Jump to content

List of names for cannabis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Thai (cannabis))

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Bhang, a cannabis-infused beverage, advertised in India
Part of a series on
Cannabis
Cannabis
Chemistry
  • Semi-synthetic cannabinoids
Pharmacology
Consumption
Economics
Effects
Forms
Law
Variants
  • Genus
  • Species
Related

Cannabis has many different names, including more than 1,200 slang terms, and more than 2,300 names for individual strains.[1] Additionally, there are many names to describe the state of being under the influence of the substance.[2] This list is not exhaustive; it includes well-attested names.

Formal names

[edit]
Ganja, a common English synonym for marijuana written in graffiti in Spain
Name About
al-quinnab / al-quinnam Forms used in Al-Andalus, including but not limited to: al-quinnab, al-qinnab al-barrī, qinnab al-barrīyya, al-qinnab al-hindī, al-qinnab al-bustānī, qinnab rūmī[3][4]
"ang" or "an" A Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Semitic root from which the words for cannabis in "all modern languages" derive, per Alphonse de Candolle.[5]
"kan-" The proto-Kartvelian stem for hemp. It is more recent than the proto-Indo-European stem.[6]
"san-" and "kan-" or "gan-" The Proto-Indo-European stem for hemp/cannabis sativa, "san-" and "kan-" or "gan-", existed prior to the 5th century (400 CE).[6] Differently, "k(h)an-" indicates singing/making a sound.[7]: 415 
भांग (bhang) Hindi,[8] sixteenth century, from Sanskrit "bhaṅgáḥ", "bhaṅgā" (see below).[9] Also recorded as Persian.[5]

Garcia de Orta recorded the name as "bangue",[10] as did Jan Huyghen van Linschoten.[11] Used in British English, it can also be spelt "bang", and retains much of the original meaning. In American English it may refer to hemp or a tea made from hemp that is either drunk or smoked.[9]

The Bhangmeter, a type of radiometer, is named as a pun on "Bhang".[12]

The dictionary definition of bhang at Wiktionary.

bhaṅgā An ancient Sanskrit name originating before the 5th century (400 CE).[8]
bhangi Swahili.[13]

Note: Bhangi is also a Hindi term for a person who uses bhang.[14]

cáñamo Spanish,[15] from Greek "kánnabos" and Andalusi Romance "quinnam".[16] Originally, also poetically used to refer to objects made of hemp.[17]

The dictionary definition of cáñamo at Wiktionary.

canapa Italian;[18] an 1894 Italian botany study of the plant notes the word has the same etymology as the French "chanvre".[19]

The dictionary definition of canapa at Wiktionary.

cannabis
Main article: Etymology of cannabis

Latin.[20]

English botanical name.[21] Assigned in the mid-eighteenth century, cannabis and hemp describe the entire cannabis plant for all its uses. Dried preparations of the plant are also called ganja, one of the oldest and most commonly used synonyms for marijuana.[22][23][21]

The dictionary definition of cannabis at Wiktionary.

cần sa Vietnamese.[24]
Chamba Chichewa.[25]
Chanvre French;[8] Alphonse de Candolle, the first authority on cultivated plants,[26] wrote that like all other modern terms for cannabis, "chanvre" ultimately derives from proto-Indo-European "ang".[5]

The dictionary definition of chanvre at Wiktionary.

चरस (Charas) Hindi.[8]
Dagga Afrikaans[27] and English.[21]
Diamba Kimbundu.[28][29]
Esrar Turkish.[30]
ගංජා (Gaṁjā) Sinhala.[29]
Gandia Mauritius.[31]
Ganja Hindi[8][22][32] or Bengali.[5]
గంజాయి (Gan̄jāyi) Telugu.[29]
Gañjikā An ancient Sanskrit name originating before the 5th century (400 CE).[8]
Grifa Mexican Spanish.[33]
Hanf German.[8]
Hamp Danish.[34]
Hampa Swedish.[34]
Hamppu Finnish.[35]
Hashish Arabic.[36] Also "assis", per Jan Huyghen van Linschoten.[11]

Alphonse de Candolle described hashish as an "environmental material"; he included the Egyptians of the 18th century primarily cultivating cannabis for hashish in his list of places where the plant (which he primarily saw as a textile producer) was not popular.[5]

Hemp English, name for cannabis plant.[8][22]
Hennep Dutch.[37]
Hursīnī An ancient Sanskrit name originating before the 5th century (400 CE).[8]
Injaga Rwanda.[38]
Kanas Celtic.[5]
കഞ്ചാവ് (Kañcāv) Malayalam;[29] from the Dravidian root "kan" (eye), which can also refer to nipples, star on a peacock's tail, and buds.[7]: 450 
Kaņepes Latvian.[39]
កញ្ឆា (Kanhchhea) Khmer.[29]
Kan-jac Panamanian Spanish.[40]
Kάνναβις (Kánnabis) An ancient Greek name originating before the 5th century (400 CE).[41]
กัญชา (Kạỵchā) Thai.[42]
Kenevir Turkish.[43]
قنب (Kinnab or Quinnab) An ancient Arabic name originating before the 5th century (400 CE).[8] May also have been spelt "Cannab".[5]
Konopí Czech.[44]
Konopie Polish.[45]
Конопля (Konoplya) Russian;[46] derives from proto-Indo-European or proto-Kartvelian.[6]
Kunnabu An ancient Akkadian name originating before the 5th century (400 CE).[47]
麻 (Má) Má, a Chinese name for hemp, predates written history and has been used to describe medical marijuana since at least 2700 BCE. It is the earliest recorded name.[48][49] Hemp is recorded in the Book of Documents.[5][26]
Ma-kaña Bantu.[50]
Maconha Portuguese.[51]
Marijuana Americanized Mexican Spanish.[2][52] The term has a complex etymology, derived from western Central African slaves[53] (notably, the Kimbundu word riamba/mariamba) transformed through Caribbean and South American influences info mariguana, later marihuana and marijuana.[54]
Mbanje Shona.[55]
Pakalolo Hawaiian.[56]
Pango Portuguese.[29]
Potiguaya Spanish.[22]
삼 (Sam-gwa) Korean.[57]
Šedenegi / šahdānaŷ From Persian origins, meaning approximately "the King of Grains" / "the Sultan of all seeds"; used to refer to seeded tops of cannabis and hemp plants in the Mediterranean region and particularly Al-Andalus.[3] Also found as šahrānaŷ, šahdanaq, šādānaq, sedeneghi, shedenegi.[16][4]
Siddhi Bengali.[8]
ירוק (Yarok)

ירק (Yerek)

Yerok is literal translation for the color green and Yerek is literal translation for the word vegetables in Hebrew.[58]

Strains, cultivation and preparation

[edit]

See also: Cannabis cultivation and Cannabis industry
Three strain varieties at a recreational dispensary in Denver, Colorado

Commercial cannabis growers and retailers have given individual strains more than 2,300 names.[59] A 2022 study in PLOS One, drawing data from almost 90,000 samples from six US states, representing the largest quantitative chemical mapping of commercial dispensary-grade cannabis flower samples to date, found that “commercial labels do not consistently align with the observed chemical diversity.” In other words, many strain names do not necessarily reflect the actual cannabinoid content or its perceived effects.[60]

Name About
AK-47 Industry trade name for sativa-dominant hybrid strain. It may be named after an AK-47 assault rifle due to its gunpowder smell and potency,[61] or because the letters "AK" are the initials of the breeder and 47 is the number of days from planting to harvest.[62]
Acapulco Gold Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis[63] named for its location of origin (Acapulco) and typical color.[64]
Afghani Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis.[21]
African Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis.[21]
Amnesia Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Amnesia Haze Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63][59]
BC Big Bud/BC Roadkill/BC Hydro Industry trade name for cannabis strain. Initially cultivated in British Columbia, first called Red Hair Sensi, a hybridization of Panama Red/Acapulco Gold strains brought from Colorado by Vietnam War draft dodgers or BC Roadkill Skunk and Indica Deep Chunk.[65][66]
BC OG Kush Industry trade name for cannabis strain. Initially cultivated in British Columbia, at the BC Bud farm, a hybridization of BC Grapefruit Kush and Afghani strains.[67]
Bhang Hindi (see above). Traditionally refers to the leaves of hemp plants, or to a traditional Indian cannabis leaves tea preparation.[21] Bhang is culturally significant in India, and is not technically banned, as the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, specifically does not outlaw using seeds and leaves of the cannabis plant, of which the common tea drink is made. Bhang (referring to cannabis in general) can also be acquired medically.[68][69] The narcotics act does not list bhang/cannabis, instead documenting both charas and ganja (as cannabis plant products) separately;[69] in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, cannabis leaves are not included in the definition of cannabis for Indian legal purposes.[70]
Blueberry Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63][59]
Blueberry Diesel Industry trade name for indica-dominant hybrid strain, a mix of Blueberry and Sour Diesel strains, its name is also a combination of theirs.[71]
Blue Dream Industry trade name for sativa-dominant hybrid strain.[59]
Blue Goo Industry trade name for sativa-dominant hybrid strain, a mix of Blue Dream and Agoo, a combination of which gives it its name.[59][72]
Bruce Banner Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[73]
Bubba Kush Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Bubblegum Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Bud English. Part of a cannabis plant.[21][74]
Budder English, from bud and butter. Industry trade name for cannabis extract.[75]
Cambodian red Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis.[21]
Cannabinoid A class of active compounds identified in cannabis.[76]
Cannabis See above
Cannabis edible English. Food product with cannabis content.[citation needed]
Cannabis indica Latin. Putative plant varieties or sub-varieties of cannabis.[77]
Cannabis ruderalis
Cannabis sativa
Cannabis tea English. Tea infused with cannabis.[78]
Charas Hindi. Traditional resin made from live cannabis plant.[21]
Charlotte's Web Industry trade name for cannabis sativa strain.[73]
Cola English. Part of a cannabis plant.[21][74]
Colombian Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis.[21]
Concentrate English. Industry trade name for cannabis extract.[75]
Critical Mass Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Durban Poison Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Extract English. Wax product.[79]
Feral cannabis or feral hemp Wild cannabis strain.[80]
Flower English. Part of a cannabis plant.[21]
Girl Scout Cookies Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63][73]
Gorilla Glue Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[59]
Grape Ape Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[73]
Hashish Arabic. Traditional resin made from dead cannabis plant.[36]
Hash oil Arabic, English. Oil extract of hashish.[36]
Hawaiian Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis.[21]
Haze Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Hemp English. Plant from which cannabis is derived.[20]
Hindu Kush Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Inhale Time Industry trade name for hybrid cannabis strain.
Island Pink Kush Industry trade name for cannabis strain. A hybridization strain cultivated in British Columbia of Island Pink with BC OG Kush[81]
Jack Herer Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63][59]
Jamaican gold Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis.[21]
Kief Moroccan Arabic. Loose cannabis trichomes.[21]
Leaf English. Part of a cannabis plant.[21]
Live resin English. Industry trade name for cannabis extract.[82]
Matanuska Thunderfuck (MTF)[broken anchor] Industry trade name for sativa-dominant cannabis strain.[83]
Maui Waui Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[59]
Mexican red Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis.[21]
Northern Lights Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63][59]
OG Kush Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Orange Bud Skunk
Panama red Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis.[21]
Paonia Purple Industry trade name for cannabis indica strain.[84][85]
Pineapple Express Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[citation needed]
Platinum OG Industry trade name for cannabis indica strain.[59]
Purple Kush/Haze Industry trade name for cannabis strain. A hybridization cultivated in Oakland, California from Hindu Kush and Purple Afghani.[86][63][59]
Resin English. Part of a cannabis flower.[74]
Root English. Part of a cannabis plant.[21]
Seed English. Part of a cannabis plant.[21]
Shatter English. Industry trade name for cannabis extract.[78]
Skunk Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Sour Diesel Industry trade name for cannabis sativa strain.[63][59]
Stem English. Part of a cannabis plant.[21]
Strawberry Cough Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[63]
Super Lemon Haze Industry trade name for cannabis sativa strain.[87]
Tangerine Dream Industry trade name for cannabis strain. A hybridization of G13, Afghani, and Neville's A5 Haze.[88]
Terpene English. Part of a cannabis flower.[76][89]
Thai stick
"Thai stick" redirects here. For the book, see Thai Stick.

Traditional heirloom strain of cannabis,[21][63] and method of preparation.[90] The strain is a high quality bud originating in northeast Thailand, where it was grown by hill tribes since antiquity. The name comes from a traditional Thai method of preparing cannabis to be smoked, which involved wrapping cannabis bud around a stick.[90] The stick was either bamboo or a hemp stalk, the bud may have been treated with hash oil before wrapping and would have been wrapped around the stick with fan leaves and/or silk string. The stick was then cured underground, and may be dipped in opium before smoking.[90][91] The Thai stick cigars used Thai bud Cannabis sativa, which also became known as Thai stick. When the original Thai sticks were popular, dealers would sell any buds bound in string or to a stick under the name. Most of the original bud was destroyed in the 1970s when the Thai government began its war on drugs. Making Thai stick-style cannacigars out of other strains continued around the world,[90][91] though the Thai government legalized medical cannabis again in 2018.[92]

Tincture English. Alcohol cannabis product.[93]
Tochigishiro Industry trade name for non-narcotic cannabis sativa strain.[94] It originates in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, with the modern variety produced in Tochigi-shi.[95][96][97]
Trichome English. Part of a cannabis flower.[74]
Wax English. Industry trade name for cannabis extract.[78]
White Russian Hybrid cannabis strain. It is a mix of AK-47 and White Widow, of which its name is also a combination (AK-47 is Russian) and a pun on the alcoholic drink White Russian.[98]
White Widow Industry trade name for hybrid cannabis strain.[63][59]
Willie Nelson Industry trade name for cannabis strain.[59]
Zaza Slang term for cannabis, popularized via hip-hop music and internet culture.[99]

Medical cannabis: chemical compounds and pharmaceutical drugs

[edit]
See also: Medical cannabis § Brand names
Advertisement for "Cannabis Americana" medical cannabis
Name About
Cannabinoid The general class of the therapeutic compounds found in cannabis.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) There are 9 isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol. Among these, the main psychoactive isomer isolated from cannabis is dronabinol (delta-9-THC).[76]
Dronabinol (delta-9-THC) International Nonproprietary Name (INN) for delta-9-THC (psychoactive), whether synthetic or natural.[100][101][102]
Cannabidiol (CBD) Compound isolated from cannabis (non psychoactive).[76] Cannabidiol is also the INN.[103]
Cannabinol (CBN) Compound isolated from cannabis (mildly psychoactive).[citation needed]
Cannabigerol (CBG) Compound isolated from cannabis (non psychoactive).
Cannabidivarin (CBDV) Compound isolated from cannabis (non psychoactive).
Nabilone Synthetic cannabinoid, THC analogue (psychoactive).[citation needed]
Nabiximols Cannabis extract and botanical drug, CBD and THC combination (psychoactive).[citation needed]

Formal terms relating to cannabis consumption

[edit]
See also: Cannabis consumption
Name About
Appetite Effect of consuming cannabis.[78]
Drink Method of consuming cannabis.[78]
Edible Method of consuming cannabis.[104]
Smoke Method of consuming cannabis.[104]
Topical Method of consuming cannabis.[105]
Vapor Method of consuming cannabis.[106]

Slang names and terms

[edit]
Main article: List of slang names for cannabis

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Edwards, Adam S. (February 13, 2017). "Learn Marijuana Slang Terms and Weed Street Names". LookyWeed. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  2. ^ a b Steinmetz, Katy (April 20, 2017). "420 Day: Why There Are So Many Different Names for Weed". TIME. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  3. ^ a b Lozano Cámara, Indalecio (2001). "The therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa (L.) in Arabic medicine". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics–Studies in Endogenous, Herbal and Synthetic Cannabinoids. 1 (1): 63–70.
  4. ^ a b Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2023). "Cannabis Nomina: Database of names for Cannabis sativa L." cannabistradition.eu (EUTC research project). Barcelona.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Candolle, Alphonse de (1883). Origine des plantes cultivées (in French). Paris: G. Baillière et cie. pp. 117–118. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  6. ^ a b c Ivanishvili, Marine (7–9 December 2007). "Proto-Kartvelian and Proto-Indo-European Plant-Names" (PDF). Conference on the Languages of the Caucasus. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  7. ^ a b Bomhard, Allan R.; Kerns, John C. (2011-05-12). The Nostratic Macrofamily: A Study in Distant Linguistic Relationship. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-087564-5. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Torkelson, Anthony R. (1996), The Cross Name Index to Medicinal Plants, Vol. IV: Plants in Indian medicine, CRC Press, p. 1674, ISBN 9780849326356, OCLC 34038712
  9. ^ a b "Bhang". Collins Dictionary Online. Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  10. ^ "GARCIA DA ORTA". reefermadnessmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  11. ^ a b Burnell, Arthur Coke & Tiele, P.A. (1885). The voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies. from the old English translation of 1598: the first book, containing his description of the East. London: The Hakluyt Society. pp. 115–117. Full text at Internet Archive. Chapter on Bangue.
  12. ^ Ogle, William E. (October 1985). "Bhangmeter — Prologue" (PDF). An account of the return to Nuclear Weapons testing by the United States after the test moratorium 1958-1961. United States Department of Energy — NV 291. p. 67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-19. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
  13. ^ Medical Proceedings: Mediese Bydraes. Juta and Company. 1958.
  14. ^ The dictionary definition of Bhangi at Wiktionary
  15. ^ Sherrard, Melissa (May 31, 2017). "Where Did The Word 'Marijuana' Come From?". Civilized. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  16. ^ a b Lozano Cámara, Indalecio (1996). "Cannabis en Al-Andalus: Terminología científica árabe del cáñamo (ss. VII-XVIII)". In Álvarez de Morales, Camilo (ed.). Ciencias de la Naturaleza en al-Andalus: Textos y Estudios vol. IV. Madrid: CSIC. pp. 147–164.
  17. ^ Barcia, Roque (1887). Diccionario general etimológico de la lengua española (in Spanish). J. M. Faquineto. p. 95. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  18. ^ Farrell, Helen (June 8, 2018). "Cannabusiness in Florence: "Weeding" through the details". The Florentine. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  19. ^ Briosi, Giovanni (1894). Atti (in Italian). Pavia: Università di Pavia Istituto botanico. p. 111. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  20. ^ a b Yagoda, Ben (March 5, 2014). "How Weed Became the Hippest Slang Term for Marijuana". Lexicon Valley. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Maurer, Travis (April 29, 2011). "List of Marijuana Slang Terms". The Weed Blog. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  22. ^ a b c d Linder, Courtney (April 19, 2015). "Pot patois: A comprehensive etymology of marijuana". The Pitt News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  23. ^ Belville, Russ (March 14, 2016). "'Marijuana' Is Not A Racist Word". High Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  24. ^ "How to Buy Weed in Ho Chi Minh City". Neo the Nomad. May 25, 2018. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  25. ^ World Health Organization. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse (2005). Mental Health Atlas 2005. World Health Organization. pp. 296–. ISBN 978-92-4-156296-6.
  26. ^ a b Li, Hui-Lin (1974). "An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China". Economic Botany. 28 (4): 437–448. doi:10.1007/BF02862859. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4253540. S2CID 19866569. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  27. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  28. ^ Emmanuel Akyeampong; Allan G Hill; Arthur M Kleinman (1 May 2015). The Culture of Mental Illness and Psychiatric Practice in Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-253-01304-0.
  29. ^ a b c d e f Duvall, Chris S. (May 9, 2019). The African Roots of Marijuana. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1-47800-453-0.
  30. ^ Preedy, Victor R. (December 31, 2016). Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies: Biology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Academic Press. p. 1057. ISBN 978-0-12800-827-0. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  31. ^ Tom Cleary (1 April 2011). Mauritius - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-1-85733-546-0.
  32. ^ "10 Words From Hindi & Urdu". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  33. ^ Kranzler, Henry R.; Korsmeyer, Pamela (2009). Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol & Additive Behaviour. Gale. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-02866-064-6.[permanent dead link‍]
  34. ^ a b Wolfe, David (2009). Superfoods: The Food and Medicine of the Future. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-776-2. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  35. ^ Thomas, Brian F.; ElSohly, Mahmoud (December 1, 2015). The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis: Quality Assessment, Assurance, and Regulation of Medicinal Marijuana and Cannabinoid Preparations. Elsevier. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-12804-670-8. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  36. ^ a b c "Hashish". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  37. ^ Rosenthal, Ed (2001). The Big Book of Buds: Marijuana Varieties from the World's Great Seed Breeders. Ed Rosenthal. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-93255-139-9.
  38. ^ Christian Rätsch (March 2001). Marijuana Medicine: A World Tour of the Healing and Visionary Powers of Cannabis. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-89281-933-1.
  39. ^ Antonijs A. (1997). "Audzesim Latvijas vietejas kanepes". Latvijas-Lauksaimnieks (4): 11–12. Archived from the original on 2019-06-21. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
  40. ^ Rowan Robinson (1996). The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial, and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-89281-541-8.
  41. ^ Booth, Martin (June 16, 2015). "The Fragrant Cane". Cannabis: A History, p. 2. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-25008-219-0. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  42. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). วารสารการแพทย์แผนไทยและเพื่อนทางเลือก [Journal of Thai Traditional & Alternative medicine]. 14 (2). May–August 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2019-06-18.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. ^ "Spotlight: Turkey turns to industrial use of hemp to improve ailing economy". Xinhua News Agency. March 16, 2019. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019.
  44. ^ Carney, Sean (January 30, 2013). "Czech Parliament Backs Medical Marijuana, With a Catch". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  45. ^ Seshata (August 22, 2016). "Legal status of cannabis in Poland – An overview". Sensi Seeds. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  46. ^ Casselman, Bill (September 18, 2010). Where a Dobdob Meets a Dikdik: A Word Lover's Guide to the Weirdest, Wackiest, and Wonkiest Lexical Gems. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-44051-004-5. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  47. ^ "qunnabu". assyrianlanguages.org. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
  48. ^ Hanson, Glen R.; Venturelli, Peter J.; Fleckenstein, Annette E. (2014). "Marijuana". Drugs and Society, p. 408. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-1-284-05478-1. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  49. ^ Jann Gumbiner Ph.D. (May 10, 2011), "History of Cannabis in Ancient China", Psychology Today, archived from the original on April 20, 2023, retrieved January 4, 2018
  50. ^ Belville, Russ (March 14, 2016). "'Marijuana' Is Not A Racist Word". High Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  51. ^ Gabriel G. Nahas (28 July 2017). Revival: Cannabis Physiopathology Epidemiology Detection (1992). CRC Press. pp. 322–. ISBN 978-1-351-36781-3. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  52. ^ Thompson, Matt. "The Mysterious History Of 'Marijuana'". NPR. National Public Radio. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  53. ^ Duvall, Chris S. (30 June 2015). "Decriminalization doesn't address marijuana's standing as a drug of the poor". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  54. ^ Duvall, Chris S. (2019). The African roots of marijuana. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 137–140. ISBN 978-1-4780-0453-0.
  55. ^ Ncube, Leonard (9 July 2017). "Zim to legalise mbanje . . . Govt considers drug use for medical purposes". The Sunday News. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  56. ^ Thomas Kemper Hitch; Robert M. Kamins (1992). Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, and Future of Haiwaii's Economy. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 225–. ISBN 978-0-8248-1498-4.
  57. ^ 한반도 자생식물 영어이름 목록집: English Names For Korean Native Plants. Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 386. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  58. ^ "מילון מושגי הקנאביס השלם – מא' ועד ת'". קנאביס.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Schleuss, Jon (2017). "Medical marijuana name game". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
  60. ^ Smith, Christiana J.; Vergara, Daniela; Keegan, Brian; Jikomes, Nick (2022). "The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States". PLOS ONE. 17 (5): e0267498. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1767498S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267498. PMC 9119530. PMID 35588111.
  61. ^ "AK-47 Cannabis Strain Review". Way of Leaf. 2019-01-08. Archived from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  62. ^ Dolce, Joe (2016). Brave New Weed. HarperCollins. p. 49.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Escondido, Nico (October 9, 2014). "25 Greatest Strains of All Time". High Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  64. ^ "Mexico's Cannabis Treasure: Acapulco Gold". GreenRush Times. October 20, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  65. ^ "The history of weed growing in Canada (especially BC) in the 80s and 90s?". www.rollitup.org/. Dec 23, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
  66. ^ "Strains - BC Hydro". https://budderweeds.com/. Retrieved June 30, 2024. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  67. ^ "BC Kush Marijuana Strain". Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  68. ^ "Bhang or Marijuana is Legal in Ayurvedic Prescription" (PDF). Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  69. ^ a b Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
  70. ^ Boister, Neil; Jelsma, Martin (2018). "Inter se modification of the UN drug control conventions: An exploration of its applicability to legitimise the legal regulation of cannabis markets". International Community Law Review. 20: 472. doi:10.1163/18719732-12341385. hdl:10092/101255. ISSN 1388-9036. S2CID 150161293. Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  71. ^ "Blueberry Diesel | Marijuana Strain Reviews". AllBud. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
  72. ^ "Blue Goo Cannabis Strain Information". Leafly. Archived from the original on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  73. ^ a b c d Guy, Nice (May 24, 2017). "Oregon Liquor Control Commission Deems Strain Names Unsuitable For Children". Cannabis Chronicles. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017.
  74. ^ a b c d Marin, Cheech; Chong, Tommy (2013). Cheech & Chong's Almost Legal Book for Stoners. Running Press. ISBN 9780762449873. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  75. ^ a b "Why marijuana concentrates are cause for confusion". The Cannabist. June 18, 2015. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
  76. ^ a b c d Aizpurua-Olaizola, Oier; Soydaner, Umut; Öztürk, Ekin; Schibano, Daniele; Simsir, Yilmaz; Navarro, Patricia; Etxebarria, Nestor; Usobiaga, Aresatz (2016-02-02). "Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth ofCannabis sativaPlants from Different Chemotypes". Journal of Natural Products. 79 (2): 324–331. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949. PMID 26836472. Archived from the original on 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  77. ^ Loran C. Anderson (1980). "Leaf variation among Cannabis species from a controlled garden". Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets. 28 (1): 61–69. doi:10.5962/p.168641. S2CID 90557456.
  78. ^ a b c d e "Drugs of Abuse: Marijuana/Cannabis factsheet". Drug Enforcement Administration. 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  79. ^ Rahn, Bailey (May 5, 2015). "What Are Cannabis Oil, Shatter, and Wax Extracts?". Leafly. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  80. ^ "99 Percent of All Marijuana Plants Eradicated In US Is Feral Hemp, Federal Data Reveals". NORML. 2004-09-02. Archived from the original on 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
  81. ^ "Island Pink Kush Marijuana Strain". www.allbud.com/. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
  82. ^ Bennett, Patrick. "What Are Live Resin Cannabis Concentrates?". Leafly. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  83. ^ Sachs-Benedict, Blair. "North To Alaska | High Times | Aug/Sept 1975". High Times | The Complete Archive. Archived from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  84. ^ Jessica Hines (February 2014). "Cherished Genetics Re-emerge". The Sunshine Express. No. 5–1. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  85. ^ Marcello Cabus (March 29, 2019). "Seed Stories: How Purple Paonia Paralyzer Took Root in Colorado". Cannabis Culture. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  86. ^ "https://www.leafly.ca/". www.leafly.ca/. Retrieved June 30, 2024. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  87. ^ "Super Lemon Haze". Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  88. ^ "Tangerine Dream". www.leafly.ca/. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
  89. ^ "What are Terpenes? A Cannabis Enthusiast's Guide to Understanding Terpenes". CannaInsider. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
  90. ^ a b c d "The History of the Thai Stick". High Times. 2017-07-18. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  91. ^ a b "What is a Thai stick?". Weedmaps. 2020-08-19. Archived from the original on 2022-09-17. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  92. ^ "Thailand approves medicinal cannabis". BBC News. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  93. ^ David McDonald; Rhonda Moore; Jennifer Norberry; Grant Wardlaw; Nicola Ballenden (1994), "Cannabis in context: history, laws and international treaties", Legislative options for cannabis use in Australia, archived from the original on 2016-04-10, retrieved 2017-08-06
  94. ^ "Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analyses of Cannabis sativa".
  95. ^ "Reefer gladness: A brief history of hemp in Japan". Stars and Stripes. April 8, 2018. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  96. ^ Takashima, D. (1982). "A new hemp variety 'Tochigishiro'" (PDF). Bulletin of the Tochigi Agricultural Experiment Station (Japan). 28: 47–54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  97. ^ "The current status of cannabis cultivation". ご注意ください! 大麻栽培でまちおこし? – 大麻の正しい知識で正しい判断 [Please be careful! Revitalization of a town by cultivation of cannabis?! The right knowledge of cannabis makes the right decision] (PDF) (pamphlet). Japan: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. c. 2016. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-30. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  98. ^ Trofin, Irenne Gabriela; Vlad, Corina Claudia; Noja, Victor Viorel; Dabija, Gabriel (2012). "Identification and Characterization of Special Types of Herbal Cannabis" (PDF). Scientific Bulletin Series B, Chemistry and Materials Science. 74 (1). Politehnica University of Bucharest. ISSN 1454-2331. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  99. ^ Travvgod (Ft. Flexo Kobain) – I'm Smoking Zaza, archived from the original on 2022-10-03, retrieved 2022-10-03
  100. ^ Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2020). "'Cannabis' ontologies I: Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology". Drug Science, Policy and Law. 6: 205032452094579. doi:10.1177/2050324520945797. ISSN 2050-3245.
  101. ^ World Health Organization (1984). "List of Proposed INNs No. 51" (PDF). WHO Chronicle. 38 (2): 6.
  102. ^ World Health Organization (1984). "List of Recommended INNs No. 24" (PDF). WHO Chronicle. 38 (6): 4.
  103. ^ World Health Organization (2017). "List of Recommended INNs No. 77" (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 31 (1): 75.
  104. ^ a b "Wellness Center - Marijuana". American University. 2013. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  105. ^ Nall, Elizabeth (August 8, 2017). "Minnesota's medical marijuana can be rubbed into your skin". The Laughing Grass. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  106. ^ Gieringer, Dale H.; Joseph St. Laurent; Scott Goodrich (2004). "Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds" (PDF). Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 4 (1): 7–27. doi:10.1300/J175v04n01_02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-18. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=List_of_names_for_cannabis&oldid=1263991884#Thai_stick"