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}}
[[Image:Nintendo DS Lite.jpg|thumb|300px|One of the [[Nintendo DS]]'s main selling points is its second screen on the lower panel, which is a touchscreen.]]

A '''touchscreen''' is a display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touch or contact to the display of the device by a finger or [[hand]]. Touchscreens can also sense other passive objects, such as a [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]]. However, if the object sensed is active, as with a [[light pen]], the term touchscreen is generally not applicable. The ability to interact physically with what is shown on a display (a form of "direct manipulation") typically indicates the presence of a touchscreen.

The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact with what is displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than indirectly with a [[mouse (computing)|mouse]] or [[touchpad]]. Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device, again, such as a [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]] that needs to be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the [[personal digital assistant]] (PDA), [[satellite navigation]] devices, [[mobile phones]], and video games.

== History ==

Touchscreens emerged from academic and corporate research labs in the second half of the 1960s. One of the first places where they gained some visibility was in the terminal of a computer-assisted learning terminal that came out in 1972 as part of the [[PLATO]] project. They have subsequently become familiar in kiosk systems, such as in retail and tourist settings, on [[point of sale]] systems, on [[automatic teller machine|ATM]]s and on [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]] where a [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]] is sometimes used to manipulate the [[GUI]] and to enter data. The popularity of [[smart phone]]s, PDAs, portable [[Video game console|game consoles]] and many types of [[information appliance]]s is driving the demand for, and the acceptance of, touchscreens.

The [[HP-150]] from 1983 was probably the world's earliest commercial touchscreen computer. It doesn't actually have a touchscreen in the strict sense, but a 9" [[Sony]] [[Cathode Ray Tube|CRT]] surrounded by [[infrared]] [[transmitter]]s and receivers which detect the position of any [[Opacity (optics)|non-transparent]] object on the screen.

Until the early 1980s, most consumer touchscreens could only sense one point of contact at a time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching. This is starting to change with the commercialisation of [[multi-touch]] technology.

Touchscreens are popular in heavy [[industry]] and in other situations, such as museum displays or [[room automation]], where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a satisfactory, intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content.

Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market [[system integrator]]s and not by display, chip or motherboard manufacturers. With time, however, display manufacturers and chip manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a highly desirable [[user interface]] component and have begun to integrate touchscreen functionality into the fundamental design of their products.

==Technologies==

There are a number of types of touchscreen technology.

===Resistive===

{{Main|Resistive touchscreen}}
A [[resistive]] touchscreen panel is composed of several layers, the most important of which are two thin, metallic, [[Electrical conductivity|electrically conductive]] layers separated by a narrow gap. When an object, such as a finger, presses down on a point on the panel's outer surface the two metallic layers become connected at that point: the panel then behaves as a pair of voltage dividers with connected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical current which is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing.

===Surface acoustic wave===

[[Surface acoustic wave]] (SAW) sumit technology uses [[Ultrasound|ultrasonic]] waves that pass over the touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This change in the ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and sends this information to the controller for processing. Surface wave touch screen panels can be damaged by outside elements. Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touchscreen.<ref>{{Citation
| last =Patschon
| first =Mark
| coauthors =
| title =Acoustic touch technology adds a new input dimension
| work =
| pages = 89–93
| language =
| publisher =Computer Design
| date =1988-03-15
| url = http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio88.html#Platshon88
| accessdate = }}</ref>

===Capacitive===

{{Main|Capacitive sensing}}

A capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an [[insulator]] such as [[glass]], coated with a transparent [[conductor]] such as [[indium tin oxide]] (ITO).<ref>{{Citation
| last =Kable
| first =Robert G.
| coauthors =
| title =Electrographic Apparatus
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =United States Patent 4,600,807
| date = 1986-07-15
| url = http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio86.html#Kable86
| accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last =Kable
| first =Robert G.
| coauthors =
| title =Electrographic Apparatus
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =United States Patent 4,600,807 (full image)
| date =1986-07-15
| url = http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4600807.pdf
| accessdate = }}</ref> As the human body is also a conductor, touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the local [[electrostatic]] field, measurable as a change in [[capacitance]]. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch. The location can be passed to a computer running a software [[Application software|application]] which will calculate how the user's touch relates to the [[computer software]].

====Surface capacitance====
In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a [[capacitor]] is dynamically formed. The sensor's controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic [[capacitive coupling]], and needs [[calibration]] during manufacture. It is therefore most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and [[Interactive kiosk|kiosks]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?AD=1&ArticleID=18592 |title=Please Touch! Explore The Evolving World Of Touchscreen Technology |publisher=electronicdesign.com |accessdate=2009-09-02}}</ref>

====Projected capacitance====

Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive technology which permits more accurate and flexible operation, by [[Etching_(microfabrication)|etching]] the conductive layer. An [[Cartesian coordinate system|XY]] array is formed either by etching a single layer to form a grid pattern of [[electrode]]s, or by etching two separate, perpendicular layers of conductive material with parallel lines or tracks to form the grid (comparable to the [[pixel]] grid found in many [[LCD]] displays).

Applying voltage to the array creates a grid of [[capacitor]]s. Bringing a finger or conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic field. The capacitance change at every individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch location.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cypress.com/?id=1179 |title=Cypress Truetouch |publisher=Cypress.com |date= |accessdate=2009-06-22}}</ref> The use of a grid permits a higher resolution than resistive technology and also allows [[multi-touch]] operation. The greater resolution of PCT allows operation without direct contact, such that the conducting layers can be coated with further protective insulating layers, and operate even under screen protectors, or behind weather and vandal-proof glass.

PCT is used in a wide range of applications including [[point of sale]] systems, [[smartphone]]s, and public information kiosks. [[Visual Planet|Visual Planet's]] ViP Interactive Foil is an example of a kiosk PCT product, where a gloved hand can register a touch on a sensor surface through a glass window.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visualplanet.biz/products/throughwindow/ |title=Stick it and touch it. Interactive Touch Screen Foil for through-window and through glass touch applications |publisher=Visual Planet |accessdate=2009-09-02}}</ref> Examples of consumer devices using projected capacitive touchscreens include [[HTC]]'s [[HTC HD2|HD2]], [[HTC Dream|G1]], and [[HTC Hero]], [[Apple Inc.]]'s [[iPhone]] and [[iPod Touch]], [[Motorola]]'s [[Motorola_Droid|Droid]], [[Palm Inc.]]'s [[Palm Pre]] and [[Palm Pixi]] and more recently the [[LG KM900 Arena]], [[Microsoft]]'s [[Zune HD]], [[Sony]] [[Walkman]] X series, [[Sony Ericsson]]'s Aino and now [[Vidalco]]'s Edge, D1 and Jewel phones.

===Infrared===

Conventional optical-touch systems use an array of infrared (IR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on two adjacent bezel edges of a display, with photosensors placed on the two opposite bezel edges to analyze the system and determine a touch event. The LED and
photosensor pairs create a grid of light beams across the display. An object (such as a finger or pen) that touches the screen interrupts the light beams, causing a measured decrease in light at the corresponding photosensors. The measured photosensor outputs can be used to locate a touch-point coordinate.

Widespread adoption of infrared touchscreens has been hampered by two factors: the relatively high cost of the technology compared to competing touch technologies and the issue of performance in bright ambient light. This latter problem is a result of background light increasing the noise floor at the optical sensor,
sometimes to such a degree that the touchscreen’s LED light cannot be detected at all, causing a temporary failure of the touch
screen. This is most pronounced in direct sunlight conditions where the sun has a very high energy distribution in the infrared region.

However, certain features of infrared touch remain desirable and represent attributes of the ideal touchscreen, including the option to eliminate the glass or plastic overlay that most other touch technologies require in front of the display. In many cases, this overlay is coated with an electrically conducting transparent material such as [[indium tin oxide|ITO]], which reduces the optical quality of the display. This advantage of optical touchscreens is extremely important for many device and display vendors since devices are often sold on the perceived quality of the user display experience.

Another feature of infrared touch which has been long desired is the digital nature of the sensor output when compared to many other
touch systems that rely on analog-signal processing to determine a touch position. These competing analog systems normally require continual re-calibration, have complex signal-processing demands (which adds cost and power consumption), demonstrate reduced accuracy and precision compared to a digital system, and have longer-term system-failure modes due to the operating environment.

===Strain gauge===

In a [[strain gauge]] configuration, also called force panel technology, the screen is spring-mounted on the four corners and strain gauges are used to determine deflection when the screen is touched.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2009-02-27 |url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio85.html#Minsky84 |title=Manipulating simulated objects with real-world gestures using a force and position sensitive screen |work=Computer Graphics |date=1984-07-01 |author=Minsky,M.R. }}</ref> This technology has been around since the 1960s but new advances by Vissumo and F-Origin have made the solution commercially viable.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2009-03-16 |url=http://www.ecnmag.com/Industry-Focus-Touchscreens-Press-Deep-Into-Consumer-Electronics.aspx |title=Touchscreens Press Deep Into Consumer Electronics |work=ECN Magazine |date=2008-11-03 |author=Keuling, Christopher}}</ref> It can also measure the Z-axis and the force of a person's touch. Such screens are typically used in exposed public systems such as ticket machines due to their resistance to [[vandalism]].<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2009-03-13 |url=http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/hbm/hbm111.html |title=Sensors help make ticket machines vandal proof |work=Engineeringtalk |date=2000-11-13 }}</ref>

===Optical imaging===

A relatively-modern development in touchscreen technology, two or more image sensors are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared backlights are placed in the camera's field of view on the other sides of the screen. A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be triangulated to locate the touch or even measure the size of the touching object (see [[visual hull#In two dimensions|visual hull]]). This technology is growing in popularity, due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability, especially for larger units.

===Dispersive signal technology===

Introduced in 2002 by [[3M]], this system uses sensors to detect the [[mechanical energy]] in the glass that occurs due to a touch. Complex algorithms then interpret this information and provide the actual location of the touch.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2009-03-16 |url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2008/02/13/innovation-series-touchscreen-technology.aspx |title=Innovation Series: Touchscreen Technology |work=The Motley Fool |date=2008-02-13 |author=Beyers, Tim}}</ref> The technology claims to be unaffected by dust and other outside elements, including scratches. Since there is no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims to provide excellent optical clarity. Also, since mechanical vibrations are used to detect a touch event, any object can be used to generate these events, including fingers and stylus. A downside is that after the initial touch the system cannot detect a motionless finger.

===Acoustic pulse recognition===
This system, introduced by [[Tyco International]]'s Elo division in 2006, uses more than two piezoelectric transducers located at some positions of the screen to turn the mechanical energy of a touch (vibration) into an electronic signal.<ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title =Acoustic Pulse Recognition Touchscreens
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =Elo Touch Systems
| date =1888-07-31
| url = http://www.elotouch.com/Products/Touchscreens/AcousticPulseRecognition/default.asp
| accessdate = 2008-08-25 }}</ref> The screen hardware then uses an algorithm to determine the location of the touch based on the transducer signals. This process is similar to triangulation used in GPS. The touchscreen itself is made of ordinary glass, giving it good durability and optical clarity. It is usually able to function with scratches and dust on the screen with good accuracy. The technology is also well suited to displays that are physically larger. As with the Dispersive Signal Technology system, after the initial touch, a motionless finger cannot be detected. However, for the same reason, the touch recognition is not disrupted by any resting objects.

===Coded LCD: Bidirectional Screen===
A new system that turns LCD displays into giant cameras that provide gestural control of objects on-screen <ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title =BIDI screen
| work =news article from MIT News, paper from SIGGRAPH ASIA 2009
| pages =
| language = English
| publisher =article: MIT News paper:ACM Siggraph
| date =19 Dec 2009
| url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/gestural-computing.html
| accessdate = 2009-12-11 }}</ref> was introduced by MIT Media Lab in December, 2009. Instead of an LCD, an array of pinholes is placed in front of sensors. Light passing through each pinhole strikes a small block of sensors producing a low-resolution image. Since each pinhole image is taken from a slightly different position, all combined images provide a good depth information about the sensed image.

Pinholes are problematic because they allow very little light to reach the sensors, requiring impractically long exposure times. Instead of pinholes, an array of liquid crystals could work similarly but more effectively: The LCD's panel is composed of patterns of 19-by-19 blocks, each divided into a regular pattern of differently sized black-and-white rectangles. Each white area of the bi-colored pixels allows light to pass through. Background software uses 4D light fields to calculate depth map, changes the scene, and collects gesture information. The LCD alternates between mask pattern display and a normal scene display at a very high frequency/rate.

== Construction ==

There are several principal ways to build a touchscreen. The key goals are to recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate application.

In the most popular techniques, the capacitive or resistive approach, there are typically four layers;

1. Top polyester layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the bottom
2. Adhesive spacer
3. Glass layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the top
4. Adhesive layer on the backside of the glass for mounting.

When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electrical current that flows through the display.

Dispersive-signal technology which [[3M]] created in 2002, measures the [[piezoelectric effect]] — the voltage generated when mechanical force is applied to a material — that occurs chemically when a strengthened glass substrate is touched.

There are two infrared-based approaches. In one, an array of sensors detects a finger touching or almost touching the display, thereby interrupting light beams projected over the screen. In the other, bottom-mounted [[Thermographic camera|infrared cameras]] record screen touches.

In each case, the system determines the intended command based on the controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the touch.

==Development==

Virtually all of the significant touchscreen technology patents were filed during the 1970s and 1980s and have expired. Touchscreen component manufacturing and product design are no longer encumbered by royalties or legalities with regard to patents and the manufacturing of touchscreen-enabled displays on all kinds of devices is widespread.

The development of multipoint touchscreens facilitated the tracking of more than one finger on the screen, thus operations that require more than one finger are possible. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touchscreen simultaneously.

With the growing acceptance of many kinds of products with an integral touchscreen interface the [[marginal cost]] of touchscreen technology is routinely absorbed into the products that incorporate it and is effectively eliminated. As typically occurs with any technology, touchscreen hardware and software has sufficiently matured and been perfected over more than three decades to the point where its reliability is unassailable. As such, touchscreen displays are found today in airplanes, automobiles, gaming consoles, machine control systems, appliances and handheld display devices of every kind. With the influence of the multi-touch-enabled [[iPhone]] and the [[Nintendo DS]], the touchscreen market for mobile devices is projected to produce US$5 billion in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1231-Touch+Screens+in+Mobile+Devices+to+Deliver+$5+Billion+Next+Year |title=Touch Screens in Mobile Devices to Deliver $5 Billion Next Year &#124; Press Release |publisher=ABI Research |date=2008-09-10 |accessdate=2009-06-22}}</ref>

The ability to accurately point on the screen itself is taking yet another step with the emerging [[graphics tablet/screen hybrid]]s.

==Ergonomics and usage==
=== Finger stress ===
An ergonomic problem of touchscreens is their stress on human fingers when used for more than a few minutes at a time, since significant pressure can be required for certain types of touchscreen. This can be alleviated for some users with the use of a pen or other device to add leverage and more accurate pointing. However, the introduction of such items can sometimes be problematic depending on the desired use case (for example, public kiosks such as ATMs). Also, fine motor control is better achieved with a stylus, because a finger is a rather broad and ambiguous point of contact with the screen itself.

=== Fingernail as stylus ===
[[File:Pointed nail.png|thumb|Pointed nail for easier typing. The concept of using a fingernail trimmed to form a point, to be specifically used as a [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]] on a [[Notebook|writing tablet]] for communication, appeared in the 1950 science fiction short story [[Scanners Live in Vain]].]]

These ergonomic issues of direct touch can be bypassed by using a different technique, provided that the user's fingernails are either short or sufficiently long. {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Rather than pressing with the soft skin of an outstretched fingertip, the finger is curled over, so that the top of the forward edge of a fingernail can be used instead. (The thumb is optionally used to provide support for the finger or for a long fingernail, from underneath.)

The fingernail's hard, curved surface contacts the touchscreen at a single very small point. Therefore, much less finger pressure is needed, much greater precision is possible (approaching that of a stylus, with a little experience), much less skin oil is smeared onto the screen, and the fingernail can be silently moved across the screen with very little resistance {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}, allowing for selecting text, moving windows, or drawing lines.

The human [[fingernail]] consists of [[keratin]] which has a hardness and smoothness similar to the tip of a [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]] (and so will not typically scratch a touchscreen). Alternately, very short stylus tips are available, which slip right onto the end of a finger; this increases visibility of the contact point with the screen. Oddly, with capacitive touchscreens, the reverse problem applies in that individuals with long nails have reported problems getting adequate skin contact with the screen to register keystrokes. Ordinary styluses do not work on capacitive touchscreens nor do fingers gloved in insulating materials. There do exist conductive gloves that are specially designed to allow the user to interact with capacitive sensors.

=== Fingerprints ===
Touchscreens can suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display. This can be mitigated by the use of materials with [[optical coating]]s designed to reduce the visible effects of fingerprint oils, such as the [[oleophobic]] coating used in the [[iPhone 3G S]], or by reducing skin contact by using a fingernail or stylus.

=== Combined with haptics ===
The user experience with touchscreens without tactile feedback or [[haptics]] can be difficult due to latency or other factors. Research from the University of Glasgow Scotland [Brewster, Chohan, and Brown 2007] demonstrates that sample users reduce input errors (20%), increase input speed (20%), and lower their cognitive load (40%) when touchscreens are combined with haptics or tactile feedback, [vs. non-haptic touchscreens].

=== Gorilla Arm === <!-- linked from [[Mouse (computing)]] -->
Gorilla arm was a side-effect that destroyed vertically-oriented touch-screens as a mainstream input technology despite a promising start in the early 1980s. Designers of touch-menu systems failed to notice that humans are not built to hold their arms at waist- or head-height, making small and precise motions. After a short period of time, cramping may begin to set in, and arm movement becomes painful and clumsy. This is now considered a classic cautionary tale to human-factors designers; "Remember the gorilla arm!" is an industry term for "How is this going to fly in real use?".<ref name="gorilla arm">{{cite web
| title = Jargon File - Gorilla Arm
| publisher =www.catb.org
| url =http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/G/gorilla-arm.html
| accessdate = 2008-11-17 }}</ref> Gorilla arm is not a problem for specialist short-term-use devices such as [[automated teller machine|ATM]]s, since they only involve brief interactions which are not long enough to cause gorilla arm. Gorilla arm also can be mitigated by the use of horizontally-mounted screens such as those used in [[Tablet PC]]s, but these need to account for the user's need to rest their hands on the device. This can increase the amount of dirt deposited on the device, and obstructs the user's view of the screen.
In addition, using a screen on a surface can present cervical RSI issues (i.e., the user can develop neck pain after using it for a period of time).

==Comparison of touchscreen technologies==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! align="right" | Technology
! 4-Wire
! SAW
! 5-Wire
! Infrared
! Capacitive
|-
! align="right" | Durability:
| 5 year
| 5 Year
| 3 Year
| 3 Year
| 2 Year
|-
! align="right" | Stability:
| High
| Higher
| High
| High
| Ok
|-
! align="right" | Transparency:
| Ok
| Good
| Good
| Good
| Ok
|-
! align="right" | Installation:
| Built-in/Onwall
| Built-in/Onwall
| Built-in/Onwall
| Onwall
| Built-in
|-
! align="right" | Touch:
| Anything
| Finger/Pen
| Anything
| Sharp
| Conductive
|-
! align="right" | Intense light- resistant:
| Good
| Good
| Good
| Bad
| Bad
|-
! align="right" | Response time:
| <10ms
| 10ms
| <15ms
| <20ms
| <15ms
|-
!align="right" | Following Speed:
| Good
| low
| Good
| Good
| Good
|-
! align="right" | Excursion:
| No
| Small
| Big
| Big
| Big
|-
! align="right" | Monitor option:
| CRT or LCD
| CRT
| CRT or LCD
| CRT or LCD
| CRT or LCD
|-
! align="right" | Waterproof:
| Good
| Ok
| Good
| Ok
| Good
|}

==See also==

*[[Energy harvesting]]
*[[Flexible keyboard]]
*[[Gestural interface]]
*[[Graphics tablet]]
*[[Graphics tablet-screen hybrid]]
*[[Tablet PC]]
*[[Touchpad]]
*[[Touchscreen desktop computer]]
*[[Touch switch]]
*[[Dual-touchscreen]]

== Footnotes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* {{FOLDOC}}
* Andreas Holzinger: ''Finger Instead of Mouse: Touch Screens as a means of enhancing Universal Access'', In: Carbonell, N.; Stephanidis C. (Eds): Universal Access, Theoretical Perspectives, Practice, and Experience. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2615. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 2003, ISBN 3-540-00855-1, 387–397.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|touch screen}}
* [http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question716.htm Howstuffworks] - How do touchscreen monitors know where you're touching?
* [http://diamondspace.merl.com/ MERL] - Mitsubishi Electric Research Lab (MERL)'s research on interaction with touch tables.
* Jefferson Y. Han et al. [http://mrl.nyu.edu/~jhan/ftirtouch/ Multi-Touch Interaction Research]. Multi-Input Touchscreen using Frustrated Total Internal Reflection.
* [http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2009-01/dot-dot-programming Dot-to-Dot Programming : Building Microcontrollers]
* [http://www.edn.com/archives/1995/110995/23dfcov.htm EDN 11/9/95] - A great, but old, article that gets into some nice specifics.

[[Category:Touchscreens]]
[[Category:Computer hardware]]

[[ar:شاشة لمس]]
[[bg:Сензорен екран]]
[[ca:Pantalla tàctil]]
[[cs:Doteková obrazovka]]
[[de:Touchscreen]]
[[el:Οθόνη αφής]]
[[es:Pantalla táctil]]
[[eo:Tuŝekrano]]
[[fa:صفحه لمسی]]
[[fr:Écran tactile]]
[[ko:터치스크린]]
[[id:Layar sentuh]]
[[it:Touchscreen]]
[[he:מסך מגע]]
[[nl:Aanraakscherm]]
[[ja:タッチパネル]]
[[pl:Ekran dotykowy]]
[[pt:Ecrã táctil]]
[[ru:Сенсорный экран]]
[[simple:Touchscreen]]
[[sk:Dotyková obrazovka]]
[[fi:Kosketusnäyttö]]
[[sv:Pekskärm]]
[[zh:觸控式螢幕]]

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