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==Plot summary==
==Plot summary==
The story is set in the early twentieth century, and begins with the unnamed narrator, a writer of speculative scientific articles, visiting an [[observatory]] in [[Ottershaw]] on the invitation of a "noted [[astronomer]]" named Ogilvy. There he witnesses an explosion on the surface of the planet [[Mars]], one of a series of such events that arouses much interest in the scientific community. An unspecified time later, a "[[meteor]]" is seen landing on [[Horsell]] Common, near [[London]]. The narrator's home is close by, and he is among the first to discover the object is a space-going artificial [[cylinder]] launched from Mars. The cylinder opens, disgorging the [[Martian (War of the Worlds)|Martians]]: bulky, [[tentacle]]d creatures that begin setting up strange machinery in the cylinder's [[impact crater]]. A human deputation moves towards the crater and is incinerated by an invisible ray of heat.
The story is set in the early twentieth century, and begins with the unnamed narrator, a writer of speculative scientific articles, visiting an [[observatory]] in [[Ottershaw]] on the invitation of a "noted [[astronomer]]" named Ogilvy. There he witnesses an explosion on the surface of the planet [[Mars]], one of a series of such events that arouses much interest in the scientific community. An unspecified time later, a "[[meteor]]" is seen landing on [[Horsell]] Common, near [[London]].

[[Image:Statue of Tripod.JPG|180px|left|thumb|A statue, erected in [[Woking]] town centre, of a [[Tripod (The War of the Worlds)|tripod]] inspired by the book.]]
After the attack, the narrator takes his wife to [[Leatherhead]] to stay with relatives until the Martians are killed; upon returning home, he sees firsthand what the Martians have been assembling: towering three-legged [[Tripod (The War of the Worlds)|"fighting-machines"]] armed with the Heat-Ray and a [[chemical warfare|chemical weapon]]: "the [[black smoke]]". The tripods smash through the army units now positioned around the crater and attack the surrounding communities. The narrator meets a retreating [[artillery]]man, who tells him that another cylinder has landed between [[Woking]] and Leatherhead, cutting the narrator off from his wife. The two men try to escape together, but are separated during a Martian attack on [[Shepperton]].

More cylinders land across the English countryside and a frantic mass evacuation of London begins; among the fleeing swarms of humanity is the narrator's brother, who is thrown together with the wife and the younger sister of a man named Elphinstone; the three of them eventually gain passage on a ship, crossing the [[English Channel]] to safety. One of the tripods is destroyed in the Shepperton battle by an artillery barrage and two more are brought down in Tillingham Bay by the [[torpedo ram]] [[HMS Thunder Child|HMS ''Thunder Child'']] before the vessel is sunk, but soon all organised resistance has been beaten down, the Martian-imported [[red weed]] runs riot across the landscape, and the Martian war-machines hold sway over much of southern England.

The narrator becomes trapped in a half-destroyed building overlooking the crater of one of the later Martian landing sites. He covertly witnesses the Martians close at hand, including their use of captured humans as a food supply through the direct [[transfusion]] of their [[blood]]. He hides together with a [[curate]], who has been traumatized by the attacks, and is behaving erratically. Eventually the curate starts loudly proclaiming his repentance. Terrified that they will be heard, the narrator knocks the curate unconscious, but the man's body is discovered by the Martians and dragged away. The narrator barely avoids the same fate, and the Martians eventually abandon their encampment. The narrator then travels into a deserted London where he discovers that both the red weed and the Martians themselves have abruptly succumbed to terrestrial [[pathogenic]] [[bacteria]], to which they have no immunity. The narrator is unexpectedly reunited with his wife, and they, along with the rest of humanity, set out to face the new and expanded view of the universe which the invasion has impressed upon them.


==Sequence of events==
==Sequence of events==

Revision as of 23:51, 25 March 2008

For other uses of "The War of the Worlds", see The War of the Worlds (disambiguation).
The War of the Worlds
Illustration from the 1906 French edition
AuthorHerbert George Wells
LanguageEnglish
GenreScience fiction novel
PublisherWilliam Heinemann
Publication date
1898
Publication placeUnited Kingdom
Media typePrint (Hardcover & Paperback) & E-book
Pages303 pp (May change depending on the publisher and the size of the text)
ISBNN/A Parameter error in {{ISBNT}}: invalid character

The War of the Worlds (1898), by H. G. Wells, is an early science fiction novel which describes an invasion of England by aliens from Mars. It is one of the earliest and best-known depictions of an alien invasion of Earth, and has influenced many others, as well as spawning several films, a radio drama and a television series based on the story. The 1938 radio broadcast caused public outcry against the episode, as many listeners believed that an actual Martian invasion was in progress, a notable example of mass hysteria.

Plot summary

The story is set in the early twentieth century, and begins with the unnamed narrator, a writer of speculative scientific articles, visiting an observatory in Ottershaw on the invitation of a "noted astronomer" named Ogilvy. There he witnesses an explosion on the surface of the planet Mars, one of a series of such events that arouses much interest in the scientific community. An unspecified time later, a "meteor" is seen landing on Horsell Common, near London.

Sequence of events

Martian war machines loom over the River Thames in an illustration by Warwick Goble.

Ten Martian landings are mentioned in the novel commencing in June "early in the twentieth century":

  • First Martian Landing (Day 1): Horsell Common.
  • Second Martian Landing (Day 2): Addlestone Golf links.
  • Third Martian Landing (Day 3): Pyrford.
  • Fourth Martian Landing (Day 4): Bushey Heath.
  • Fifth Martian Landing (Day 5): Sheen.
  • Sixth Martian Landing (Day 6): Wimbledon.
  • Seventh Martian Landing (Day 7): Primrose Hill, London.
  • 8th, 9th, 10th Landings (Days 8, 9, 10): landing sites not mentioned in the book - presumably within London.

The duration of the war is three weeks:

  • On Days 1 and 2, the Martians secure their initial bridgehead around Woking.
  • On Day 3, they begin first major offensives of the invasion (the Battle of Weybridge/Shepperton and begin the attack on London).
  • Day 4 sees the great panic and exodus from London. The Martians advance to the great city's center.
  • On Day 5, the narrator is imprisoned by the fifth Martian landing.
  • On Day 6, the city of London is entirely occupied by the Martians. This day also sees the sea-battle off the Blackwater estuary with the loss of the Thunder Child.
  • During Days 5 to 18, the narrator watches the Martians while still trapped in a basement hidden in a heap of coal.
    • Day 10 is the approximate date on which Leatherhead (the town to which the narrator had sent his wife for safety) is destroyed by a Martian, killing everyone. Fortunately, his wife escapes before the attack and they are reunited after the Martians' destruction.
  • On Days 19 and 20, the narrator makes his way to London.
  • During the night on Day 21, the Martians are found dead.

Scientific predictions and accuracy

In 1878, Italian astronomer, Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (1835-1910) observed natural features on Mars and called them canali (Italian for "channels"); this was mistranslated into the English "canals" (artificial rivers) , fuelling the belief that there was some sort of intelligent extraterrestrial life on the planet.

Wells depicts the Martians firing spacecraft to Earth from a giant space gun, a common representation of space travel in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, bearing similarity to the modern spacecraft propulsion concept of mass drivers.

Military theorists of that era had many speculations of building a "fighting-machine" or "land dreadnought" (as the Royal Navy called this hypothetical machine on which some experiments were made just before the First World War). Wells's concept of the Martian tripods, fast-moving and equipped with Heat-Rays and black smoke, represents an ultimate end to these speculations, although Wells also presents a less fantastical depiction of the armoured fighting vehicle in his short story "The Land Ironclads". [1] [2]

On a different field, the book explicitly suggests that the Martians' anatomy may reflect the far future development of mankind itself — i.e. that with the increasing development of machines, the body is largely discarded and what remains is essentially a brain that "wears" a different (mechanical) body for every need, just as humans wear the clothes appropriate to a particular weather or work.

Interpretations

H.G. Wells was a strong supporter of the theory of evolution, and saw every species as being engaged in a constant, and often brutal struggle for survival. In the book, the Martian/mankind conflict is portrayed as a similar struggle, but on a larger scale. The book explores the morality inherent in social Darwinism, an ideology of some prominence at the time.

The science fiction author Isaac Asimov argued that the book was intended as an indictment of European colonial actions in Africa, Asia, Australasia, and the Americas. In the mindset of the time, European technological superiority was seen as evidence of all-round superiority, and thus Europeans were more qualified to administer colonized regions than their native inhabitants. The novel challenges this perspective by conflating the justness of the Martian invasion with the colonial invasions made by European powers. Wells himself introduces this theme in the novel's first chapter:

And before we judge them [the Martians] too harshly, we must remember what ruthless and utter destruction our own species has wrought, not only upon animals, such as the vanished Bison and the Dodo, but upon its own inferior races. The Tasmanians, in spite of their human likeness, were entirely swept out of existence in a war of extermination waged by European immigrants, in the space of fifty years. Are we such apostles of mercy as to complain if the Martians warred in the same spirit?

— Chapter I, "The Eve of the War"

Animal rights activist David McKnight, writing in the November 2004 issue of Human and Animal Rights, noted that at least five vegetarians and animal rights activists known to him were substantially influenced to take their stance by reading Wells's book, which vividly conveys human beings' horror at becoming in effect the Martians' food animals.

Unanswered questions

  • The narrator comments that on the fourth or fifth night of his imprisonment in the rubble of the fifth Martian landing, he heard two sets of six distinct reports - sounding like heavy guns firing. No explanation is ever given for this event, although one might assume that it is the British army or navy attacking the tripods with artillery.
  • There is no description of the aftermath of the Southend battle, it should be noted that this event occurs in the River Crouch estuary north of Southend-on-Sea, (Martians vs HMS Thunder Child), so it was not explained if the three supporting ironclads did any damage to the third Martian fighting machine. Though there is a passage that indicates an action at Shoeburyness (a coastal artillery and testing range), just east of Southend (and through which the Martians would have had to have travelled)
  • After the Thunder Child incident, no account of the narrator's brother is given, although it can be inferred that he survived to tell the narrator of the events he witnessed. (The original edition, published in Pearson's Magazine, indicates that he married one of his female companions from the London exodus.)
  • No information on the landing sites of the eighth, ninth, and tenth Martian invasion ships were given. The only information given is that the site of the seventh landing was "the final and largest" base.
  • The narrator's name and his brother's name are never revealed. Some altered versions say that he was H. G. Wells and that his brother is Wells' brother Frank. (This goes hand in hand with The Time Machine, in which the also nameless narrator is often equated with Wells.)
  • Although the narrator states that the Martians' "queer hooting invariably preceded feeding" and was "in no sense a signal", and suggesting that the Martians can communicate via telepathy, the Martians evidently do also communicate audibly, the Fighting Machines, using howling sirens at several points in the narrative.In the scenes of destroyed London, the narrator refers several times to a sound written as "Ulla, ulla, ulla, ulla" which seems to be a cry of mourning uttered by a lone Martian.
  • In the final scene of the London Exodus, an object appears in the sky, flying overhead, and "rained down darkness upon the land". The object is usually identified as the flying-machine and the suggestion is made that the "darkness" is the Black Smoke both literally and as a metaphorical darkness of the Martians' power. This is supported during the narrator's second encounter with the Artilleryman, who suggests that the martians have been experimenting with a flying machine with a view to expanding their operations beyond the UK. (The original edition, published in Pearson's Magazine, supports this as explicitly, mentioning that it had been used "to spread their black powder".)

Relation to invasion literature

Researchers have noted the connection between Wells' book and the sub-genre known as "invasion literature" which was very common in the West - and particularly in Britain - in the decades before the First World War, and which reflected the increasing feeling of anxiety and insecurity as international tensions escalated towards the coming war.

Most such books had plots concerned with human armies invading each other's country, with British books mostly depicting German and/or French invading armies on British soil. Still, there were noted many plot similarities between Wells' book and The Battle of Dorking (1871) by George Tomkyns Chesney: in both books, a ruthless enemy makes a devastating surprise attack, with the British armed forces helpless to stop its relentless advance; and both works contain many passages written in the author's own voice which seem designed to try and shake Britons out of the complacent self-satisfaction of the Victorian age.

There are also similarities between Wells' book and the widely successful The Great War in England in 1897 published four years earlier (1894) by William Le Queux, where an invading French army penetrates to the heart of London - though Le Queux's book is written in a spirit of jingoistic nationalism opposite to Wells' tone.

Adaptations

The War of the Worlds has been adapted numerous times for radio, film (see The War of the Worlds (film)), TV, and video games. Often the particular adaptation will change the setting to the current time and the place to where the adaptation is made

Unrealised adaptations

  • After World War II, Ray Harryhausen shot a scene of an alien emerging from a Martian war machine, part of an unrealised project to adapt the story using Wells' original "octopus" concept for the Martians. A video of the footage can be found here [1]

Here Harryhausen talks about his proposed adaptation:

"Yes, originally, after Mighty Joe I made a lot of sketches for War of the Worlds. I wanted to keep it in the period that H.G. Wells wrote it, of the Victorian period, and I made eight big drawings, some of which are published - in the book and it would have been an interesting picture, if it was made years ago. But since then so many pictures of that nature have been made that it wouldn't be quite unique as it would have been." [2]

Influence

The theme of alien invasion has remained popular ever since the story's initial publishing, some modern examples being Footfall by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, the "Worldwar" series by Harry Turtledove, and the film Independence Day. Tim Burton's farcical Mars Attacks! shares many themes with The War of the Worlds, particularly the unexpected and inglorious demise of the Martian invaders.

The idea of mecha also originated in The War of the Worlds. The AT-AT walkers in The Empire Strikes Back were roughly based on the idea of walking war machines. Tripod-like machines called Striders employed by the Combine from the computer game Half Life 2 along with other themes bear striking resemblance to those mentioned in the book. The Sentinels from the Matrix trilogy are also machines with many tentacles, and are seen grabbing humans (though only to throw them to their deaths) during the siege of Zion as shown in The Matrix Revolutions. Powered armour as popularised in Starship Troopers can also be traced back to The War of the Worlds; indeed, Heinlein's novel can be seen as a response to Wells'.

The War of the Worlds presents a hypothetical scenario of how humans may defeat the Martians in the speculations of a lone artilleryman encountered by the hero, who imagines a world where humanity, recognising that it cannot win through direct conflict, commences a guerrilla war. The Martians would rule Earth for generations to come; most humans (especially the "soft" middle classes towards whom complete contempt is shown) would soon get used to being domestic animals, whereas a nucleus of daring humans would hide out in tunnels and sewers, and would have about the same place in the Martian-dominated ecology as rats in the previous human ecology. After the passage of generations, these defiant humans would learn to duplicate the Martian weapons and destroy the invaders. The artilleryman's ambition is eventually exposed as nothing more than one man's delusion of grandeur (see megalomania) — he has no means to set about the project, and shows a complete lack of determination to complete even the simple and short-term goals that would set the rest of his plans in motion. A number of authors have, however, followed on from that theme.

The Tripods is a sci-fi trilogy for young adults written between 1967 and 1968 by John Christopher. It depicts the Earth after it has been overcome by aliens in three-legged machines. Humanity has been enslaved, and the books focus on the struggle by some teenagers to join the last free members of humanity in their cave refuges in the mountains. John Christopher admitted (in a BBC documentary called The Cult of the Tripods) that the alien war machines were inspired, at least subconsciously, by The War of the Worlds.

Robert A. Heinlein took up the same theme, in a slightly more humorous way, in his The Number of the Beast where the heroes visit several different versions of Mars. One of them is the home planet of Martians who managed to hold on to the conquered Earth. The heroes encounter tribes of humans living in the Martian wilds, descendants of captive humans who had been transported to Mars by the conquerors and there managed to escape. Also on Mars, the wild humans still speak cockney English — while the Martians' obedient slaves seem descended mainly from upper-class Englishmen.

Along with Christopher's Tripods, L. Ron Hubbard's Battlefield Earth and the 1980s television miniseries and series V are other notable examples where the story starts sometime after a successful alien invasion of Earth; instead focusing on the determination of a few humans using guerrilla tactics to defeat the alien occupation and the obstacles they must face both from the aliens and fellow humans alike. In such stories, the aliens tend to get far more character development than the faceless monsters originally depicted in the Wells novel. This allows room for subplots told on both sides.

Sequels by other authors

A number of people have written follow-up stories, often telling how the invasion went in places other than Britain. Two notable stories of this type are:

War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches, edited by Kevin J. Anderson, is an anthology of such stories (ISBN 0-553-10353-9).

Within six weeks of the novel's original 1897 magazine serialisation, the New York Journal American began running a sequel, Edison's Conquest of Mars by Garrett P. Serviss, about an Earth counter-attack against the Martians, led by Thomas Edison.

Eric Brown wrote a short story, "Ulla, Ulla" (2002) about an expedition to Mars, finding the truth behind H.G. Wells' novel.

A French-Canadian author, Jean-Pierre Guillet, wrote a sequel to the book called La Cage de Londres, ("The Cage of London"). After the aliens were defeated, they plotted revenge, and came back prepared to finally enslave humanity, and breed it for their bloody needs. The Cage of London is one of those breeding sites.

In the novel W. G. Grace's Last Case by Willie Rushton, W. G. Grace and Doctor Watson avert a second Martian invasion by attacking the Martian fleet on the far side of the moon with "bombs" containing influenza germs.

Manly and Wade Wellman wrote Sherlock Holmes' War of the Worlds which describes Sherlock Holmes's adventures during the Martian occupation of London, turned the Martians into simple vampires, who suck and ingest human blood.

In the 1970s, Marvel Comics had a character named Killraven Warrior of the Worlds who (in an alternative timeline) fought H. G. Wells' Martians after their second invasion of Earth in 2001. He first appeared in Amazing Adventures volume 2 #18.

The comic book Scarlet Traces begins a decade later with Great Britain utilising the Martians' technology, and ironic to the allegory of Wells' novel, have become more powerful because of it. Eventually, this leads up to a counter-invasion aimed for Mars in its own sequel, The Great Game.

In 1962, Soviet author Lasar Lagin published a political pamphlet named "Major Well Endue" ("Майор Велл Эндъю") which relates the story of a major in the British Army who collaborates with the Martian invaders. A condemnation of imperialism and capitalism, the story was dominated by Soviet analysis of political issues contemporary to the 1950s and 1960s.

Other references

  • In the comic version of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, the invasion by the Martians is told from the perspective of The League, who are instructed to contact Doctor Moreau so that they can unleash H-142, a biological weapon that is a hybrid of anthrax and streptococcus upon the Martians.
  • In The Space Machine by Christopher Priest the plot of The War of the Worlds is connected with the H. G. Wells novel The Time Machine.
  • In 1978, Toshihiro Nishikado working at Taito designed the aliens for the popular arcade video game Space Invaders based on the description of the octopus-like Martians from the original Wells novel, according to an October 2005 interview with the British gaming magazine Edge.
  • In Robert Rankin's The Witches of Chiswick, the Martian invasion is about to be started with a signal by the Elephant Man.
  • Many aspects of Chicken Little are *parodies of the War of the Worlds, but the weapons used were slightly toned down so the victims were not killed, but teleported to another spaceship, where the victims stayed until the baby alien was returned to its parents.
  • In Tad Williams's Otherland series Paul Jonas finds himself in the remains of London where the Martian invaders have survived.
  • In Philip Reeve's Larklight, the martians are rather surprised to be invaded by the British Empire, in a parody of the introduction to the War of the Worlds.
  • The video game Unreal Tournament 3 by Epic Games includes a tripod-like vehicle called a Darkwalker. In addition, one of the maps on which the vehicle is featured is called "Heat Ray", in reference to the weapon used by the Tripods in the War of the Worlds.
  • The video game Starcraft 2 features a unit called the Colossus that looks remarkably similar to the tripod and also shoots a heat ray.
  • The Video Game Command & Conquer 3 : Tiberium Wars. The alien Scrin have a vehicle called the Annihaltor Tripod which closley resembles the tripod and it shoots lasers.
  • The 2006 film Scary Movie 4 mainly parodies war of the worlds. As alies attack a small town in which the main charicter Cindy Campell live.

See also

References

  1. ^ 'War of the Worlds' - Ray Harryhausen martian test footage
  2. ^ Ray Harryhausen and Nick Park
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Bibliography

  • Roth, Christopher F. (2005) "Ufology as Anthropology: Race, Extraterrestrials, and the Occult." In E.T. Culture: Anthropology in Outerspaces, ed. by Debbora Battaglia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
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