Experience machine
The experience machine or pleasure machine is a thought experiment put forward by philosopher Robert Nozick in his 1974 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia.[1] It is an attempt to refute ethical hedonism by imagining a choice between everyday reality and an apparently preferable simulated reality.
A primary thesis of hedonism is that "pleasure is the good", which leads to the argument that any component of life that is not pleasurable does nothing directly to increase one's well-being.[2] This is a view held by many value theorists, but most famously by some classical utilitarians.[3] Nozick attacks the thesis by means of a thought experiment. If he can show that there is something other than pleasure that has value and thereby increases well-being, then hedonism is refuted.
The thought experiment
[edit]Nozick describes a machine that could provide whatever desirable or pleasurable experiences a subject could want. In this thought experiment, psychologists have figured out a way to stimulate a person's brain to induce pleasurable experiences that the subject could not distinguish from those they would have apart from the machine. He then asks, if given the choice, would the subject prefer the machine to real life?
Nozick also believes that if pleasure were the only intrinsic value, people would have an overriding reason to be hooked up to an "experience machine", which would produce favorable sensations.
The argument
[edit]The argument is along these lines:
- Premise 1: If experiencing as much pleasure as we can is all that matters to us, then if we will experience more pleasure by doing x than by doing y, we have no reason to do y rather than x.
- Premise 2: We will experience more pleasure if we plug into the experience machine than if we do not plug into the experience machine.
- Conclusion 1: If all that matters to us is that we experience as much pleasure as we can, then we have no reason not to plug into the experience machine. (P1&P2)
- Premise 3: We have reason not to plug into the experience machine.
- Conclusion 2: Experiencing as much pleasure as we can is not all that matters to us. (C1&P3, by Modus tollens)
Reasons not to plug in
[edit]Nozick provides three reasons not to plug into the machine.
- We want to do certain things, and not just have the experience of doing them.
- We want to be a certain sort of person.
- "Someone floating in a tank is an indeterminate blob...Is he courageous, kind, intelligent, witty, loving? It’s not merely that it’s difficult to tell; there’s no way he is. Plugging into the machine is a form of suicide." [1]: 43
- Plugging into an experience machine limits us to a man-made reality (it limits us to what we can make).
- "There is no actual contact with any deeper reality, though the experience of it can be simulated." [1]: 43
Additionally
[edit]These are not quoted by Nozick himself, but rather other philosophers who have come up with or shared additional reasons.
- Status Quo Bias, humans tend to dislike change, especially when considering the thought of having to be prodded with wires.[4]: 139
- We would never see our real family and friends again, although unbeknownst to us.[5]: 383
- The concept of free will becomes murky.[4]: 142
- Previous experiences with technological failure; people don't trust machines.[6]
Argument against hedonism
[edit]Hedonism states that the things in life worth pursuing are the highest good, or the things that will make one happiest both long term and short term. Happiness is the highest value in human life. The Experience Machine is hedonistic, and yet people still refuse to be plugged in for the reasons listed above. Therefore, a conclusion is made that being personally happy is not the greatest value everyone carries.[7]
Counterarguments
[edit]Psychologist and philosopher Joshua Greene says that intuitions about the experience machine may be affected by status quo bias, and suggests reformulating the thought experiment in a form which counters this.[8] According to his version:
you wake up in a plain white room. You are seated in a reclining chair with a steel contraption on your head. A woman in a white coat is standing over you. 'The year is 2659,' she explains, 'The life with which you are familiar is an experience machine program selected by you some forty years ago. We at IEM interrupt our client's programs at ten-year intervals to ensure client satisfaction. Our records indicate that at your three previous interruptions you deemed your program satisfactory and chose to continue. As before, if you choose to continue with your program you will return to your life as you know it with no recollection of this interruption. Your friends, loved ones, and projects will all be there. Of course, you may choose to terminate your program at this point if you are unsatisfied for any reason. Do you intend to continue with your program?
If a reader feels differently about this version of the story compared to the form that Nozick offers, according to Greene, this is due to status quo bias.[8]
A similar counterargument was raised in a paper titled If You Like It, Does It Matter If It's Real?[9] by philosopher Felipe de Brigard. In contrast to the main experiment, De Brigard asked 72 US university undergraduates whether they would like to disconnect from the machine given that they were already in it. About their "real" life, they were told one of three stories: (a) nothing; (b) that they were prisoners in a maximum security prison; or (c) that they were multimillionaire artists living in Monaco. Of those who were told nothing of their "real" lives, 54% wished to disconnect from the machine. Of those who were told they were prisoners, only 13% wished to disconnect. This implies that one's real-life quality impacts whether it is preferred to the machine. Of those told they were rich inhabitants of Monaco, half chose to disconnect, comparable to the proportion given no information about their "real" life. De Brigard attributes his findings to status quo bias. He argues that someone's decision not to step into the machine has more to do with wanting the status quo than with preference of the current life over the simulated one.[10]
De Brigard points out that Nozick never empirically verified his third premise. Nozick never tested his claims, arguing instead that it must naturally be the case. Later philosophers and psychologists then matched this with their own beliefs.[10]
In fiction
[edit]Before it became a philosophical thought experiment in the mid-seventies, the pleasurable but simulated experience versus reality dilemma had been a staple of science fiction; for example in the short story "The Chamber of Life" by Green Peyton Wertenbaker, published in the magazine Amazing Stories in October 1929. The 1996 novel Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace involves a similar formulation of the experience machine. The novel revolves around a film titled Infinite Jest that is lethally pleasurable: the film is so entertaining that, once watched, the viewer will desire nothing else but to watch the film over and over.[11] Examples of movies centering on machines capable of replaying experiences previously recorded include the 1983 film Brainstorm and the 1995 film Strange Days.[12]
The choice between standard human life and transforming into creatures that can experience a much more intense pleasure life is also one of the main twists of the classic novel City, by Clifford Simak. In that story, as opposed to Nozick's argument, most people opt for the pleasure life, mostly because they can fully appreciate what they can gain in the process thanks to a sophisticated language method, suggesting that the terms of the choice have to be well chosen and fully understood for the experience to be significant.
It also is a running theme of the 1999 film The Matrix.[13] Agent Smith's account of the early history of the Matrix includes the idea that humans reject a virtual reality that offers them paradise; however, later his informant Cypher is willing to betray his colleagues because he would prefer to be reinserted into an (admittedly less perfect) Matrix as a wealthy and successful man than continue to live in the harsh realities outside the simulation. While this later version of the Matrix is not a paradise-like reality in the literal sense, it may be argued that it is a lot like a pleasure-inducing experience machine, since Cypher is given the opportunity to have a prominent position of power and wealth in this new simulation. As he says while dining at a simulated restaurant:
"You know, I know this steak doesn't exist. I know that when I put it in my mouth, the Matrix is telling my brain that it is juicy, and delicious. After nine years, you know what I realize? Ignorance is bliss."[14]
Another example of Nozick's experience machine would be the PASIV Device presented within Christopher Nolan's Inception.[15]
A film that directly confronts the protagonist with the choice of an experience machine is Virtual Revolution. The majority of the film's future population are the hedonists of the experiment: 'Connected', that is having chosen a virtual existence over their real one. The experiences are customized into 'verses with themes much like modern video games (fantasy questing, first person shooting), but upgraded via a brain-computer interface to send data to all five senses and to block out true reality.
See also
[edit]- Wirehead (science fiction), a fictional user of pleasure-inducing devices
- Brain in a vat
- Hedonism
Notes
[edit]- a.^ ^ Nozick immediately casts doubt on this claim, proceeding to raise an unanswered question in brackets: "(But why do we want to do the activities rather than merely to experience them?)"
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, state, and utopia. New York: Basic Books. pp. 42–45. ISBN 0-465-09720-0.
- ^ Crisp, Roger (2017). "Well-Being: 4.1 Hedonism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
- ^ Bentham, Jeremy. 1780. "Of The Principle of Utility." Pp. 1–6 in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London: T. Payne and Sons. (Also available as eText, Wikisoure). p. 1.
- ^ a b Bramble, Ben (March 2016). "The Experience Machine". Philosophy Compass. 11 (3): 136–145. doi:10.1111/phc3.12303. ISSN 1747-9991.
- ^ Kawall, Jason (1999). "The Experience Machine and Mental State Theories of Well-being". The Journal of Value Inquiry. 33 (3): 381–387. doi:10.1023/a:1004557501837. ISSN 0022-5363. S2CID 170727959.
- ^ Weijers, Dan (2014). "Nozick's experience machine is dead, long live the experience machine!". Philosophical Psychology. 27 (4): 513–535. doi:10.1080/09515089.2012.757889. S2CID 144391860.
- ^ LIN, EDEN (2015-09-28). "How to Use the Experience Machine". Utilitas. 28 (3): 314–332. doi:10.1017/s0953820815000424. ISSN 0953-8208. S2CID 147915347.
- ^ a b Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek; Peter Singer (22 May 2014). The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics. OUP Oxford. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-19-102242-5.
- ^ De Brigard, Felipe (2010). "If you like it, does it matter if it's real?". Philosophical Psychology. 23 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1080/09515080903532290. S2CID 220327405. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ a b Pleasure or Reality? The Experience Machine Debate, Psychology Today
- ^ Sloane, Peter (2014). "The Divided Selves of David Foster Wallace". Tropos. 1 (1): 67–73. doi:10.14324/111.2057-2212.011.
- ^ Jim Baggott (1 September 2005). A Beginner's Guide to Reality. Penguin Books Limited. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-14-104232-9.
- ^ Christopher Grau (2005). Philosophers Explore The Matrix. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-19-518107-4.
- ^ "The Matrix Transcript Part 05". The Matrix. The Matrix Truth. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ Dunn, George. The Philosophy of Christopher Nolan, ed. Jason T. Eberl and George A. Dunn.