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This article is about the website. For the political term, see Grey-zone (international relations). For other uses, see Grey zone.

The Grayzone
The homepage of The Grayzone on September 11, 2021
Type of site
News website, Blog
Founder(s)Max Blumenthal
EditorWyatt Reed (managing)[1]
Key peopleBen Norton (until January 2022)
Aaron Maté
Anya Parampil
Alex Rubenstein
Kit Klarenberg
URLthegrayzone.com
LaunchedDecember 2015

The Grayzone is an American news website and blog[6] described as fringe[12] and far-left by numerous sources.[23] It was founded and edited by American journalist Max Blumenthal.[3] The website was initially founded as The Grayzone Project[24] and was affiliated with AlterNet until early 2018.[9]

Coverage of The Grayzone has focused on its misleading[25][26][27] reporting, its criticism of American foreign policy,[1][9] and its sympathetic coverage of the Russian, Chinese and former Syrian governments.[32] The Grayzone has been accused of downplaying and defending the persecution of Uyghurs in China,[33][37] of publishing conspiracy theories about Xinjiang, Syria and other regions,[38][39][40][1] and of publishing pro-Russian propaganda and disinformation, especially during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[36][40][31][1][41]

History

The Grayzone was founded as a blog called The Grayzone Project in December 2015 by Max Blumenthal.[9][3][24] The blog was hosted on AlterNet until early 2018, when The Grayzone became independent of the website.[9][42] Managing editor Wyatt Reed, contributor Mohamed Elmaazi and regular freelancer Jeremy Loffredo worked for Russian state media before contributing to website.[43]

The English Wikipedia formally deprecated the use of The Grayzone as a source for facts in its articles in March 2020, citing issues with the website's factual reliability.[9][5]

Grayzone staff Blumenthal and Aaron Maté acted as briefers on behalf of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations at UN meetings organized by Russia.[44][45][46][47][48]

Reporting and reception

The Grayzone's news content is generally considered to be fringe,[8][9][10][11] and the website maintains a pro-Kremlin editorial line,[26][49] centered around an opposition to the foreign policy of the United States and a desire for a multipolar world.[9] The site has been criticized for defending Russia and other authoritarian regimes.[9][3][39][42][50] In Reorienting Hong Kong's Resistance: Leftism, Decoloniality, and Internationalism, The Grayzone was described as "known for misleading reporting in the service of authoritarian states".[25] Nerma Jelacic, writing in the Index on Censorship, described The Grayzone as "a Kremlin-connected online outlet that pushes pro-Russian conspiracy theories and genocide denial."[51] In 2019, The Grayzone had claimed the Commission for International Justice and Accountability, of which Jelacic is a director, collaborated with ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra affiliates.[51]

In February 2021, tweets concerning a Grayzone article by Blumenthal were the first to receive a Twitter warning label stating "These materials may have been obtained through hacking". The story was titled "Reuters, BBC, and Bellingcat participated in covert UK Foreign Office–funded programs to 'weaken Russia', leaked docs reveal". The story referred to hacked and leaked documents and alleged that a British Army unit has used "social media to help fight wars".[52][53]

In early October 2023, former Grayzone contributor Ben Norton feuded with Blumenthal on Twitter over Norton's accusation that The Grayzone had taken a right-wing turn to appeal to supporters of Donald Trump. During the dispute, Blumenthal revealed that Norton had been fired for criticizing other contributors' anti-lockdown and anti-vaccine stances with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic. Norton said that Blumenthal had wrested control of Norton's Grayzone-affiliated but independently produced podcast from him through legal maneuvering.[54]

Latin America

When a humanitarian aid convoy on the border of Venezuela caught fire in February 2019, The Grayzone published an article by Blumenthal in which he stated that the U.S. government and mainstream media had falsely reported forces supporting President Nicolás Maduro were responsible for sparking the flames, writing that "the claim was absurd on its face." Glenn Greenwald, writing in The Intercept, commented that Blumenthal "compiled substantial evidence strongly suggesting that the trucks were set ablaze by anti-Maduro protesters" and that The New York Times took credit for reporting evidence compiled by The Grayzone weeks earlier when the Times later reversed its position.[55]

The Grayzone promoted the Nicaraguan government's narrative on the 2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests and the November 2021 Nicaraguan general election.[11][56][24] The platform also conducted an "unquestioning interview", according to The Guardian, with Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega.[57][58] Blumenthal and Norton expressed their support to the regime dancing to "El Comandante se queda" (English: The Comandante Stays) a cumbia song composed in support of Ortega during the 2018 protests.[58] The Grayzone published an open letter, promoted by RT, criticizing The Guardian's coverage of Nicaragua and one of its contributors, Carl David Goette-Luciak. Goette-Luciak was later arrested and deported by the Nicaraguan government. John Perry, writing under the pseudonym Charles Redvers, published a "confession" on The Grayzone of student protester Valeska Sandoval.[24] The confession was false and Sandoval made it under duress while in prison.[11][24][56]

Syria

Amid the Syrian civil war, the website supported the government of Bashar al-Assad.[26] Articles by Grayzone reporter Aaron Maté echoed claims by the Russian and Syrian governments that documents leaked to Wikileaks showed that the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) had "doctored" its report on the Douma chemical attack "to frame the Syrian government and justify the missile strikes launched by the US, UK and France against forces loyal to the government,"[59] denying that the Syrian government had used chemical weapons against civilians,[30][60][59][61] and accusing the OPCW of a "cover-up".[62]

Research from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), which studied 28 social media accounts, individuals, outlets and organisations, stated that Maté was the "most prolific spreader of disinformation" on matters concerning Syria amongst its study group, having surpassed Vanessa Beeley in 2020.[63][64] Research published in 2020 in the Harvard Kennedy School's Misinformation Review found Blumenthal in the top 20 amplified accounts and Grayzone in the top 20 linked domains in a Twitter information ecosystem promoting pro-government narratives about Syria's White Helmets.[65]

China

The government of China, officials within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chinese state media have viewed The Grayzone's coverage of China positively.[8][9][3][4] In order to dispute accusations of ongoing atrocities in Xinjiang, Chinese media and officials have increasingly cited posts from The Grayzone in their public communications.[70] According to a report from the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Chinese media and affiliated entities began to amplify articles from The Grayzone in December 2019 after the site posted an article critical of Xinjiang researcher Adrian Zenz.[8] Chinese media cited The Grayzone at least 313 times between December 2019 and February 2021, 252 of which were in English-language publications, the report said.[8][34][71]

The site has promoted pro-Beijing narratives on Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Taiwan.[72] In particular, it downplayed the widely reported scope of China's Xinjiang internment camps and other abuses by the Chinese government against Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities.[8][9][3][4][30] Blumenthal has said that reports of the persecution of Uyghurs in China use "the hostile language of a Cold War, weaponizing a minority group". He stated in July 2020 that, "I don't have reason to doubt that there's something going in Xinjiang, that there could even be repression. But we haven't seen the evidence for these massive claims."[9] The Grayzone has published articles intended to discredit researchers and organizations investigating the persecution of Uyghurs, saying that the figure of 1 million Uyghurs in re-education camps is based on "highly dubious" studies published by Chinese Human Rights Defenders and Adrian Zenz, and that those studies cannot be trusted because CHRD receives funding from the US government and Zenz is employed by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Contributor Ajit Singh and Blumenthal called Zenz an “evangelical religious fanatic” who “believes he is ‘led by God’ on a ‘mission’ against China.”

Writing in World magazine, June Cheng has defended CHRD and Zenz's research, saying that they used publicly available data released by the Chinese government to estimate the number of Uyghurs in detention, and that The Grayzone exaggerated the extent to which their research was based on a small number of interviews. Cheng has also criticized Singh and Blumenthal's attempts to discredit reports by Radio Free Asia, saying that despite it being funded and supervised by the US government, it is "the only Uighur-language news outlet in the world independent of the Chinese government."[21] Azeezah Kanji and David Palumbo-Liu wrote that The Grayzone focuses on "discrediting some prominent messengers calling attention to the Uighur’s persecution while leaving the vast body of evidence behind the message largely untouched"; they argue that much of the evidence for persectution comes directly from Chinese state sources and that The Grayzone systematically ignore this evidence even in sources it cites.[35]

Russia–Ukraine

Amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the website has published disinformation, including the debunked claim that Ukrainian fighters were using civilians as human shields, and that the 2022 Mariupol theatre bombing was staged by the Azov Regiment to warrant NATO intervention.[36][73] The Grayzone's invitation to the 2022 Web Summit, the largest technology conference in Europe, was withdrawn over backlash against the website's anti-Ukrainian narratives amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[16][74][75]

According to the Brookings Institution in 2023, Grayzone contributors such as Aaron Mate are among the most-promoted social media accounts boosted by Russian information networks in Latin America to promote Russia's narrative on its war with Ukraine.[76]

After the documentary Navalny won an Academy Award in February 2023, The Grayzone published an article by Lucy Komisar criticizing the film; the article was written by the neural network Writesonic and referenced sources that did not exist.[77][78][79][80] The Grayzone amended the article following a controversy about the use of AI in the writing of the article, and then removed it at the request of Komisar.[81]

The Russian fake news website Peace Data has republished articles by The Grayzone in order to build a reputation as a progressive and anti-Western media source and to attract contributors.[82] False claims published by The Grayzone are referenced by many Twitter users who back Assad and the Russian government.[26]

Israel–Palestine

An August 2018 Grayzone report revealed the identity of the owner of Canary Mission, a website reportedly dedicated to demonising pro-Palestinian students. Hamzah Raza, co-author of the report and a victim of Canary Mission himself, told Middle East Eye he hoped his research can stop the "defamation and harassment" of students "by taking away the anonymity that Canary Mission hides behind".[83][84]

According to a November 2023 opinion article by biology researcher Michal Perach in Haaretz, Max Blumenthal wrote a Grayzone article that denied evidence of Hamas' war crimes in its 7 October attacks and manipulated quotes from Israeli sources to paint Israel (instead of Hamas) as being responsible for most of the victims.[85] Asa Winstanley, writing in The Electronic Intifada, said that The Electronic Intifada , The Grayzone, Mondoweiss and The Cradle have “all found that many – if not most – of the 1,154 Israelis the government claims were killed by Palestinians were actually killed by Israel itself.”[86] The Intercept said Blumenthal in The Grayzone and Electronic Intifada were among the outlets to flag inconsistencies in a New York Times report about sexual abuse during the 7 October attacks.[87][88] An analysis in The Grayzone of a UN report corroborating Hamas rape allegations during the Israel–Hamas war, claimed the report had put forward "no evidence of systematic rape". The Grayzone also published a transcribed discussion between Max Blumenthal and Chris Hedges in which they agreed that Israel launched a "shock-and-awe campaign of misinformation" to create "political space for its brutal assault on Gaza".[89]

The Al Jazeera Journalism Review wrote a review of Blumenthal's 2024 documentary, Atrocity, Inc. They said that the film both questions the mainstream narratives advanced in the wake of the 7 October attacks, and criticizes the "failure of mainstream Western media to report on Israeli intentions to carry out genocidal massacres in Gaza." AJJR concludes that the film "is a call for media professionals to uphold their duty to the public and humanity by rigorously fact-checking official statements and resisting the seductive ease of propagandistic official narratives."[90]

On October 7, 2024, Grayzone journalist Jeremy Loffredo and three other international and Israeli journalists were detained at a checkpoint in the West Bank on suspicion of "assisting an enemy in war" for their reporting on the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel. Loffredo's article showed the locations where Iranian missiles struck an Israeli air base near Nevatim and the Mossad headquarters in Tel Aviv. The same information was also revealed by other media outlets. The journalists' cameras and phones were confiscated.[29][91][92][41] The other journalists were released after six hours with Loffredo but the Jerusalem Magistrate's Court extended Loffredo's remand. His release was ordered by a judge after a Ynet reporter said the military censor had approved publishing Loffredo's video. The Police appealed this order because Loffredo refused to give investigators access to his phone but the Jerusalem District Court denied the appeal.[29] Jonah Valdez in The Intercept and Rivkah Brown in Novara said Loffredo's arrest drew little interest from Western media outlets.[92][93]

Funding

In 2022, Blumenthal stated that The Grayzone receives funding through Patreon and from "private friends of mine who are basically progressive Americans who support progressive media." He said The Grayzone receives no state funding from Russia or China.[60]

In August 2023, GoFundMe froze more than $90,000 from 1,100 contributors to The Grayzone, citing unspecified "external concerns". Blumenthal said he believed the concerns were political and related to the platform's coverage of the war in Ukraine. The Grayzone's managing editor Wyatt Reed had also had issues with PayPal and Venmo since reporting on Ukraine.[1]

In June 2024, The Washington Post reported that hacked documents revealed that Reed received payments of around $5,500 from Iranian state-controlled broadcaster Press TV for "occasional contributions to its programming in 2020 and 2021".[94][95]

Staff

Several staff, former staff, and freelance writers have previously been employed by Russian state media outlets RT and Sputnik, among them Anya Parampil, Alex Rubinstein, Kit Klarenberg, Wyatt Reed, Mohamed Elmaazi and Jeremy Loffredo.[43][78][96][7] Parampil had previously worked as an anchor and correspondent for RT America.[40] Reed, who was credited as a managing editor as of 2023, made occasional contributions to Iranian state-run Press TV in 2020 and 2021.[97]

See also

References

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  57. ^ "Nicaragua deports reporter who covered anti-Ortega protests". The Guardian. October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
  58. ^ a b "Periodistas que entrevistaron a Ortega rinden culto al dictador al son de "El Comandante se queda"". La Prensa (in Spanish). August 19, 2019. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  59. ^ a b "Unpublished OPCW Douma Correspondence Casts Further Doubt on Claims of 'Doctored' Report". Bellingcat. October 26, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2021. journalists have seized upon the documents released by 'Alex' as evidence that the OPCW falsified its report on Douma in order to frame the Syrian government for the attack and justify missile strikes launched by the US, UK and France against the government of Bashar al-Assad. Peter Hitchens at the Mail on Sunday, and Aaron Mate at The Grayzone have both written extensively on the matter.
  60. ^ a b Foresta, Mathew (April 29, 2022). "Meet the Sneakiest Defenders of Putin's Invasion of Ukraine". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023. During a recent interview, Blumenthal denied The Grayzone receives any state funding through Russia or China saying, "Well, you can see we get a lot of support on Patreon, and anyone who supports us outside Patreon are like private friends of mine who are basically progressive Americans who support progressive media."
  61. ^ Davis, Charles (April 3, 2018). "An Inside Look at How Pro-Russia Trolls Got the SPLC to Censor a Commie". New Politics. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022. In a July 7, 2017 article for his self-funded Grayzone Project, Blumenthal and his associate Benjamin Norton likewise cast doubt on the guilt of the only party known to have possessed and used sarin in the Syrian conflict.
  62. ^ Whitaker, Brian (November 4, 2021). "The 'Echo Chamber' of Syrian Chemical Weapons Conspiracy Theorists". New Lines Magazine. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  63. ^ Townsend, Mark (June 19, 2022). "Network of Syria conspiracy theorists identified". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  64. ^ "Deadly Disinformation". Deadly Disinformation. The Syria Campaign. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  65. ^ Appendix Archived May 24, 2022, at the Wayback Machine to Starbird, K., & Wilson, T. (2020). Cross-platform disinformation campaigns: Lessons learned and next steps. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-002 Archived September 2, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ "China pushes back against critics of its policies in Xinjiang". The Economist. May 8, 2021. Archived from the original on September 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  67. ^ Dudley, Renee; Kao, Jeff (July 30, 2020). "The Disinfomercial: How Larry King Got Duped Into Starring in Chinese Propaganda". ProPublica. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  68. ^ "Hamilton Weekly Report: April 25-May 1, 2020". Alliance For Securing Democracy. May 4, 2020. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  69. ^ Wong, Vincent (2023). "Nationalist Backlash to Anti-Racist Education: A Transnational Blueprint for Academic Unfreedom". In Mégret, Frédéric; Ramanujam, Nandini (eds.). Academic Freedom in a Plural World: Global Critical Perspectives. Central European University Press. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4647581. ISBN 978-963-386-653-5. ISSN 1556-5068. Xinhua's interview of de Zayas prominently features references to reporting by The Grayzone, an influential news website well known for misleading reporting, sympathetic coverage of authoritarian regimes, and conspiracy theories regarding Venezuela, Syria, Ukraine, and Xinjiang.71 Specifically, The Grayzone published articles that characterize US policies to address unfree labour within camp-to-factory pipelines72 in the XUAR as fundamentally 'anti-China' and that actually hurt communities targeted by Chinese counterinsurgency since they 'cost Uyghur workers their jobs'.
  70. ^ "China cites:"[9][3][66][8][67][68][69]
  71. ^ "Masterclass in Manipulation: Exposing Max Blumenthal's Lies About Israel and October 7". Haaretz. Haatez. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  72. ^ Brandt, Jessica (July 3, 2021). "How Autocrats Manipulate Online Information: Putin's and Xi's Playbooks". The Washington Quarterly. 44 (3). Taylor & Francis: 137. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2021.1970902. ISSN 0163-660X. S2CID 237597142. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  73. ^ "Messing with the Truth: Disinformation in the West Spread by Max Blumenthal". VoxUkraine. November 28, 2023. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  74. ^ Zuidijk, Daniel (October 26, 2022). "Europe's Web Summit Withdraws Invitation to the Grayzone Website". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  75. ^ "Web Summit rescinds invitation to far-left website to attend 2022 conference". Irish Examiner. October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  76. ^ Brandt, Jessican, and Valerie Wirtschafter (2022) Working the Western hemisphere: how Russia spreads propaganda about Ukraine in Latin America and the impact of platform responses. Brookings Institution.
  77. ^ "Связанное с российской пропагандой издание опубликовало статью с критикой фильма "Навальный". Текст написали с помощью нейросети, которая выдумала источники информации" [A publication associated with Russian propaganda published an article criticizing the film "Navalny". The text was written using a neural network that invented sources of information]. Meduza (in Russian). March 14, 2023. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  78. ^ a b "US media outlet with ties to RT uses AI-generated sources in article on Navalny's "fake poisoning"". The Insider. March 14, 2023. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. Blumenthal, who has authored multiple pieces for Russia Today, a state-owned news agency, and who is a frequent contributor to the outlet, established The Grayzone website just a month following his visit to Moscow. Anya Parampil and Alex Rubinstein, two other executives and journalists associated with The Grayzone, are also regular contributors to Russia Today, led by Margarita Simonyan.
  79. ^ VanBrugen, Isabel (March 15, 2023). "Navalny Film 'Debunk' Partly Written Using AI, Investigators Claim". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  80. ^ Gault, Matthew (March 16, 2023). "AI Injected Misinformation Into Article Claiming Misinformation in 'Navalny' Doc". VICE. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  81. ^ Brugen, Isabel van (March 15, 2023). "Navalny film "debunk" author rejects accusation of writing with AI". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  82. ^ Quessard, Maud (2020). "Quels dangers pour la démocratie américaine ?". Diplomatie (in French) (106): 81. ISSN 1761-0559. JSTOR 26983667. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  83. ^ Ali Harb (August 29, 2018). "Canary Mission: Mystery website demonising pro-Palestine students exposed". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
  84. ^ "In Case You Missed It: A Summer Full of Censorship for Palestine Supporters". Palestine Legal. September 7, 2018. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024. In August, the Grayzone Project identified the owner of Canary Mission's domain name as Howard Davis Sterling...An article published by the Grayzone Project revealed how right-wing groups sent employees to an on-campus protest to compensate for a lack of grassroots support for Israel on campus.
  85. ^ Michal Perach (November 27, 2023). "Masterclass in Manipulation: Exposing Max Blumenthal's Lies About Israel and October 7". Haaretz. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  86. ^ Winstanley, Asa (March 11, 2024). "Israel killed Israelis, confirms new 7 October documentary". The Electronic Intifada. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  87. ^ Boguslaw, Daniel; Ryan, Grim; Jeremy, Scahill (February 29, 2024). "The Story Behind the New York Times October 7 Exposé". The Intercept. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  88. ^ Grim, Ryan; Scahill, Jeremy (March 4, 2024). "Kibbutz Be'eri Rejects Story in New York Times October 7 Exposé: "They Were Not Sexually Abused"". The Intercept. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  89. ^ Prince-Gibson, Eetta (May 1, 2024). "Why Won't More Feminists Speak Up For Israeli Victims of Sexual Violence?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. It also corroborates other reports, most recently by the Association for Rape Crisis Centers in Israel as well as by the New York Times, Washington Post, Human Rights Watch, BBC, and others, regarding allegations of rape and ongoing sexual abuse of the hostages held in Gaza...More recently, articles in both the Grayzone and Mondoweiss analyze Patten's report and claim, in the words of the latter, that she actually provided "no evidence of systematic rape." The Grayzone also published a transcript of a discussion between Max Blumenthal and Chris Hedges in which they agree that Israel created a "shock-and-awe campaign of misinformation" in order to create "political space for its brutal assault on Gaza."
  90. ^ "Atrocity Inc.: What Max Blumenthal's New Documentary Reveals About Western Media's Complicity in Israeli Propaganda | Al Jazeera Media Institute". institute.aljazeera.net. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  91. ^ "US journalist arrested in Israel over reporting on Iranian missiles". Committee to Protect Journalists. October 11, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
  92. ^ a b Valdez, Jonah (October 11, 2024). "U.S. Journalist Jeremy Loffredo Released After Being Detained by Israel for Four Days". The Intercept. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  93. ^ Brown, Rivkah (October 11, 2024). "Israel Detained a US Journalist for 4 Days. Why Was the World Silent?". Novara Media. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
  94. ^ Menn, Joseph (June 2, 2024). "News site editor's ties to Iran, Russia show misinformation's complexity". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  95. ^ Rachel Fink (June 4, 2024). "Report: Fringe anti-Israel News Site Editor Paid by Iran, Leaked Documents Show". Haaretz. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024. Grayzone has been accused of disinformation and strongly pro-Iran, pro-Russia and anti-Israel views
  96. ^ "RT America reporter arrested at Trump inauguration protest". U.S. Press Freedom Tracker. January 20, 2017. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. Alexander Rubinstein, a reporter with the Russian state-funded broadcaster RT America, was arrested while covering protests on the day of the inauguration of U.S. President Donald Trump.
  97. ^ Menn, Joseph (June 4, 2024). "News site editor's ties to Iran, Russia show misinformation's complexity". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
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