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Zodiac Killer in popular culture

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The crosshair-like symbol used by the Zodiac Killer in signing his correspondence

The Zodiac Killer was a serial killer who operated in Northern California from at least the late 1960s to the early 1970s. His identity remains unknown. His crimes, letters and cryptograms to police and newspapers inspired many movies, novels, television and more.

This article's list focuses on entertainment ("popular culture") inspired by the events, with a few references to documentary and true crime media.

Film

[edit]
  • The Zodiac Killer (1971), released while the killer was still active, was directed by Tom Hanson and starred Hal Reed and Bob Jones.[1]
  • Zodiac Rapist (1971), a pornographic horror film loosely based on the crimes directed by John Lamb with John Holmes in the leading role.
  • Dirty Harry (1971), released while the killer was still active, was loosely based on the Zodiac case, featuring a serial killer who calls himself "Scorpio" (a sign in the Zodiac),[2] who at one point kidnaps a school bus full of children, mirroring the real Zodiac's threat to shoot children on a school bus.[3]
  • The Exorcist III (1990) has a character named the "Gemini Killer", loosely based on the Zodiac Killer.
  • Disguised Killer (2000), a short film filmed in Vallejo and set in the present, is based on the Lake Herman Road murders.[4]
  • Zodiac Killer (2005) is set in the present. The film, written and directed by Ulli Lommel, features a nursing home employee who begins copycatting the Zodiac, angering the original killer (played by Lommel), who is revealed to be a member of a moralistic secret society, and who has been living under the guise of Zodiac expert Simon Vale.[5]
  • The Zodiac (2005) focuses on telling the story of a Vallejo detective involved in the case, and how it affected him and his family.[6]
  • Curse of the Zodiac (2007) is a loose retelling of the original murders, also written and directed by Ulli Lommel.[7]
  • Zodiac (2007) is based on the two non-fiction books by Robert Graysmith: Zodiac and Zodiac Unmasked: The Identity of America's Most Elusive Serial Killer.[8] Filming locations included San Francisco and Los Angeles.
  • Seven Psychopaths (2012) has the Zodiac Killer make a brief appearance in a flashback, presented as a hippy who lives with a number of white rabbits and displays a Gandhi poster on his wall.
  • Awakening the Zodiac (2017) stars Shane West and Leslie Bibb as a nearly destitute couple, who find a 50-year-old 8 mm film reel showing murders by the Zodiac Killer, leading them to try to solve the case (rather than contact the police) so that they might make some money.[9]
  • The Batman (2022) features a version of The Riddler based on the Zodiac Killer with a similar costume, symbol, and use of a Halloween greeting card to taunt an individual.[10][11]

Music

[edit]
  • The death metal band Macabre's album "Sinister Slaughter", from 1993, features a song entitled "Zodiac", about the killer.[12]
  • The bottom of the cover art of Guns N' Roses' album "The Spaghetti Incident?", from 1993, contains a code using the killer's symbols, which has been deciphered as "fuck'em all".[13]
  • San Francisco metal band Machine Head's 1997 album The More Things Change... features "Blood of the Zodiac", inspired by the Zodiac killer.
  • The Zodiac Killers, a San Francisco based punk rock band has drawn imagery and words from the killer for the albums "The Most Thrilling Experience" "Have a Blast", and "Society's Offenders".
  • The Japanese horror punk band Balzac have a side project band, founded in 2004, consisting of the same band members that is called Zodiac.[14] Their lyrics make frequent references to the Zodiac Killer’s actions.
  • German EBM band SAM 2008 album "Synthetic Adrenaline Music" features a track called "Zodiac Killer".
  • Kamelot's album Poetry for the Poisoned, from 2010, features two songs, "Dear Editor" and "The Zodiac", about the Zodiac Killer.[15]
  • The song "National Disgrace" by Atmosphere contains a reference to The Zodiac Killer.[16]
  • Japanese doom metal band Church of Misery wrote a song about the Zodiac in 2013 entitled "Sick of Living",[17] quoting Zodiac's cryptic nature and the infamous piece of poetry carved under the desktop in the Riverside City College library.
  • American deathrock band Christian Death's 2000 album Born-Again Antichristian features a track called "Zodiac (He Is Still Out There...)", about the Zodiac Killer.[18]
  • The Grateful Dead song "Dire Wolf", from 1969, written by lyricist Robert Hunter and guitarist Jerry Garcia, contains the refrain "Don't murder me...I beg of you, don't murder me..." which was inspired by the air of paranoia that settled over the San Francisco area during the peak period of the Zodiac murders.

Television

[edit]
  • The season 2 episode of Nash Bridges, titled "Zodiac", has the inspectors following a copycat using the same methodologies as the original killer.
  • The Zodiac case forms the basis for "The Mikado", a second season installment of the television series Millennium. The episode, featuring a fictionalized version of the Zodiac Killer known as Avatar, was written by Michael R. Perry and first aired on February 6, 1998.[19]
  • The show Psych has a recurring serial killer/killers "Yin/Yang", whose crimes bear similarity to the Zodiac Killer's, played by Ally Sheedy.
  • The series Heroes character Sylar, portrayed by Zachary Quinto, is loosely based upon the Zodiac Killer. Sylar taking his name from a watch mirrors one theory regarding the Zodiac Killer. One suspect was allegedly given a "Zodiac" brand watch that had the same logo (a crossed circle) that the killer used to sign his letters. Also of note, before one alleged victim died, she was followed by a suspicious man wearing horn-rimmed glasses.
  • A Season 6 episode of Medium, entitled "The Medium is the Message", portrayed a killer called "The Libra Slayer" who showed a proclivity for symbols. His case was decades old, much like the Zodiac Killer's.
  • The Zodiac Killer is mentioned numerous times in Criminal Minds, a television program which follows a team of profilers at the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit. On January 18, 2012, the episode "True Genius" was aired, featuring a Zodiac Killer copycat active in the Bay Area. Recurring villain George Foyet, a.k.a. "The Boston Reaper", was heavily based on the Zodiac.
  • In the American Horror Story series, the Zodiac Killer is depicted as a masked figure and first appears as a ghost in the American Horror Story: Hotel episode "Devil's Night", attending James Patrick March's dead serial killer party while apologizing for being late from "writing some letters". In American Horror Story: Cult, the Zodiac Killer is suggested to be a member of Valerie Solanas' SCUM cult and that the "Zodiac Killer" was coined by a homosexual member who took credit for the series murders and sent the infamous cryptic letters to the police.[20]
  • The "Magnifying Glass" episode of the MacGyver reboot (original air date 02/10/17) features the team tracking down a Zodiac Killer copycat.[21]
  • The episode "Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown" from the second season of Riverdale features a Zodiac copycat killer called the "Black Hood" killer, who like Zodiac sends taunting letters and cryptograms.[22][23]

Video games

[edit]
  • In the 2007 video game Manhunt 2, the player character Daniel Lamb is modeled after the Zodiac Killer's composite sketch.
  • The main antagonist of 2010's Cause of Death volume 4, "Zero", is largely inspired by the Zodiac Killer.
  • Watch Dogs 2 features a pre-order mission where the protagonist Marcus Holloway has to find a Zodiac Killer copycat and solve his mystery.[24]
  • Zodiac is a passive item added in the Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth expansion, represented by the crosshair symbol.
  • In the 2017 game Serial Cleaner, one of the levels the protagonist has to remove evidence from is based on the killings.[25]
  • The 2020 video game This is the Zodiac Speaking revolves around journalist Robert Hartnell as he undergoes therapy after he survives an encounter with the Zodiac. Whilst undergoing it, he visits the Zodiac's crime scenes through his dreams and attempts to piece together the timeline of events of each murder case.[26] The game's protagonist is based on Bryan Hartnell, who survived eight stab wounds to the back from the Zodiac Killer.[27]

Literature

[edit]
  • The California Crime Book, "Horror-Scope For Murder (The Zodiac Killer)", (1971) by Robert Colby.[28]
  • Great Crimes of San Francisco: True Tales of Intrigue by the Bay, "This is the Zodiac Speaking...", (1974) by Duffy Jennings.[29]
  • Great Unsolved Mysteries, "Zodiac-The Sign of Death", a 1978 novel by James Purvis.[citation needed]
  • The Zodiac Killer, a 1979 novel by Jerry Weissman.[30]
  • Zodiac: The Shocking True Story of the Hunt for the Nation's Most Elusive Serial Killer, a 1986 non-fiction book by Robert Graysmith.[31]
  • One Was Not Enough: True Stories of Multiple Murderers, "The Zodiac Killer", (1986) by Georgina Lloyd.[32]
  • Duet For The Devil, a 2000 horror novel by T. Winter-Damon & Randy Chandler.[33]
  • Zodiac Unmasked, a 2002 true crime book by Robert Graysmith.[34]
  • San Francisco's Finest: Gunning For The Zodiac, a 2012 crime suspense thriller by Joseph Covino Jr.[35]
  • The Zodiac Paradox, a 2013 tie-in novel with the television series Fringe, features the Zodiac Killer being brought from the show's parallel universe due to one of Walter's experiments.[36]
  • The Most Dangerous Animal of All: Searching For My Father... And Finding The Zodiac Killer a 2014 novel by Gary L. Stewart.[37]
  • The Stringer, a 2016 thriller by Terry Cubbins.[38]
  • Unsub, a 2017 crime thriller by Meg Gardiner.[39]
  • Trail of the Zodiac, a 2017 crime thriller by Jon Mills.[40]

Miscellaneous

[edit]
Main article: Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme
  • During the 2016 United States presidential campaign, various opponents of Texas Senator Ted Cruz's candidacy initiated a farcical rumor on Twitter that Cruz was the Zodiac Killer. The topic has picked up interest as an internet meme, even as claimants have stated that they do not seriously believe it.[41][42][43][44] In a February 2016 survey of Florida voters done by Public Policy Polling, 10% of respondents stated that they believed Cruz was the killer, while 28% felt that the possibility could not be ruled out.[42] Cruz was born in 1970, the year after the last confirmed Zodiac-related murder was committed. One columnist observed that the rumor campaign's persistence, despite its complete implausibility, is "a matter of style over substance".[43] Several people involved with the meme acknowledged to National Public Radio that they were well aware that Cruz could not possibly be the killer, and added, "... it's all about a feeling they have about Cruz: they think he's creepy."[44] Cruz himself has acknowledged the meme, tweeting a photo of one of the killer's coded messages in October 2017.[45][46] In 2020, following the decryption of a previously undecipherable letter from the Zodiac Killer, Cruz once again acknowledged the meme.[47][48]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rossen, Jake (October 31, 2017). "A Pizzeria Owner's Bizarre Plot to Capture the Zodiac Killer". Mental Floss. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  2. ^ Young, Alison (2009). The Scene of Violence: Cinema, Crime, Affect. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-134-00872-8.
  3. ^ Haugen, Brenda (2011). The Zodiac Killer: Terror and Mystery. Capstone. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7565-4357-0.
  4. ^ "Disguised Killer". asianamericanfilm.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  5. ^ "The Serial Killer Cinema of Ulli Lommel". Hollywood Action House. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  6. ^ "The Zodiac (2005)". AllMovie. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  7. ^ "Curse of the Zodiac (2007)". AllMovie. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  8. ^ Dargis, Manohla (March 2, 2007). "Hunting a Killer as the Age of Aquarius Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  9. ^ Harvey, Dennis (2017-05-22). "Movie review: "Awakening the Zodiac"". Variety. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
  10. ^ Tassi, Paul (May 19, 2021). "Leaks Suggest 'The Batman' Is Fighting A Zodiac Killer-Like Riddler". Forbes. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  11. ^ Mullally, William (January 27, 2022). "The Batman: Director Matt Reeves reveals how he got his dream film made". Esquire. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  12. ^ Macabre - Sinister Slaughter album Encyclopedia Metallum - The Metal Archives.
  13. ^ Axl's history of personal hints regarding a song/or concept on the next album, in the previous album. MYGNR Forum. February 3, 2013. Retrieved on February 7, 2013.
  14. ^ "Zodiac - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives". www.metal-archives.com. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  15. ^ Kamelot (2010). Poetry for the Poisoned. Kamelot Media Group LLC.
  16. ^ Atmosphere – National Disgrace, retrieved 2024-04-08
  17. ^ Church of Misery – Sick of Living (Zodiac), retrieved 2024-04-08
  18. ^ Zodiac (He Is Still out There). Retrieved 2024-04-08 – via www.youtube.com.
  19. ^ "The Mikado". millennium-thisiswhoweare.net. Archived from the original on 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  20. ^ McCarrick, Michael (June 18, 2021). "American Horror Story: Hotel - Every Real-Life Serial Killer in 'Devil's Night'". CBR. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  21. ^ Barney, Chuck (February 9, 2017). "'MacGyver' channels Zodiac Killer in San Francisco-set episode". The Mercury News. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  22. ^ "Riverdale Name Drops Serial Killers on The Town That Dreaded Sundown". geek exchange. Retrieved 2017-11-03.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ "Riverdale Recap: You Gotta Fight for Your Right to Vigilante". TVLine. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
  24. ^ McWhertor, Michael (October 20, 2016). "Get a preview of Watch Dogs 2's Zodiac Killer mission". Polygon. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  25. ^ Robertson, Tyler (2017-03-19). "PAX East 2017: Mop Up Crime Scenes in Serial Cleaner". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  26. ^ Bailey, Gary (October 10, 2020). "This is the Zodiac Speaking Review". God is a Geek. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  27. ^ Walker, Alex (13 June 2019). "There's A New Game Based On The Zodiac Killings". Kotaku. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  28. ^ Colby, Robert (1971). The California Crime Book. Pyramid Books.
  29. ^ Dickensheet, Dean W. (1974). Great crimes of San Francisco, 1880-1973 : true tales of intrigue by the bay. Internet Archive. Sausalito, Calif. : Comstock Editions. ISBN 978-0-89174-033-9.
  30. ^ Weissman, Jerry (1979). The Zodiac Killer. Pinnacle Books. ISBN 978-0-523-40529-2.
  31. ^ Graysmith, Robert (2020-05-05). Zodiac: The Shocking True Story of the Hunt for the Nation's Most Elusive Serial Killer. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-593-19965-7.
  32. ^ Lloyd, Georgina (1986). One was Not Enough: True Stories of Multiple Murderers. R. Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-2810-9.
  33. ^ Winter-Damon, T.; Chandler, Randy (2010-12-03). Duet for the Devil. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4564-3793-0.
  34. ^ Graysmith, Robert (2007-01-02). Zodiac Unmasked: The Identity of America's Most Elusive Serial Killer Revealed. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4406-7812-7.
  35. ^ Covino (Jr.), Joseph (2012). San Francisco's Finest: Gunning for the Zodiac. Epic Press. ISBN 978-0-943283-33-3.
  36. ^ Faust, Christa (2013-05-14). Fringe - The Zodiac Paradox (Novel #1). Titan Books (US, CA). ISBN 978-1-78116-309-2.
  37. ^ Stewart, Gary L.; Mustafa, Susan D. (2014-05-22). The Most Dangerous Animal of All. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-757981-5.
  38. ^ Cubbins, Terry (September 26, 2016). The Stringer. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781532764547.
  39. ^ Gardiner, Meg (2018-01-02). UNSUB. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-98554-0.
  40. ^ Mills, Jon (2017-11-09). Trail of the Zodiac - Debt Collector 10. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-9795-9406-6.
  41. ^ Fechter, Joshua (February 19, 2016). "Here's why some people think Ted Cruz is the Zodiac killer". SFGate.com. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  42. ^ a b "Pollster asks Floridians if Cruz is the Zodiac Killer". TheHill. 26 February 2016.
  43. ^ a b Calhoun, B. (February 23, 2016). Is Ted Cruz Any Number of Serial Killers — Or Every Serial Killer? SF Weekly Archived 2016-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved April 18, 2016.
  44. ^ a b "#MemeOfTheWeek: Ted Cruz And The Zodiac Killer". NPR.org.
  45. ^ Victor, Daniel (18 October 2017). "Ted Cruz, Who Is Not the Zodiac Killer, Acknowledges a Long-Running Joke". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  46. ^ Cruz, Ted [@tedcruz] (October 18, 2017). "Replying to @BenSasse" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  47. ^ Cruz, Ted [@tedcruz] (December 11, 2020). "uh oh" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  48. ^ Cruz, Ted [@tedcruz] (December 11, 2020). "Nothing to see here. Please disperse. [GIF]" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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