abkhaz Revolutionary committee renamed the region the SSR of Abkhazia. Despite the declaration of this new Soviet Republic, its relations with Georgia and Russia had yet to be formally settled. On December 16, 1921, Abkhazia signed a treaty of alliance with the Georgian SSR codifying its status as a treaty republic (Russian: договорная республика). This agreement allowed the formation of an Abkhazia military while also establishing a political and financial union between the two Soviet republics. Thus, through Georgia, Abkhazia joined the TSFSR and was initially on an equal footing with the other republics of the federation. On February 19, 1931, Abkhazia's republican status was downgraded to that of an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR.

The Adjar ASSR was established on July 16, 1921, within the Georgian SSR as a consequence of the Treaty of Kars. The treaty marking the end of the Caucasus Campaign in World War I provided for the division of the former Batum Oblast of the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire between Georgia and Turkey. According to the agreement the northern half with significant Georgian Muslim population would become part of the Soviet Georgia but granted autonomy.

Another autonomous republic was established in July 1920 in Nakhchivan, an area bordering Armenia, Turkey and Iran, which was claimed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis. After the occupation of the region by the Red Army, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was declared with "close ties" to the Azerbaijani SSR. The Treaty of Moscow and the Treaty of Kars established the Nakhchivan region as an autonomous republic under the protection of the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan.

Heads of state

Chairs of the Union Council

Name	Dates	Party
Nariman Narimanov	March–December 1922	Communist Party of Azerbaijan
Polikarp Mdivani	March–December 1922	Communist Party of Georgia
Aleksandr Myasnikyan	March–December 1922	Communist Party of Armenia

Chairmen of the Presidium of the USSR CEC from TSFSR

Name	Dates	Party
Nariman Narimanov	1922–1925	Communist Party of Azerbaijan
Gazanfar Musabekov	1925–1938	Communist Party of Azerbaijan

Chairs of the Central Executive Committee

Name	Period	For
Mikhail Tskhakaya (1st time)	1922–1927	Georgia
Samad aga Aliyev	1922–1929	Azerbaijan
Sarkis Hambartsumyan	1922–1925	Armenia
Sarkis Kasyan	1927–1931	Armenia
Filipp Makharadze (1st time)	1927–1928	Georgia
Mikhail Tskhakaya (2nd time)	1928–1931	Georgia
Gazanfar Musabekov	1929–1931	Azerbaijan
Filipp Makharadze (2nd time)	1931–1935	Georgia
Armenak Ananyan	1931–1935	Armenia
Sultan Majid Afandiyev	1931–1936	Azerbaijan
Sergo Martikyan	1935–1936	Armenia
Avel Enukidze	March–May 1935	Georgia
Filipp Makharadze (3rd time)	1935–1936	Georgia

Stamps and postal history

Before 1923, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan each issued their own postage stamps. The Transcaucasian Federation began issuing its own stamps on September 15, 1923, and superseded the separate republics' issues on October 1.

The first issues consisted of some of the stamps of Russia and Armenia overprinted with a star containing the five-letter acronym of the Federation inside the points. Massive inflation having set in, this was followed by an issue of the Federation's own designs, four values of a view of oil fields, and four with a montage of Soviet symbols over mountains and oil derricks, values ranging from 40,000 to 500,000 Transcaucasian rubles. The 40,000 rubles and 75,000 rubles were then surcharged to 700,000 rubles. On October 24, the stamps were re-issued with values from 1 to 18 gold kopecks. Starting in 1924, the Federation used stamps of the Soviet Union.

• 
  A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Russian Empire
• 
  A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Democratic Republic of Armenia
• 
  1923 40,000-rouble stamp
• 
  1923 two-kopeck stamp

Most of the stamps of the Federation are not especially rare today, with 1998 prices in the US$1–2 range, although the overprints on Armenian stamps range up to US$200. As might be expected from a short period of usage, used stamps are less common than unused and covers are not often seen.

See also

• Kars Republic
• Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
• Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
• Far Eastern Republic
• Don Republic
• Kuban People's Republic
• Bavarian Soviet Republic
• Republics of the Soviet Union
• Komancza Republic

Bibliography

• Blauvelt, Timothy (May 2007), "Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era", Nationalities Papers, 35 (2): 203–232, doi:10.1080/00905990701254318, S2CID 128803263
• Forestier-Peyrat, Etienne (January 2018), "Soviet Federalism at Work: Lessons from the History of the Transcaucasian Federation, 1922–1936", Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 65 (4): 529–559, doi:10.25162/jgo-2017-0020, S2CID 252457317
• Hewitt, B.G. (1993), "Abkhazia: a problem of identity and ownership", Central Asian Survey, 12 (3): 267–323, doi:10.1080/02634939308400819
• Lang, David Marshall (1962), A History of Modern Georgia, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
• Saparov, Arsène (2015), From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh, New York City: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41-565802-7
• Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation (Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press