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Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
ClassificationClass D (1901)
Class B (1902–1917, 1919–1932, 1935, 1937–1942, 1948–1961)
SportMinor League Baseball
First season1901; 123 years ago (1901)
Ceased1961; 63 years ago (1961)
PresidentMichael H. Sexton (1901–1904)
Edward Holland (1905–1907)
Tom Loftus (1908)
Michael H. Sexton (1909)
Albert R. Tearney (1910–1917, 1919–1924)
L.J. Wylie (1924–1932, 1935)
Tom Fairweather (1937–1942, 1948–1950)
Vern McMillan (1951)
Hal Totten (1952–1959)
Vern Hoscheit (1960–1961)
No. of teams31
CountryUnited States of America
Most titles8
Evansville Braves/ Bees/ Hubs (1957, 1956, 1954, 1952, 1949, 1941, 1938, 1930)
Related
competitions		Midwest League

The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was a low-level Minor League Baseball organization that operated for the better part of 60 seasons, with teams based in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and Wisconsin. The league began play in 1901 and disbanded after the 1961 season. It was popularly known as the Three–I League and sometimes as the Three–Eye League.

The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League played from 1901 to 1961 with some interruptions due to world events: the league did not play in 1918 due to World War I and it had a break in 1933 and 1934 because of the Great Depression. After resuming play in 1935, it closed down in 1936, but reformed and had a six-year run from 1937 through 1942, before a break due to World War II. The league resumed play in 1946, lasting through 1961, where it was largely supplanted by the Midwest League. A Class B level league from 1902 throughout its lifespan, no other league survived for as long at that level.

History

[edit]

The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was founded in 1901 with Rock Island, Illinois native Michael H. Sexton serving as the first president. Eight charter members began play in 1901. The Bloomington Blues, Cedar Rapids Rabbitts, Davenport River Rats, Decatur Commodores, Evansville River Rats, Rock Island Islanders, Rockford Red Sox and Terre Haute Hottentots were the charter teams.[1] Bloomington, Illinois, Decatur, Illinois and Terre Haute, Indiana had left the Central League to join expansion teams in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Davenport, Iowa, Evansville, Indiana, Rockford, Illinois, and Rock Island, Illinois and form the Class D level league (equivalent to a Rookie-level league today). Two expansion teams, Davenport and Evansville, chose "River Rats" as their team name.[2]

For the second season, 1902, the league became Class B level league (equivalent to a short-season Class A league before 2021 and a Low-A league today), a classification it retained for the next 59 seasons of league operation.[3]

The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was inactive during some years of World War I (1918) and World War II (1943–1945), as well as part of the Great Depression (1933-34, 1936), like many minor leagues that were forced to suspend operations or disband during those severe times.[2][4]

As with many minor leagues, especially at the lower classifications, league membership fluctuated a great deal over its six decades. Overall, the league hosted teams in 31 cities during its existence.[5] At various times it had teams in such medium-sized cities as Cedar Rapids, Davenport, Bloomington, Decatur, Danville, Peoria, Springfield, Evansville and Terre Haute. It was a Class B league in the old classification system that ran from Class D up to Class Triple-A.

The 1955 Keokuk Kernels are ranked #30 in the Top–100 All–Time minor league teams by MiLB.com.[6] The Kernels finished with a 92–34 record and were led by Russ Nixon and Mudcat Grant.[6]

Since 1956 its territory had largely been supplanted by the Midwest League, which began play in 1947 as the Class D level Illinois State League. After 1956 there were no Illinois or Indiana teams in the league. The final 1961 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League franchises were the Fox Cities Foxes, Burlington Bees, Topeka Reds, Lincoln Chiefs, Cedar Rapids Braves and Des Moines Demons.[7] In 1962, Appleton (Fox Cities), Burlington, and Cedar Rapids joined the Midwest League and the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League folded operations when those franchises switched leagues.[8]

The league's unique name made it a convenient reference point for any mention of the minor leagues. Casey Stengel made the following comment in later life, evidently still feeling stung from having been traded by the New York Giants to the Boston Braves in the 1923–1924 off-season, despite having hit 2 game-winning home runs in the World Series: "It's lucky I didn't hit 3 home runs in three games, or McGraw would have traded me to the 3-I League!"

Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League teams (1901–1961)

[edit]

Alton, Illinois

Appleton, Wisconsin

Bloomington, Illinois

Burlington, Iowa

Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Clinton, Iowa

Danville, Illinois

Davenport, Iowa

Decatur, Illinois

Des Moines, Iowa

Dubuque, Iowa

Evansville, Indiana

Fort Wayne, Indiana

Freeport, Illinois

Green Bay, Wisconsin

Hannibal, Missouri

Joliet, Illinois

Keokuk, Iowa

Lincoln, Nebraska

Madison, Wisconsin

Moline, Illinois

Peoria, Illinois

Quincy, Illinois

Rochester, Minnesota

Rock Island, Illinois

Rockford, Illinois

Sioux City, Iowa

Springfield, Illinois

Terre Haute, Indiana

Topeka, Kansas

Waterloo, Iowa

Winona, Minnesota

Year-by-year (1901–1932)

[edit]

1901 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Terre Haute won the title behind the impressive pitching of Mordecai Brown, future Chicago Cubs mound star.

Team Name Record
Terre Haute Hottentots 72–39
Bloomington Blues 68–44
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 67–45
Rockford Red Sox 57–55
Davenport River Rats 51–61
Evansville River Rats 47–65
Rock Island Islanders 45–66
Decatur Commodores 40–72

1902 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Rockford Red Sox 74–52
Terre Haute Hottentots 70–53
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 64–55
Rock Island Islanders 58–61
Davenport River Rats 59–63
Evansville River Rats 57–67
Decatur Commodores 55–69
Bloomington Blues 54–71

1903 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Evansville and Terre Haute joined the Central League. New teams in Dubuque, Iowa and Joliet, Illinois formed. Joliet, with a record of 14–19, moved to Springfield, Illinois on June 12, where they had a record of 28–61.

Bloomington Bloomers 72–47
Decatur Commodores 67–51
Davenport River Rats 65–53
Rock Island Islanders 64–54
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 60–60
Rockford Red Sox 58–60
Dubuque Shamrocks 49–72
Joliet Standards/Springfield Foot Trackers 42–80

1904 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Springfield Hustlers 72–48
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 70–52
Dubuque Shamrocks 69–54
Bloomington Bloomers 60–61
Decatur Commodores 59–62
Rock Island Islanders 57–65
Davenport River Rats 52–69
Rockford Red Sox 48–76

1905 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Rockford team folded, and a new team in Peoria, Illinois formed.

Dubuque Shamrocks 70–53
Rock Island Islanders 68–55
Springfield Senators 64–58
Decatur Commodores 63–58
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 63–61
Bloomington Bloomers 60–65
Davenport Riversides 56–67
Peoria Distillers 48–75

After the season ended, Cedar Rapids lost to the Burlington, Iowa team from the Iowa State League 4 games to 3.

1906 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Cedar Rapids Rabbits 79–43
Peoria Distillers 74–48
Dubuque Dubs 64–55
Springfield Senators 64–56
Rock Island Islanders 58–66
Decatur Commodores 48–67
Bloomington Bloomers 51–74
Davenport Knickerbockers 45–74

1907 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Davenport team folded. The team from Clinton, Iowa joined after leaving the Iowa State League.

Rock Island Islanders 86–46
Decatur Commodores 80–47
Springfield Senators 81–50
Peoria Distillers 77–52
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 72–61
Clinton Infants 53–78
Bloomington Bloomers 51–79
Dubuque Dubs 22–109

1908 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Springfield Senators 82–54
Decatur Commodores 77–59
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 69–63
Peoria Distillers 77–52
Dubuque Dubs 67–69
Bloomington Bloomers 64–73
Rock Island Islanders 59–76
Clinton Adults 55–78

1909 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Clinton team folded. A new team in Davenport, Iowa formed.

Rock Island Islanders 90–48
Springfield Senators 81–53
Davenport Prodigals 77–59
Burlington Bloomers 70–67
Peoria Distillers 69–67
Dubuque Dubs 64–71
Decatur Commodores 63–73
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 31–107

1910 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
After the previous disappointing season, Cedar Rapids folded. The Decatur team moved to the Northern Association. The team from Waterloo, Iowa left the Central Association to join here. A new team from Danville, Illinois formed and joined the league as well.

Springfield Senators 88–48
Rock Island Islanders 81–56
Peoria Distillers 75–64
Waterloo Boosters 72–67
Bloomington Bloomers 60–76
Dubuque Dubs 60–79
Davenport Prodigals 59–80
Danville Speakers 57–82

1911 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The team from Bloomington folded. The Quincy, Illinois team from the Central Association joined the league. The Springfield team, with a 12–4 record, moved to Decatur, Illinois on May 31, where their record was 57–56.

Peoria Distillers 76–59
Springfield Senators/Decatur Nomads 69–60
Quincy Infants 71–63
Danville Speakers 69–62
Davenport Prodigals 69–69
Dubuque Hustlers 67–70
Waterloo Boosters 59–76
Rock Island Islanders 58–79

1912 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams from Rock Island and Waterloo folded. New teams from Springfield, Illinois and Bloomington, Indiana joined the league.

Springfield Senators 90–44
Davenport Prodigals 75–60
Decatur Commodores 69–67
Quincy Old Soldiers 67–70
Dubuque Dubs 65–73
Danville Speakers 63–71
Bloomington Bloomers 58–78
Peoria Distillers 56–80

1913 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Quincy Gems 79–60
Dubuque Dubs 74–62
Davenport Blue Sox 68–66
Danville Speakers 69–68
Decatur Commodores 67–68
Springfield Watchmakers 66–70
Bloomington Bloomers 64–71
Peoria Distillers 57–79

1914 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Danville team, with a record of 26–53, moved to Moline, Illinois on July 14, where their record was 20–33.

Davenport Blue Sox 83–52
Peoria Distillers 81–56
Springfield Watchmakers 72–60
Decatur Commodores 72–64
Dubuque Dubs 64–69
Quincy Gems 61–71
Bloomington Bloomers 56–77
Danville Speakers/Moline Plowboys 46–86

1915 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Springfield team folded. A new team in Rockford, Illinois formed. Dubuque moved to Freeport, Illinois during the season. The Decatur team folded on August 10. The league adopted a playoff system in which the team with the best record in the first half of the season would play the team with the best record in the second half of the season.

Moline Plowboys 75–51 (2nd half winner)
Davenport Blue Sox 76–52 (1st half winner)
Rockford Wakes 72–58
Quincy Gems 62–56
Peoria Distillers 68–63
Dubuque Dubs/Freeport Comeons 48–76
Bloomington Bloomers 48–76
Decatur Commodores 37–57

Moline beat Davenport 4 games to 2 for the title.

1916 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Freeport team folded. New teams in Hannibal, Missouri and Rock Island, Illinois formed and joined the league. The playoff system was apparently dropped.

Peoria Distillers 84–50
Hannibal Mules 79–57
Bloomington Bloomers 76–56
Rockford Wakes 67–66
Moline Plowboys 59–76
Rock Island Islanders 57–76
Quincy Gems 57–77
Davenport Blue Sox 56–77

1917 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Davenport team folded. A new team in Alton, Illinois formed and joined the league.

Peoria Distillers 43–23
Rockford Rox 39–21
Hannibal Mules 39–27
Rock Island Islanders 36–26
Quincy Gems 27–38
Moline Plowboys 27–38
Bloomington Bloomers 25–37
Alton Blues 18–44

1918, The league suspended operations because of World War I.

1919 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Alton, Hannibal, Quincy, and Rock Island folded. New teams in Evansville, Indiana and Terre Haute, Indiana formed and joined the league.

Bloomington Bloomers 80–41
Peoria Tractors 68–54
Evansville Black Sox 63–58
Rockford Rox 63–60
Terre Haute Browns 50–70
Moline Plowboys 40–81

1920 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
New teams in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois formed and joined the league. Evansville changed their names to the "Evas".

Bloomington Bloomers 82–57
Evansville Evas 80–56
Rockford Rox 70–70
Moline Plowboys 69–70
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 68–69
Peoria Tractors 67–71
Terre Haute Browns 58–77
Rock Island Islanders 57–81

1921 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Moline Plowboys 78–55
Rockford Rox 72–64
Terre Haute Tots 70–65
Peoria Tractors 70–69
Evansville Evas 67–69
Bloomington Bloomers 65–69
Cedar Rapids Rabbits 62–72
Rock Island Islanders 57–78

1922 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Cedar Rapids and Rock Island moved to the Mississippi Valley League. New teams in Danville and Decatur formed and joined the league.

Terre Haute Tots 85–51
Decatur Commodores 78–58
Peoria Tractors 76–60
Evansville Evas 76–64
Rockford Rox 74–65
Bloomington Bloomers 63–75
Danville Veterans 50–87
Moline Plowboys 49–89

1923 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Decatur Commodores 81–54
Rockford Rox 76–63
Terre Haute Tots 71–60
Bloomington Bloomers 72–64
Evansville Evas 72–65
Peoria Tractors 71–65
Danville Veterans 55–81
Moline Plowboys 45–91

1924 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Rockford team folded. The Moline team moved to the Mississippi Valley League.

Terre Haute Tots 75–62
Evansville Little Evas 75–64
Bloomington Bloomers 71–64
Peoria Tractors 71–66
Danville Veterans 59–75
Decatur Commodores 58–78

1925 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
New teams in Quincy and Springfield formed and joined the league.

Peoria Tractors 89–48
Terre Haute Tots 81–54
Evansville Pocketeers 72–63
Danville Veterans 69–66
Decatur Commodores 62–73
Bloomington Bloomers 56–74
Springfield Senators 56–79
Quincy Red Birds 54–82

1926 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Springfield Senators 77–59
Peoria Tractors 75–62
Terre Haute Tots 73–61
Danville Veterans 72–65
Evansville Hubs 72–66
Decatur Commodores 69–67
Quincy Red Birds 62–75
Bloomington Bloomers 43–88

Springfield played Bay City of the Michigan State League and won 4 games to none. They were leading against Des Moines of the Western League 3 games to 1 when the series was canceled due to cold weather.

1927 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Danville Veterans 86–50
Peoria Tractors 87–51
Springfield Senators 72–66
Terre Haute Tots 70–66
Decatur Commodores 62–70
Quincy Red Birds 63–75
Bloomington Bloomers 55–83
Evansville Hubs 50–84

1928 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The league returned to the playoff format in which the team with the best record in the first half of the season played the team with the best records in the second half of the season for the title.

Decatur Commodores 81–49 (2nd half winner)
Terre Haute Tots 75–59 (1st half winner)
Danville Veterans 69–57
Peoria Tractors 69–66
Evansville Hubs 62–68
Bloomington Bloomers 61–69
Springfield Senators 60–79
Quincy Indians 50–85

Decatur beat Terre Haute for the title 4 games to 1, with 1 tie.

1929 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Two teams with the nickname "Tractors" played in the league this season.

Quincy Indians 82–56
Decatur Commodores 81–57
Evansville Hubs 79–57
Terre Haute Tots 72–66
Bloomington Bloomers 70–70
Peoria Tractors 61–76
Springfield Tractors 59–77
Danville Veterans 46–91

Quincy played Canton of the Central League after the season ended and lost 4 games to 2.

1930 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The league returned to the best record in the 1st half vs. best record in the 2nd half playoff system.

Evansville Hubs 79–55 (2nd half winner)
Quincy Indians 78–58
Decatur Commodores 77–59
Danville Veterans 71–67 (1st half winner)
Springfield Senators 62–70
Peoria Tractors 57–77
Bloomington Cubs 57–78
Terre Haute Tots 53–76

Danville defeated Evansville 4 games to 2 for the title. Danville went on to play Springfield of the Central League and lead 3 games to 2 when the series was cancelled because of poor attendance.

1931 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Springfield Senators 72–45 (1st half winner)
Quincy Indians 67–49 (2nd half winner)
Evansville Hubs 67–58
Decatur Commodores 64–57
Bloomington Cubs 58–61
Terre Haute Tots 55–68
Peoria Tractors 51–68
Danville Veterans 44–72

Quincy beat Springfield 4 games to 2 for the championship.

1932 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Bloomington and Evansville folded before the season, and the Springfield and Decatur teams folded on July 12.

Team Name Affiliation Record
Terre Haute Tots 42–27 (1st half winner)
Peoria Tractors 20–38 (2nd half winner)
Quincy Indians Cleveland Indians 38–31
Danville Veterans St. Louis Cardinals 29–39
Springfield Senators 32–37
Decatur Commodores 24–43

The Terre Haute, Peoria, Quincy, and Danville teams all folded on July 15, as did the league itself. The league was restarted in 1935, 1937–1942, and 1946–1961.

Year–by–year 1935 to 1949

[edit]

1935 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standings W L PCT GB Managers
Bloomington Bloomers 75 44 .630 — Burleigh Grimes
Springfield Senators 74 45 .622 1.0 Bob Coleman
Decatur Commodores 59 56 .513 14.0 John Butler/ Cliff Knox
Terre Haute Tots 57 61 .483 17.5 Bill Burwell
Fort Wayne Chiefs 52 71 .423 25.0 Bruno Betzel
Peoria Tractors 38 78 .328 35.5 Jack Sheehan / Bill Rodgers

Playoff: Springfield 4 games, Bloomington 2. Bloomington was declared the winner when Springfield refused to replay protested final game that was upheld by the league president.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Chet Laabs Fort Wayne BA .384 Max Macon Bloomington W 19
Hersh Martin Bloomington Runs 112 Johnny Hutchings Peoria SO 166
Jimmy Outlaw Decatur Hits 157 Lefty Smoll Springfield PCT .765 13–4
Chet Laabs Fort Wayne RBI 96
Chet Laabs Fort Wayne HR 24

1937 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Managers
Clinton Owls 75 36 .676 — Clyde Sukeforth
Moline Plowboys 74 41 .643 3.0 Mike Gazella
Decatur Commodores 53 64 .453 25.0 George Payne
Peoria Reds 45 66 .405 30.0 Ben Tincup / Wayne Blackburn
Bloomington Bengals 21 38 .356 NA Joseph Sims
Terre Haute Tots 15 38 .283 NA Walter Holke

Bloomington and Terre Haute disbanded July 3, at the end of the first half.
Playoff: Moline 4 games, Clinton 2.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Hank Majeski Moline BA .345 Kirby Higbe Moline W 21
George Cisar Clinton Runs 98 Kirby Higbe Moline SO 257
Joe Mene Moline Hits 164 Kirby Higbe Moline PCT .808 21–5
Bert Haas Clinton HR 13

1938 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Evansville Bees 77 47 .621 — 98,817 Bob Coleman
Decatur Commodores 68 58 .540 10.0 50,766 Tony Kaufmann
Moline Plowboys 67 59 .532 11.0 22,684 Mike Gazella
Springfield Browns 63 60 .512 13.5 66,944 Walter Holke
Waterloo Red Hawks 59 65 .476 18.0 43,980 Lennie Backer
Cedar Rapids Raiders 56 63 .471 18.5 39,211 Cap Crossley
Bloomington Bloomers 56 65 .463 19.5 24,368 Bob O'Farrell
Clinton Owls 46 75 .380 29.5 35,119 Ollie Marquardt

Playoffs: Decatur 3 games, Springfield 2; Mobile 3 games, Evansville 1.
Finals: Decatur 4 games, Moline 1.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Lou Novikoff Moline BA .367 Emil Bildilli Springfield W 18
Eddie Lake Decatur Runs 117 Floyd Giebell Evansville W 18
Lou Novikoff Moline Hits 186 Emil Bildilli Springfield SO 185
Lou Novikoff Moline RBI 114 Floyd Giebell Evansville ERA 1.98
Frank Piet Springfield HR 25 Emil Bildilli Springfield PCT .818 18–4

1939 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Cedar Rapids Raiders 73 46 .613 — 56,399 Ollie Marquardt
Evansville Bees 73 48 .603 1.0 81,371 Bob Coleman
Decatur Commodores 68 51 .571 5.0 49,710 Tony Kaufmann
Springfield Browns 65 55 .542 8.5 37,916 Walter Holke
Clinton Giants 63 58 .521 11.0 41,712 Blondy Ryan
Bloomington Bloomers 49 73 .402 25.5 14,005 Bud Connolly
Moline Plowboys 49 73 .402 25.5 20,911 Mike Gazella
Waterloo Red Hawks 42 78 .350 31.5 28,935 Cap Crossley

Playoffs: Springfield 3 games, Evansville 1; Decatur 3 games, Cedar Rapids 1.
Finals: Springfield 3 games, Decatur 2.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Del Jones Cedar Rapids BA .362 Joe Callahan Evansville W 19
Del Jones Cedar Rapids Runs 120 Mike Naymick Cedar Rapids SO 181
Del Jones Cedar Rapids Hits 168 Joe Callahan Evansville ERA 1.86
George Binks Cedar Rapids RBI 116 Roger Wolff Cedar Rapids PCT .750 15–5
Fred Stroble Springfield HR 21

1940 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Cedar Rapids Raiders 74 51 .592 — 46,475 Ollie Marquardt
Decatur Commodores 73 52 .584 1.0 37,667 Tony Kaufmann /
Boyce Morrow / Lou Scoffic
Springfield Browns 73 53 .579 1.5 56,569 Art Scharein
Evansville Braves 68 55 .553 5.0 60,815 Bob Coleman
Clinton Giants 62 57 .521 9.0 40,277 Josh Billings
Madison Blues 61 62 .496 12.0 36,740 Bud Connolly
Moline Plowboys 46 78 .471 27.5 13,639 Mike Gazella
Waterloo White Hawks 36 85 .298 36.0 23,441 John Fitzpatrick / Frederick Bedore

Playoffs: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Springfield 0; Decatur 3 games, Evansville 2.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Decatur 1.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Lou Scoffic Decatur BA .358 Mike Kash Madison W 20
Chuck Workman Cedar Rapids Runs 108 Max Surkont Decatur SO 212
Lou Scoffic Decatur Hits 164 Max Surkont Decatur ERA 2.50
Don Manno Evansville RBI 113 Max Surkont Decatur PCT .792 19–5
Chuck Workman Cedar Rapids HR 29

1941 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Evansville Bees 80 45 .640 — 69,156 Bob Coleman
Cedar Rapids Raiders 72 49 .595 6.0 40,323 Ollie Marquardt
Decatur Commodores 67 56 .545 12.0 38,485 Dib Williams
Springfield Browns 65 59 .524 14.5 41,194 Art Scharein
Waterloo White Hawks 59 65 .476 20.5 55,456 Louis Brower / Johnny Mostil
Clinton Giants 57 68 .456 23.0 25,861 Josh Billings
Madison Blues 52 71 .423 27.0 28,434 Ivy Griffin
Moline Plowboys 43 82 .344 37 16,534 Joe Mowry

Playoffs: Decatur 3 games, Evansville 2; Cedar Rapids 3 games, Springfield 1.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Decatur 2.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Hank Edwards Cedar Rapids BA .364 Warren Spahn Madison W 19
Hank Edwards Cedar Rapids Runs 101 John Clay Decatur SO 204
Delbert Jones Cedar Rapids Runs 101 Warren Spahn Madison ERA 1.83
Hank Edwards Cedar Rapids Hits 172 Warren Spahn Madison PCT .760 19–6
Hank Edwards Cedar Rapids RBI 113
Hank Edwards Cedar Rapids HR 23

1942 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standings W L PCT GB Managers
Cedar Rapids Raiders 74 43 .632 — Ollie Marquardt
Springfield Browns 67 48 .583 6.0 Jimmy Adair
Evansville Bees 65 54 .546 10.0 Bob Coleman
Madison Blues 55 62 .470 19.0 Walter Millies
Waterloo White Hawks 47 71 .398 27.5 Johnny Mostil
Decatur Commodores 45 75 .375 30.5 Abe White / Tony Kaufmann

Playoffs: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Evansville 2; Madison 3 games, Springfield 1.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Madison 0.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Whitey Platt Madison BA .395 Bryan Stephens Cedar Rapids W 20
Blas Monaco Cedar Rapids Runs 95 Len Perme Waterloo SO 204
Ducky Detweiler Evansville Hits 149 John Pavlick Springfield ERA 2.96
Pat Seerey Cedar Rapids RBI 91 Bryan Stephens Cedar Rapids PCT .833 20–4
Pat Seerey Cedar Rapids HR 33

The league did not play in 1943, 1944 and 1945 due to World War II 1946 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standings W L PCT GB Managers
Davenport Cubs 76 44 .618 — Bill Kelly
Danville Dodgers 76 44 .618 0.0 Jake Pitler / Paul Chervinko
Evansville Braves 68 51 .571 7.5 Bob Coleman
Terre Haute Phillies 63 60 .512 14.5 Ray Brubaker
Waterloo White Hawks 62 63 .496 16.5 Johnny Mostil
Springfield Browns 58 67 .464 20.5 Tony Robello
Decatur Commodores 43 72 .374 30.5 Harrison Wickel
Quincy Gems 37 82 .311 38.5 Edward Marleau / Cedric Durst

Playoffs: Davenport defeated Danville in a one game playoff for first place; Evansville 3 games, Davenport 1. Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 1.
Finals: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 0.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Rube Walker Davenport BA .354 Bob Kohout Danville W 14
Richard Welker Terre Haute Runs 105 Ken Manus Waterloo W 14
Cal Abrams Danville Hits 146 Charles Shipman Evansville W 14
Bill Sanders Terre Haute RBI 96 Ray Shore Springfield SO 157
Bill Sanders Terre Haute HR 14 Jean Davison Davenport ERA 2.18
Jim Christie Terre Haute HR 14 Jean Davison Davenport PCT .867 13–2

1947 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Danville Dodgers 79 47 .627 — 63,926 Paul Chervinko
Terre Haute Phillies 74 51 .592 4.5 133,654 Ray Brubaker /
Whitey Gluchoski / Jack Sanford
Springfield Browns 71 55 .563 8.0 58,009 Ben Huffman
Waterloo Hawks 71 55 .563 8.0 174,064 Johnny Mostil / Jack Onslow
Evansville Braves 70 55 .560 8.5 133,163 Bob Coleman
Davenport Cubs 55 70 .440 23.5 50,846 Dickie Kerr / Morrie Arnovich
Quincy Gems 50 75 .400 28.5 100,096 Gordie Hinkle
Decatur Commodores 31 93 .250 47.0 33,069 Gene Corbett

Playoffs: Springfield defeated Waterloo in a playoff for third place; Danville 3 games, Springfield 2; Waterloo 3 games, Terre Haute 0.
Finals: Waterloo 4 games, Danville 1.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Hank Arft Springfield BA .364 Ken Olson Danville W 22
Jerry Scala Waterloo Runs 116 John Perkovich Waterloo SO 207
Jerry Scala Waterloo Hits 163 John Perkovich Waterloo ERA 2.50
Ray Fletcher Evansville RBI 115 Ken Olson Danville PCT .846 22–4
Ed Ehlers Quincy HR 22

1948 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Quincy Gems 81 45 .643 - 124,053 James Adlam
Danville Dodgers 72 51 .585 7.5 62,284 Paul Chervinko
Evansville Braves 67 54 .554 11.5 101,652 Bob Coleman
Terre Haute Phillies 65 57 .533 14.0 130,009 Pat Colgan / Dale Jones
Waterloo White Hawks 63 61 .508 17.0 170,018 Pete Fox
Springfield Browns 56 67 .455 23.5 54,463 Hank Helf / Irv Hall
Decatur Commies 50 75 .400 30.5 44,943 Red Lucas / Nelson Burbrink
Davenport Pirates 41 85 .325 40.0 45,711 Ival Goodman

Playoffs: Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 2. Evansville 3 games, Quincy 2.
Finals: Evansville 4 games, Terre Haute 0.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
John Novosel Springfield BA .339 Art Bohman Quincy W 16
Bob Marquis Quincy Runs 108 Lew Burdette Quincy W 16
Bob Marquis Quincy Hits 164 Glenn Thompson Evansville SO 230
Kite Thomas Quincy RBI 99 David Thieke Danville ERA 1.81
John Novosel Springfield HR 22 Glenn Thompson Evansville PCT .789 15–4
Don Lenhardt Springfield HR 22

1949 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Evansville Braves 74 51 .592 — 145,657 Bob Coleman
Waterloo White Hawks 70 56 .556 4.5 146,421 Ben Huffman / Frederick Shaffer
Terre Haute Phillies 69 56 .552 5.0 122,493 Lee Riley
Davenport Pirates 67 59 .532 7.5 133,505 Bill Burwell
Quincy Gems 59 67 .468 15.5 85,130 James Adlam
Decatur Cubs 55 70 .440 19.0 51,147 Morrie Arnovich
Danville Dodgers 55 70 .440 19.0 49,605 Lou Rochelli
Springfield Browns 53 73 .421 21.5 48,952 Doc Crandall

Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 2; Davenport 3 games, Waterloo 2.
Finals: Davenport 3 games, Evansville 0.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Emil Tellinger Quincy BA .322 Bob Miller Terre Haute W 19
Herman Rhodes Waterloo Runs 86 Paul Stuffel Terre Haute SO 288
Robert Anderlik Decatur Hits 140 William Koszarek Terre Haute ERA 1.97
Ed McGhee Waterloo RBI 88 William Koszarek Terre Haute PCT .875 14–2
Lloyd Lowe Decatur HR 15
Emil Tellinger Quincy HR 15

Year-by-year 1950 to 1961

[edit]

1950 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1950 Three-I League schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Terre Haute Phillies 78 48 .619 — 111,228 Dan Carnevale
Danville Dodgers 74 52 .587 4.0 51,616 Jim Bivin
Waterloo White Hawks 70 56 .556 8.0 119,244 Otto Denning
Quincy Gems 64 60 .516 13.0 53,322 James Adlam
Cedar Rapids Indians 59 67 .468 19.0 85,038 Billy Jurges
Evansville Braves 56 70 .444 22.0 102,865 Ernie White
Decatur Commodores 52 74 .413 26.0 35,516 Morrie Arnovich
Davenport Quads 49 75 .395 28.0 90,584 Gene Hasson

Playoffs: Terre Haute 3 games, Quincy 0; Danville 3 games, Waterloo 0.
Finals: Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 1.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Jim King Cedar Rapids BA .332 Jacob Schmitt Terre Haute W 21
Jack Lillis Danville Runs 110 Niles Jordan Terre Haute SO 206
Frank Marchio Quincy Hits 162 Niles Jordan Terre Haute ERA 2.35
Frank Marchio Quincy RBI 112 Jacob Schmitt Terre Haute PCT .808 21–5
Allen Thomas Waterloo HR 25

1951 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Terre Haute Phillies 75 55 .577 — 81,511 Skeeter Newsome
Evansville Braves 69 60 .535 5.5 101,254 Bob Coleman
Quincy Gems 65 65 .500 10.0 62,503 Dutch Zwilling
Cedar Rapids Indians 64 66 .492 11.0 92,102 Kerby Farrell
Waterloo White Hawks 60 69 .466 14.5 79,687 Otto Denning /
Ed Taylor / Skeeter Webb
Davenport Tigers 56 74 .431 19.0 100,328 Marv Olson

Playoffs: Quincy 3 games, Terre Haute 1; Cedar Rapids 3 games, Evansville 2.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Cedar Rapids 2.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Jim Command Terre Haute BA .328 Alfred Dumouchelle Evansville W 17
James Deery Terre Haute Runs 103 Jack Urban Quincy W 17
Jim Command Terre Haute Hits 166 Bob P. Coleman Cedar Rapids W 17
Robert Erps Davenport RBI 97 Jack Urban Quincy SO 164
Bill Renna Quincy HR 26 Ben Johnson Evansville ERA 2.47
Daniel Ramer Terre Haute PCT .750 15–5

1952 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Evansville Braves 74 47 .612 — 124,381 Bob Coleman
Terre Haute Phillies 75 49 .605 0.5 63,267 Skeeter Newsome
Burlington Flints 64 60 .516 11.5 57,259 Len Schulte
Waterloo White Hawks 65 61 .515 11.5 75,071 Skeeter Webb
Keokuk Kernels 56 66 .459 18.5 64,931 Rudy Laskowski
Davenport Tigers 54 69 .439 21.0 71,989 Marv Owen
Quincy Gems 54 72 .429 22.5 45,541 Paul Chervinko
Cedar Rapids Indians 53 71 .427 22.5 94,428 Jimmy Bloodworth

Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Burlington 2; Terre Haute 3 games, Waterloo 0.
Finals: Terre Haute 3 games, Evansville 1.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Art Pennington Keokuk BA .349 George Yorke Evansville W 17
Art Pennington Keokuk Runs 126 Bud Daley Cedar Rapids SO 198
Chuck Harmon Burlington Hits 153 Gerald Speck Waterloo ERA 2.44
Horace Garner Evansville RBI 107 Stewart Alton Evansville PCT .786 11–3
Robert Erps Waterloo HR 27

1953 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Terre Haute Phillies 76 52 .594 — 64,428 Hub Kittle
Quincy Gems 70 58 .547 6.0 75,363 Vern Hoscheit
Evansville Braves 70 59 .543 6.5 88,438 Bob Coleman
Waterloo White Hawks 69 60 .535 7.5 93,153 Zack Taylor
Peoria Chiefs 63 65 .492 13.0 124,866 Whitey Kurowski
Cedar Rapids Indians 63 65 .492 13.0 93,501 Al Kubski / William Prince
Keokuk Kernels 53 75 .414 23.0 76,405 Rudy Laskowski
Burlington Flints 49 79 .383 27.0 49,370 Johnny Vander Meer

Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 2; Quincy 3 games, Waterloo 1.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Evansville 0.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Bob Coats Cedar Rapids BA .327 Jim Owens Terre Haute W 22
James Fishback Peoria Runs 107 Seth Morehead Terre Haute SO 206
Bob Coats Cedar Rapids Hits 162 Joe Stanka Cedar Rapids ERA 2.35
Ed Barbarito Quincy Hits 162 Jim Owens Terre Haute PCT .733 22–8
Ed Barbarito Quincy RBI 127
Marv Throneberry Quincy HR 30

1954 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Evansville Braves 81 54 .600 — 71,691 Bob Coleman
Keokuk Kernels 78 58 .574 3.5 49,957 Jo-Jo White
Peoria Chiefs 73 63 .537 8.5 78,497 Whitey Kurowski
Quincy Gems 71 64 .526 10.0 54,168 Vern Hoscheit
Waterloo White Hawks 66 69 .489 15.0 51,600 Walter Millies
Cedar Rapids Indians 63 72 .467 18.0 60,605 William Prince
Terre Haute Phillies 60 76 .441 21.5 37,104 Hub Kittle
Burlington Bees 50 86 .368 31.5 37,010 Doc Crandall

Playoffs: Peoria 3 games, Evansville 1; Quincy 3 games, Keokuk 1.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Peoria 0.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Tom Gott Quincy BA .348 Stan Pitula Keokuk W 20
Ed Barbarito Quincy Runs 121 Stan Pitula Keokuk SO 172
Tom Gott Quincy Hits 168 Ray Rippelmeyer Evansville ERA 2.91
Bob Kosis Peoria RBI 121 Ray Rippelmeyer Evansville PCT .762 16–5
Ed Barbarito Quincy HR 35

1955 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Keokuk Kernels 92 34 .730 — 39,179 Pinky May
Waterloo White Hawks 70 56 .556 22.0 71,864 Dutch Dorman / Willard Marshall
Peoria Chiefs 63 63 .500 29.0 62,347 Whitey Kurowski
Burlington Bees 62 64 .492 30.0 91,946 Harold Meek
Evansville Braves 60 66 .476 32.0 47,414 Bob Coleman
Terre Haute Tigers 56 70 .444 36.0 50,334 Stubby Overmire
Quincy Gems 52 74 .413 40.0 39,081 Vern Hoscheit
Cedar Rapids Raiders 49 77 .389 43.0 58,611 Ray Perry

Playoffs: Keokuk 3 games, Peoria 0; Burlington 3 games, Waterloo 1.
Finals: Keokuk 3 games, Burlington 1.

Player Statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Russ Nixon Keokuk BA .385 Mudcat Grant Keokuk W 19
John Romano Waterloo Runs 108 Bob Yanen Keokuk SO 177
Tony Kubek Quincy Hits 157 Bill Dailey Keokuk ERA 2.52
John Romano Waterloo RBI 124 Mudcat Grant Keokuk PCT .864 19–3
John Romano Waterloo HR 38

1956 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Evansville Braves 84 36 .700 — 60,910 Bob Coleman
Waterloo White Hawks 62 56 .525 21.0 46,119 Ira Hutchinson
Keokuk Kernels 60 59 .504 23.5 47,440 Pinky May
Peoria Chiefs 58 58 .500 24.0 54,359 George Kissell
Quincy Gems 56 64 .467 28.0 35,308 Vern Hoscheit
Burlington Bees 46 75 .380 38.5 68,260 Ed McDade
Cedar Rapids Raiders 44 76 .367 40.0 47,352 George Scherger
Terre Haute Tigers 40 26 .606 NA 23,368 Bill Norman / Charlie Metro

Terre Haute disbanded July 3.
Playoffs: None Scheduled

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Horace Garner Evansville BA .354 Don Nottebart Evansville W 18
Lee Maye Evansville Runs 103 Dave Wegereck Keokuk SO 158
Lee Maye Evansville Hits 159 Don Nottebart Evansville ERA 2.24
Lee Maye Evansville RBI 99 Don Nottebart Evansville PCT .857 18–3
Clyde McNeal Cedar Rapids HR 27

1957 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Evansville Braves 81 49 .623 — 54,295 Bob Coleman
Peoria Chiefs 80 49 .620 .5 54,737 Vern Hoscheit
Davenport DavSox 65 65 .500 16 79,478 Skeeter Scalzi
Burlington Bees 57 71 .445 23 58,771 Ken Raffensberger
Keokuk Kernels 55 74 .426 25.5 35,028 Pinky May
Cedar Rapids Raiders 49 79 .383 31 54,717 Danny Ozark

Playoffs: None Scheduled

Player Statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Horace Garner Evansville BA .334 Don Nichols Peoria W 20
Billy Smith Evansville Runs 107 Hal Trosky Jr. Davenport SO 204
George Holder Evansville Hits 148 Don Nichols Peoria ERA 2.09
Horace Garner Evansville RBI 100 Don Nichols Peoria PCT .870 20–3
Jim Koranda Cedar Rapids HR 31

1958 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League - schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Cedar Rapids Braves 77 53 .592 — 81,437 Alex Monchak
Davenport DavSox 71 58 .550 5.5 61,522 Ira Hutchinson
Green Bay Bluejays 65 64 .504 11.5 63,782 Pete Reiser
Burlington Bees 62 67 .481 14.5 51,632 Walt Dixon
Rochester A's /
Winona A's		 57 73 .438 20.0 39,589 Burl Storie / Lew Krausse
Fox Cities Foxes 56 73 .434 20.5 58,602 Pete Suder

Rochester (20—37) moved to Winona June 29.
Playoff: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Davenport 2.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Carlos Pascual Fox Cities BA .372 Bill Hamilton Cedar Rapids W 15
Frank Howard Green Bay Runs 104 Ed Rakow Green Bay W 15
Bob Sager Davenport Hits 180 Robert Sedlak Green Bay W 15
Frank Howard Green Bay RBI 119 Stan Horvatin Roches/Winona SO 210
Frank Howard Green Bay HR 37 Bill Hamilton Cedar Rapids ERA 2.18
Bob Hendley Cedar Rapids PCT .737 14–5

1959 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Des Moines Demons 78 48 .619 — 86,923 Chuck Kress
Green Bay Bluejays 74 51 .592 3.5 41,107 Stan Wasiak
Topeka Hawks 69 56 .552 8.5 59,803 Johnny Vander Meer
Fox Cities Foxes 59 67 .468 19 51,004 Jack McKeon
Lincoln Chiefs 58 68 .460 20 44,783 Ira Hutchinson
Sioux City Soos 58 68 .460 20 38,332 Bill Capps
Burlington Bees 54 72 .429 24 53,536 Ray Mueller
Cedar Rapids Braves 53 73 .421 25 70,039 Alex Monchak

Playoff: Green Bay 3 games, Des Moines 1.

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Hernan Valdes Fox Cities BA .330 Bart Dziadek Topeka W 15
Cal Emery Des Moines Runs 107 Larry Maxie Cedar Rapids SO 187
Dick Howser Sioux City Runs 107 Jim Brewer Burlington ERA 2.67
George Scott Green Bay Hits 155 Andres Ayon Topeka PCT .750 12–4
Cal Emery Des Moines RBI 129
Cal Emery Green Bay HR 27

1960 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Fox Cities Foxes 82 56 .594 — 61,062 Earl Weaver
Lincoln Chiefs 71 66 .518 10.5 45,170 Ira Hutchinson
Sioux City Soos 71 68 .511 11.5 41,385 Bobby Hofman
Cedar Rapids Braves 71 69 .507 12.0 62,358 Jimmy Brown
Burlington Bees 66 74 .471 17.0 51,988 Hardy Peterson
Green Bay Dodgers 65 73 .471 17.0 29,940 Stan Wasiak
Des Moines Demons 64 74 .464 18.0 53,828 Andy Seminick
Topeka Reds 64 74 .464 18.0 36,365 Johnny Vander Meer

Playoff: None Scheduled

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Pete Ward Fox Cities BA .345 Ron Woods Lincoln W 17
Frank Montgomery Fox Cities Runs 111 Hank Fischer Cedar Rapids SO 217
Gerry Reimer Des Moines Hits 179 Hank Fischer Grand Rapids ERA 2.01
Billy Joe Dashner Topeka RBI 108 Hank Fischer Grand Rapids PCT .682 15–7
Manly Johnston Lincoln HR 23
Billy Joe Dashner Topeka HR 23

1961 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standings W L PCT GB Attend Managers
Topeka Reds 79 50 .612 — 56,384 Dave Bristol
Cedar Rapids Braves 73 57 .562 6.5 69,617 Jimmy Brown
Lincoln Chiefs 68 62 .523 11.5 42,866 George Noga
Fox Cities Foxes 67 62 .519 12.0 47,552 Earl Weaver
Burlington Bees 65 65 .500 14.5 36,798 Hardy Peterson
Des Moines Demons 37 93 .285 42.5 33,337 Chuck Kress

Playoff: None Scheduled

Player statistics
Player Team Stat Tot Player Team Stat Tot
Dick Haines Des Moines BA .355 Bill Holmes Cedar Rapids W 18
Tommy Harper Topeka Runs 131 Bob Locker Lincoln SO 215
Paul Snyder Cedar Rapids Hits 153 Bill Holmes Cedar Rapids ERA 2.21
Miles McWilliams Topeka RBI 102 Bill Holmes Cedar Rapids PCT .818 18–4
Barry Morgan Cedar Rapids HR 23
Source:[9]

Baseball Hall of Fame alumni

[edit]

Three-I Most Valuable Players

[edit]

Source:[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "1901 Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  2. ^ a b "Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League (D) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  3. ^ "Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League (B) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  4. ^ "Register League Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  5. ^ Batterson, Steve (May 19, 2009). "Era comes to close for Q-C minor league baseball". qctimes.com.
  6. ^ a b "Top 100 Teams - MiLB.com History - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball". MiLB.com.
  7. ^ "1961 Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  8. ^ "Midwest League (A) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  9. ^ a b Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (Third ed.). Baseball America. ISBN 978-1932391176.
  10. ^ "Tommy Harper – Society for American Baseball Research".
  11. ^ "Three-I Loop MVP to Ward". News-Record. Neenah. September 3, 1960. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "Frank Howard – Society for American Baseball Research".
[edit]
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