Togodumnus: Difference between revisions
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According to Dio's account, Togodumnus led the initial resistance to the invasion, but was killed after the battle on the [[River Thames|Thames]]. The Roman commander [[Aulus Plautius]] then dug in at the Thames and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final march on the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum ([[Colchester]]). Dio says that this was because the resistance became fiercer as the Britons tried to avenge Togodumnus, and Plautius needed the emperor's help to complete the conquest; however, as Claudius was no military man and in the end spent only sixteen days in Britain, it is likely the Britons were already as good as beaten. Leadership passed to Caratacus, who took the fight outside Roman-controlled territory and remained at large until 51. |
According to Dio's account, Togodumnus led the initial resistance to the invasion, but was killed after the battle on the [[River Thames|Thames]]. The Roman commander [[Aulus Plautius]] then dug in at the Thames and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final march on the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum ([[Colchester]]). Dio says that this was because the resistance became fiercer as the Britons tried to avenge Togodumnus, and Plautius needed the emperor's help to complete the conquest; however, as Claudius was no military man and in the end spent only sixteen days in Britain, it is likely the Britons were already as good as beaten. Leadership passed to Caratacus, who took the fight outside Roman-controlled territory and remained at large until 51. |
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He is nearly contemporary with [[Togidubnus]], a king of the [[Regnenses]] tribe of central southern Britain and the similarity of their names has led some, including Dr Miles Russell of [[Bournemouth University]]<ref>Miles Russell (2006) ''Roman Britain's Lost Governor'', Current Archaeology 204, p 630-635; Miles Russell (2006) ''Roman Sussex'' Tempus, p 33-43; Miles Russell (2010) ''Bloodline: The Celtic Kings of Roman Britain'' Amberley, p 100-112, 140-146</ref> and the distinguished [[archaeologist]] professor [[Barry Cunliffe]] of [[Oxford University]],<ref>Barry Cunliffe (1999), ''Fisbourne Roman Palace'', Tempus</ref> to suggest that they may be one and the same. However the sources, at first glance, do not appear to support this: according to the accepted reading of Dio, Togodumnus the king of the Catuvellauni was killed in 43 in the early stages of the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], while Tacitus says that Cogidubnus of the Regnenses remained loyal to Rome as a client king into the later part of the 1st century. It is of course not unusual for two people to have similar names (cf. [[Dubnovellaunus]]). As the Chichester inscription supports Tacitus, Cunliffe's interpretation would appear to imply an error in Dio's ''Roman History'' or in its transmission. |
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Close examination of Dio's text infact demonstrates that Togodumnus does not appear to have died, as many modern historians believe, at the disputed Thames river crossing, but that the army of [[Celts]] ('Keltoi' in Dio), was destroyed by sustained enemy action <ref>Miles Russell (2010) ''Bloodline: the Celtic Kings of Roman Britain p 100-112</ref>. In other words it is was not the man Togudumnus who was killed, but his [[Celtic]] army. The crucial thing about the rereading of Dio's account is that it appears that Togodumnus and his army were infact operating with the Roman general [[Aulus Plautius]], on the Roman side, against his brother Caratacus. It is also clear that Togodumnus survived the fighting for the next thing that Dio says is that those Britons previously unaffected by the war, now stood together at his side. This implies people joining the still living king in order to fight Caratacus, in much the same way that British forces under their prince [[Mandubracius]] joined the Roman general [[Julius Caesar]] to fight [[Cassivellaunus]] during the [[Roman invasion of Britain]] in 54 BC. This reading makes it likely that Togidubnus and Togodumnus are the same man and that, not only did Togodumnus aid the Roman cause during the events of AD 43, but that he survived the intial phases of the conquest and was well rewarded after. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*[[Dio Cassius]], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html ''Roman History'' Book 60] |
*[[Dio Cassius]], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html ''Roman History'' Book 60] |
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*[[Lives of the Twelve Caesars|Suetonius]], ''Lives of the Twelve Caesars'' |
*[[Lives of the Twelve Caesars|Suetonius]], ''Lives of the Twelve Caesars'' |
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Revision as of 11:42, 29 March 2010
Togodumnus (d. AD 43) was a historical king of the British Catuvellauni tribe at the time of the Roman conquest. He can probably be identified with the legendary British king Guiderius.
Togodumnus is known only from Dio Cassius's Roman History, according to which he was a son of Cunobelinus. He probably succeeded his father to the kingship of the Catuvellauni, who were the dominant kingdom in the south-east of Britain at this time. Their territory took in the lands of several other nations, including their neighbours the Trinovantes, and possibly the Dobunni further west.
He had two notable brothers, Adminius and Caratacus. In Cunobelinus's later days Adminius gained control of Kent, but was driven from Britain in 40 AD, seeking refuge with the Roman emperor Caligula. Caligula planned an invasion of Britain in response, but called it off at the last minute.
Based on coin distribution it appears that Caratacus, following in the footsteps of his uncle Epaticcus, completed the conquest of the Atrebates, the main rival to the Catuvellauni, in the early 40s. The Atrebatian king, Verica, fled to Rome and gave the new emperor, Claudius, a pretext to conquer Britain in 43.
According to Dio's account, Togodumnus led the initial resistance to the invasion, but was killed after the battle on the Thames. The Roman commander Aulus Plautius then dug in at the Thames and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final march on the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum (Colchester). Dio says that this was because the resistance became fiercer as the Britons tried to avenge Togodumnus, and Plautius needed the emperor's help to complete the conquest; however, as Claudius was no military man and in the end spent only sixteen days in Britain, it is likely the Britons were already as good as beaten. Leadership passed to Caratacus, who took the fight outside Roman-controlled territory and remained at large until 51.
He is nearly contemporary with Togidubnus, a king of the Regnenses tribe of central southern Britain and the similarity of their names has led some, including Dr Miles Russell of Bournemouth University[1] and the distinguished archaeologist professor Barry Cunliffe of Oxford University,[2] to suggest that they may be one and the same. However the sources, at first glance, do not appear to support this: according to the accepted reading of Dio, Togodumnus the king of the Catuvellauni was killed in 43 in the early stages of the Roman conquest of Britain, while Tacitus says that Cogidubnus of the Regnenses remained loyal to Rome as a client king into the later part of the 1st century. It is of course not unusual for two people to have similar names (cf. Dubnovellaunus). As the Chichester inscription supports Tacitus, Cunliffe's interpretation would appear to imply an error in Dio's Roman History or in its transmission.
Close examination of Dio's text infact demonstrates that Togodumnus does not appear to have died, as many modern historians believe, at the disputed Thames river crossing, but that the army of Celts ('Keltoi' in Dio), was destroyed by sustained enemy action [3]. In other words it is was not the man Togudumnus who was killed, but his Celtic army. The crucial thing about the rereading of Dio's account is that it appears that Togodumnus and his army were infact operating with the Roman general Aulus Plautius, on the Roman side, against his brother Caratacus. It is also clear that Togodumnus survived the fighting for the next thing that Dio says is that those Britons previously unaffected by the war, now stood together at his side. This implies people joining the still living king in order to fight Caratacus, in much the same way that British forces under their prince Mandubracius joined the Roman general Julius Caesar to fight Cassivellaunus during the Roman invasion of Britain in 54 BC. This reading makes it likely that Togidubnus and Togodumnus are the same man and that, not only did Togodumnus aid the Roman cause during the events of AD 43, but that he survived the intial phases of the conquest and was well rewarded after.
References
- ^ Miles Russell (2006) Roman Britain's Lost Governor, Current Archaeology 204, p 630-635; Miles Russell (2006) Roman Sussex Tempus, p 33-43; Miles Russell (2010) Bloodline: The Celtic Kings of Roman Britain Amberley, p 100-112, 140-146
- ^ Barry Cunliffe (1999), Fisbourne Roman Palace, Tempus
- ^ Miles Russell (2010) Bloodline: the Celtic Kings of Roman Britain p 100-112
- Dio Cassius, Roman History Book 60
- Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars
- Tacitus, Agricola, Annals
- Barry Cunliffe (1999), Fisbourne Roman Palace, Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-1408-9
- Miles Russell (2006) Roman Sussex Tempus, Stroud.