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Isotopes of tin

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Isotopes of tin (50Sn)
Main isotopes[1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
112Sn 0.970% stable
114Sn 0.66% stable
115Sn 0.34% stable
116Sn 14.5% stable
117Sn 7.68% stable
118Sn 24.2% stable
119Sn 8.59% stable
120Sn 32.6% stable
122Sn 4.63% stable
124Sn 5.79% stable
126Sn trace 2.3×105 y β− 126Sb
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sn)

Tin (50Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten; three of them are potentially radioactive but have not been observed to decay). This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (100Sn) (discovered in 1994)[4] and tin-132 (132Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (126Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

List of isotopes

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Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)[5]
[n 2][n 3] 		Half-life[1]
[n 4] 		Decay
mode[1]
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6] 		Spin and
parity[1]
[n 7][n 4] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy[n 4] Normal proportion[1] Range of variation
99Sn[n 8] 50 49 98.94850(63)# 24(4) ms β+ (95%) 99In 9/2+#
β+p (5%) 98Cd
100Sn[n 9] 50 50 99.93865(26) 1.18(8) s β+ (>83%) 100In 0+
β+p (<17%) 99Cd
101Sn 50 51 100.93526(32) 2.22(5) s β+ 101In (7/2+)
β+p? 100Cd
102Sn 50 52 101.93029(11) 3.8(2) s β+ 102In 0+
102mSn 2017(2) keV 367(8) ns IT 102Sn (6+)
103Sn 50 53 102.92797(11)# 7.0(2) s β+ (98.8%) 103In 5/2+#
β+p (1.2%) 102Cd
104Sn 50 54 103.923105(6) 20.8(5) s β+ 104In 0+
105Sn 50 55 104.921268(4) 32.7(5) s β+ 105In (5/2+)
β+p (0.011%) 104Cd
106Sn 50 56 105.916957(5) 1.92(8) min β+ 106In 0+
107Sn 50 57 106.915714(6) 2.90(5) min β+ 107In (5/2+)
108Sn 50 58 107.911894(6) 10.30(8) min β+ 108In 0+
109Sn 50 59 108.911293(9) 18.1(2) min β+ 109In 5/2+
110Sn 50 60 109.907845(15) 4.154(4) h EC 110In 0+
111Sn 50 61 110.907741(6) 35.3(6) min β+ 111In 7/2+
111mSn 254.71(4) keV 12.5(10) μs IT 111Sn 1/2+
112Sn 50 62 111.9048249(3) Observationally Stable[n 10] 0+ 0.0097(1)
113Sn 50 63 112.9051759(17) 115.08(4) d β+ 113In 1/2+
113mSn 77.389(19) keV 21.4(4) min IT (91.1%) 113Sn 7/2+
β+ (8.9%) 113In
114Sn 50 64 113.90278013(3) Stable 0+ 0.0066(1)
114mSn 3087.37(7) keV 733(14) ns IT 114Sn 7−
115Sn 50 65 114.903344695(16) Stable 1/2+ 0.0034(1)
115m1Sn 612.81(4) keV 3.26(8) μs IT 115Sn 7/2+
115m2Sn 713.64(12) keV 159(1) μs IT 115Sn 11/2−
116Sn 50 66 115.90174283(10) Stable 0+ 0.1454(9)
116m1Sn 2365.975(21) keV 348(19) ns IT 116Sn 5−
116m2Sn 3547.16(17) keV 833(30) ns IT 116Sn 10+
117Sn 50 67 116.90295404(52) Stable 1/2+ 0.0768(7)
117m1Sn 314.58(4) keV 13.939(24) d IT 117Sn 11/2−
117m2Sn 2406.4(4) keV 1.75(7) μs IT 117Sn (19/2+)
118Sn 50 68 117.90160663(54) Stable 0+ 0.2422(9)
118m1Sn 2574.91(4) keV 230(10) ns IT 118Sn 7−
118m2Sn 3108.06(22) keV 2.52(6) μs IT 118Sn (10+)
119Sn 50 69 118.90331127(78) Stable 1/2+ 0.0859(4)
119m1Sn 89.531(13) keV 293.1(7) d IT 119Sn 11/2−
119m2Sn 2127.0(10) keV 9.6(12) μs IT 119Sn (19/2+)
119m3Sn 2369.0(3) keV 96(9) ns IT 119Sn 23/2+
120Sn 50 70 119.90220256(99) Stable 0+ 0.3258(9)
120m1Sn 2481.63(6) keV 11.8(5) μs IT 120Sn 7−
120m2Sn 2902.22(22) keV 6.26(11) μs IT 120Sn 10+
121Sn[n 11] 50 71 120.9042435(11) 27.03(4) h β− 121Sb 3/2+
121m1Sn 6.31(6) keV 43.9(5) y IT (77.6%) 121Sn 11/2−
β− (22.4%) 121Sb
121m2Sn 1998.68(13) keV 5.3(5) μs IT 121Sn 19/2+
121m3Sn 2222.0(2) keV 520(50) ns IT 121Sn 23/2+
121m4Sn 2833.9(2) keV 167(25) ns IT 121Sn 27/2−
122Sn[n 11] 50 72 121.9034455(26) Observationally Stable[n 12] 0+ 0.0463(3)
122m1Sn 2409.03(4) keV 7.5(9) μs IT 122Sn 7−
122m2Sn 2765.5(3) keV 62(3) μs IT 122Sn 10+
122m3Sn 4721.2(3) keV 139(9) ns IT 122Sn 15−
123Sn[n 11] 50 73 122.9057271(27) 129.2(4) d β− 123Sb 11/2−
123m1Sn 24.6(4) keV 40.06(1) min β− 123Sb 3/2+
123m2Sn 1944.90(12) keV 7.4(26) μs IT 123Sn 19/2+
123m3Sn 2152.66(19) keV 6 μs IT 123Sn 23/2+
123m4Sn 2712.47(21) keV 34 μs IT 123Sn 27/2−
124Sn[n 11] 50 74 123.9052796(14) Observationally Stable[n 13] 0+ 0.0579(5)
124m1Sn 2204.620(23) keV 270(60) ns IT 124Sn 5-
124m2Sn 2324.96(4) keV 3.1(5) μs IT 124Sn 7−
124m3Sn 2656.6(3) keV 51(3) μs IT 124Sn 10+
124m4Sn 4552.4(3) keV 260(25) ns IT 124Sn 15−
125Sn[n 11] 50 75 124.9077894(14) 9.634(15) d β− 125Sb 11/2−
125m1Sn 27.50(14) keV 9.77(25) min β− 125Sb 3/2+
125m2Sn 1892.8(3) keV 6.2(2) μs IT 125Sn 19/2+
125m3Sn 2059.5(4) keV 650(60) ns IT 125Sn 23/2+
125m4Sn 2623.5(5) keV 230(17) ns IT 125Sn 27/2−
126Sn[n 14] 50 76 125.907658(11) 2.30(14)×105 y β− 126Sb 0+ < 10−14[6]
126m1Sn 2218.99(8) keV 6.1(7) μs IT 126Sn 7−
126m2Sn 2564.5(5) keV 7.6(3) μs IT 126Sn 10+
126m3Sn 4347.4(4) keV 114(2) ns IT 126Sn 15−
127Sn 50 77 126.9103917(99) 2.10(4) h β− 127Sb 11/2−
127m1Sn 5.07(6) keV 4.13(3) min β− 127Sb 3/2+
127m2Sn 1826.67(16) keV 4.52(15) μs IT 127Sn 19/2+
127m3Sn 1930.97(17) keV 1.26(15) μs IT 127Sn (23/2+)
127m4Sn 2552.4(10) keV 250 ns (30) ns IT 127Sn (27/2−)
128Sn 50 78 127.910508(19) 59.07(14) min β− 128Sb 0+
128m1Sn 2091.50(11) keV 6.5(5) s IT 128Sn 7−
128m2Sn 2491.91(17) keV 2.91(14) μs IT 128Sn 10+
128m3Sn 4099.5(4) keV 220(30) ns IT 128Sn (15−)
129Sn 50 79 128.913482(19) 2.23(4) min β− 129Sb 3/2+
129m1Sn 35.15(5) keV 6.9(1) min β− 129Sb 11/2−
129m2Sn 1761.6(10) keV 3.49(11) μs IT 129Sn (19/2+)
129m3Sn 1802.6(10) keV 2.22(13) μs IT 129Sn 23/2+
129m4Sn 2552.9(11) keV 221(18) ns IT 129Sn (27/2−)
130Sn 50 80 129.9139745(20) 3.72(7) min β− 130Sb 0+
130m1Sn 1946.88(10) keV 1.7(1) min β− 130Sb 7−
130m2Sn 2434.79(12) keV 1.501(17) μs IT 130Sn (10+)
131Sn 50 81 130.917053(4) 56.0(5) s β− 131Sb 3/2+
131m1Sn 65.1(3) keV 58.4(5) s β− 131Sb 11/2−
IT? 131Sn
131m2Sn 4670.0(4) keV 316(5) ns IT 131Sn (23/2−)
132Sn 50 82 131.9178239(21) 39.7(8) s β− 132Sb 0+
132mSn 4848.52(20) keV 2.080(16) μs IT 132Sn 8+
133Sn 50 83 132.9239138(20) 1.37(7) s β− (99.97%) 133Sb 7/2−
β−n (.0294%) 132Sb
134Sn 50 84 133.928680(3) 0.93(8) s β− (83%) 134Sb 0+
β−n (17%) 133Sb
134mSn 1247.4(5) keV 87(8) ns IT 132Sn 6+
135Sn 50 85 134.934909(3) 515(5) ms β− (79%) 135Sb 7/2−#
β−n (21%) 134Sb
β−2n? 133Sb
136Sn 50 86 135.93970(22)# 355(18) ms β− (72%) 136Sb 0+
β−n (28%) 135Sb
β−2n? 134Sb
137Sn 50 87 136.94616(32)# 249(15) ms β− (52%) 137Sb 5/2−#
β−n (48%) 136Sb
β−2n? 135Sb
138Sn 50 88 137.95114(43)# 148(9) ms β− (64%) 138Sb 0+
β−n (36%) 137Sb
β−2n? 136Sb
138mSn 1344(2) keV 210(45) ns IT 138Sn (6+)
139Sn 50 89 138.95780(43)# 120(38) ms β− 139Sb 5/2−#
β−n? 138Sb
β−2n? 137Sb
140Sn 50 90 139.96297(32)# 50# ms
[>550 ns] 		β−? 140Sb 0+
β−n? 139Sb
β−2n? 138Sb
This table header & footer:
  1. ^ mSn – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. ^ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  6. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ^ Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons
  9. ^ Heaviest nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons with no observed α decay
  10. ^ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 112Cd
  11. ^ a b c d e Fission product
  12. ^ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 122Te
  13. ^ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 124Te with a half-life over 1×1017 years
  14. ^ Long-lived fission product

Tin-117m

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Tin-117m is a radioisotope of tin. One of its uses is in a particulate suspension to treat canine synovitis (radiosynoviorthesis).[7]

Tin-121m

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Tin-121m (121mSn) is a radioisotope and nuclear isomer of tin with a half-life of 43.9 years.

In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste. Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides will produce tin-121 at higher yields. For example, its yield from uranium-235 is 0.0007% per thermal fission and 0.002% per fast fission.[8]

Tin-126

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Yield, % per fission[8]
Thermal Fast 14 MeV
232Th not fissile 0.0481 ± 0.0077 0.87 ± 0.20
233U 0.224 ± 0.018 0.278 ± 0.022 1.92 ± 0.31
235U 0.056 ± 0.004 0.0137 ± 0.001 1.70 ± 0.14
238U not fissile 0.054 ± 0.004 1.31 ± 0.21
239Pu 0.199 ± 0.016 0.26 ± 0.02 2.02 ± 0.22
241Pu 0.082 ± 0.019 0.22 ± 0.03 ?

Tin-126 is a radioisotope of tin and one of the only seven long-lived fission products of uranium and plutonium. While tin-126's half-life of 230,000 years translates to a low specific activity of gamma radiation, its short-lived decay products, two isomers of antimony-126, emit 17 and 40 keV gamma radiation and a 3.67 MeV beta particle on their way to stable tellurium-126, making external exposure to tin-126 a potential concern.

Tin-126 is in the middle of the mass range for fission products. Thermal reactors, which make up almost all current nuclear power plants, produce it at a very low yield (0.056% for 235U), since slow neutrons almost always fission 235U or 239Pu into unequal halves. Fast fission in a fast reactor or nuclear weapon, or fission of some heavy minor actinides such as californium, will produce it at higher yields.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tin". CIAAW. 1983.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ K. Sümmerer; R. Schneider; T Faestermann; J. Friese; H. Geissel; R. Gernhäuser; H. Gilg; F. Heine; J. Homolka; P. Kienle; H. J. Körner; G. Münzenberg; J. Reinhold; K. Zeitelhack (April 1997). "Identification and decay spectroscopy of 100Sn at the GSI projectile fragment separator FRS". Nuclear Physics A. 616 (1–2): 341–345. Bibcode:1997NuPhA.616..341S. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00106-1.
  5. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  6. ^ Shen, Hongtao; Jiang, Shan; He, Ming; Dong, Kejun; Li, Chaoli; He, Guozhu; Wu, Shaolei; Gong, Jie; Lu, Liyan; Li, Shizhuo; Zhang, Dawei; Shi, Guozhu; Huang, Chuntang; Wu, Shaoyong (February 2011). "Study on measurement of fission product nuclide 126Sn by AMS" (PDF). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 269 (3): 392–395. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.11.059.
  7. ^ "https://www.nrc.gov/site-help/search.html?site=AllSites&searchtext=synovetin" (PDF). {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  8. ^ a b M. B. Chadwick et al, "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) : ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields, and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)
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