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Tata Nano

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Not to be confused with Wuling Nano EV.

Tata Nano
Four-door car with a one-box body style with steel wheels, an air intake located behind the rear passenger door, and no passenger side mirror
Overview
ManufacturerTata Motors
Also calledTata GenX Nano (facelift 2015–2018)
Production2008–2018
AssemblyIndia: Gujarat, Sanand (Sanand Plant)[1]
Designer
  • Justyn Norek
    (I.DE.A Institute)
  • Pierre Castinel
    (Tata Design Studio)
  • Girish Wagh
    (Project Manager)[2]
Body and chassis
ClassCity car
Body style4-door hatchback
5-door hatchback (GenX Nano)
LayoutRear-engine, rear-wheel-drive
PlatformTata X3[3]
Powertrain
Engine624 cc I2 SOHC MPI petrol
Transmission4-speed manual
5-speed AMT (2015+)
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,230 mm (87.8 in)[4]
Length3,099 mm (122.0 in)[4]
3,164 mm (124.6 in) (GenX Nano)
Width1,390 mm (54.7 in)[4]
Height1,652 mm (65.0 in)[4]
Curb weight600–635 kg (1,323–1,400 lb)[4]

The Tata Nano is a city car/microcar manufactured and marketed by Indian automaker Tata Motors over a single generation from 2008–2018, primarily in India, as an inexpensive rear-engine hatchback for motorcycle and scooter drivers — with a launch price of ₹100,000 (US$2,500) on 10 January 2008.[5]

Tata Motors projected production figures of 250,000 annually at launch. This was not achieved, and various factors led to a decline in sales volume, including delays during the factory relocation from Singur to Sanand, early instances of the Nano catching fire and the perception that the Nano was unsafe and lacked quality from its aggressive cost cutting. Actual sales reached 7,591 for model year 2016-2017. The project lost money, as confirmed by former Tata Sons chairman Cyrus Mistry and by 2017 Tata Motors management.[6][7]

In 2017, Tata Motors said manufacturing would continue due to the company's emotional commitment to the project.[8][9] Production was eventually halted in May 2018.[10] The Sanand Plant subsequently manufactured other hatchbacks, including the Tiago and Tigor.[11]

History

[edit]

After successfully launching the low cost Tata Ace truck in 2005, Tata Motors began development of an affordable passenger car that would appeal to the many Indians who ride motorcycles.[12] The purchase price of this no frills auto was brought down by dispensing with most nonessential features, reducing the amount of steel used in its construction, and relying on low cost Indian labour.[citation needed]. The design featured only a driver's side wing mirror, one wiper blade, only three lug nuts per wheel and a fuel tank without filler cap.[13] Tata said it was the first time a 2-cylinder petrol engine was being used in a car with single balancer shaft.

At introduction the Nano received attention due to its low price of 1 lakh rupees (Rs. 100,000).[14] Some promotional material labeled the vehicle as "The People’s Car".[15]

Expectations and effects

[edit]

Expectations created for the car during the run up to its production were out of proportion with realised sales. A 2008 study by Indian rating agency CRISIL projected the Nano would expand the nation's car market by 65%,[16] but, as of late 2012, news reports have detailed the underwhelming response of the Indian consumer to the offering; sales in the first two fiscal years after the car's unveiling remained steady at about 70,000 units. Tata intended to maintain a capacity to produce the car in much larger quantities, some 250,000 per year, should the need arise.[17]

It was anticipated that its 2009 debut would greatly affect the used car market, and prices did drop 25–30% prior to the launch.[18] Sales of the Nano's nearest competitor, the Maruti 800, fell by 20% immediately following the unveiling of the Nano.[19] It is unknown if the Nano has had a lasting effect on the prices of and demand for close substitutes. In July 2012, Tata's Group chairman Ratan Tata, who retired in same year, said that the car had immense potential in the developing world while admitting that early opportunities were wasted due to initial problems.[20] Due to the sales drops, only a single unit was produced in June 2018. The Sanand Plant now produces other hatchbacks like Tiago and Tigor.[21]

Singur factory pullout

[edit]
Main article: Tata Nano Singur controversy

Tata Motors announced in 2006 that the Nano would be manufactured in Singur, West Bengal.[22] Local farmers soon began protesting the 'supposed' forced acquisition of their land the new factory entailed.[22] Tata first delayed the Nano launch and later decided to build the car in a different state, Gujarat, instead.[23]

Price

[edit]
Rear

Announced as the most affordable production car in the world, Tata aimed for a price of one lakh rupees, or ₹100,000, which was approximately $2,000 US at the time.[24] Only the very first customers were able to purchase the car at that price, and as of 2017, the price for the basic Nano started around ₹ 215,000 ($3,400 US).[25] Increasing material costs may be to blame for this rapid rise in price.[26]

Compared to the Volkswagen Beetle it had a relatively low price, though still high in terms of the average salary of an Indian industrial worker or farmer. In 1990, a Beetle from Mexican factories was priced at $5,300,[27] about $12,360 in 2022. The Ford Model T's initial price was about $850, equivalent to $28,824 in 2022. The price of the Nano was only just higher[28] than the corrected price of the Briggs & Stratton Flyer of the 1910s, with the Flyer costing US$125 ($1,767 in 2016), while the Flyer might be classified as more of a go-kart than a car.

Cost-cutting features

[edit]

The Nano's design implements many measures to reduce manufacturing costs. Comparison with the Hyundai Eon, the Tata Nano's closest competitor:

Tata Nano Hyundai Eon
The trunk was only initially accessible from inside, as the rearmost panel did not open.[29] (full hatchback offered in 2015). Hyundai Eon had a full hatchback.
One windscreen wiper instead of the usual pair[14] Two windscreen wipers.
No base power steering due to light weight.[14] Added in higher variants in later models. Power steering is offered except lowest variant.
Three lug nuts per wheel [13] Four lug nuts per wheel
Driver side wing mirror on base model. Higher variants fitted with passenger side ORVM from 2012 onwards.[14] Both side ORVMs is offered except lowest variant. Also internally adjustable on high varaiant.
1DIN Radio CD player[14] 2DIN Radio with Aux, USB port.
No airbags on any model[30] Driver airbag at top model
624cc rear engine, 2 cylinders (312cc each)[14] 814cc front engine, 3 cylinders (271cc each).
Front&rear all drum brakes. Front disc brakes, rear drum brakes.
No air conditioning in base model[14] No air conditioning in base model
Front passenger seat same as the driver seat and the headrests are integrated. Front passenger seat same as the driver seat and the headrests are integrated. Also had rear seat integrated headrests.
Thinner 135/70R12 space saver spare tyre. Full size 145/80R12 or 155/70R13 spare tyre.
No external fuel filler cap. Fuel inlet is accessed by opening the front hood. External fuel filler cap.
Front power windows only offered on highest variant. PW switches placed on central console rather than on door pads. Front power windows only offered on higher variant.

Technical specifications

[edit]

The Nano (2012) was a 38 PS (28 kW; 37 hp) car with a two-cylinder 624 cc engine mounted in the rear of the car. The car complied with Bharat Stage 4 Indian Emissions Standards, which are roughly equivalent to Euro 4.

The development of the Nano led to 31 design and 37 technology patents being filed.

Engine: 2 cylinder petrol with Bosch multi-point fuel injection (single injector) all aluminium 38 metric horsepower (28 kW) 624 cc (38 cu in)
Bosch Motronic ECU (engine control unit)
2 valves per cylinder overhead camshaft
Compression ratio: 9.5:1
bore × stroke: 73.5 mm (2.9 in) × 73.5 mm (2.9 in)
Power: 38 PS (28 kW; 37 hp) @ 5500 +/-500 rpm[4]
Torque: 51 N⋅m (38 ft⋅lbf) @ 3000 +/-500 rpm
Layout and Transmission Rear wheel drive
4-speed manual transmission
Option:Automated manual transmission
Steering mechanical rack and pinion w/o servo
Turning radius: 4 metres[4]
Performance Acceleration: 0-60 km/h (37 mph): 10 seconds

0-100 km/h (62 mph): 30 seconds[4][31][32]

Maximum speed: 105 km/h (65 mph)[4][31]
Fuel efficiency (overall): 25.35 kilometres per litre (4.24 litres per 100 kilometres (66.6 mpg‑imp; 55.5 mpg‑US))
Body and dimensions Seat belt: 4[33]
Trunk capacity: 94 L (3.3 cu ft)[34]
Suspension, Tires & Brakes Front brake: 180 mm Drum[4]
Rear brake: 180 mm Drum[4]
Front track: 1,325 mm (52.2 in)[4]
Rear track: 1,315 mm (51.8 in)[4]
Ground clearance: 180 mm (7.1 in)[4]
Front suspension: MacPherson strut with lower A-arm
Rear suspension: Trailing arms with coil spring
12-inch wheels[35]
Supplier[36] Part/system[36]
Texspin Clutch Bearings
Bosch Oxygen sensor, Gasoline injection system (diesel will follow), starter, alternator, brake system
Continental AG Gasoline fuel supply system, fuel level sensor
Caparo Inner structural panels
HSI AUTO Static sealing systems (Weather Strips)
Delphi Instrument cluster
Rane Madras Limited Steering Assembly
Denso Windshield wiper system (single motor and arm)
FAG Kugelfischer Rear-wheel bearing
Federal-Mogul Pistons, Piston rings, Spark plugs, Gaskets, Systems protection
Ficosa Rear-view mirrors, interior mirrors, manual and CVT shifters, washer system
Freudenberg Engine sealing
GKN Driveshafts
INA Shifting elements
ITW Deltar Outside and inside door handles
Johnson Controls Seating
Mahle Camshafts, spin-on oil filters, fuel filters and air cleaners
Saint-Gobain Glass
TRW Brake system
Ceekay Daikin/Valeo Clutch sets
Vibracoustic Engine mounts
Visteon Air induction system
ZF Friedrichshafen AG Chassis components, including tie rods
Behr HVAC for the luxury version
Dürr Lean Paint Shop
Tata Nano engine in trunk that is only accessible from inside as a cost reduction feature
The Tata Nano's dashboard is very simple.
The car's exterior and interiors were designed at Italy's Institute of Development in Automotive Engineering.[12]

Tata GenX Nano (2015–2018)

[edit]
2015 Tata GenX Nano (facelift)

In May 2015, to revive the model's sales, Tata Motors introduced a series of enhancements both inside and outside the car. The name was changed to GenX Nano to underline the changes, the range was offered in 21 different versions, among them a 5-speed automated manual transmission.[37] Electric power steering, air conditioning, and Bluetooth radio were available on top models in addition to new colors and alloy wheels. The body was strengthened and the front and rear bumpers were changed, which slightly increased the length to 3,164 millimeters. The interior was also redesigned with new fabrics and improved soundproofing. The rear hatchback and 5-seat homologation were introduced. The engine remained the 2-cylinder 624 cc (38.1 cu in) with 38 hp.[38][39]

Alternative power plants

[edit]

The Nano was driven by a petrol engine. Though several variants were proposed, none were put into production. An upscale version was shown at an auto show.

Compressed-air engine

[edit]

Tata Motors signed an agreement in 2007 with a French firm, Motor Development International, to produce a compressed air car Nano.[40] While the vehicle was supposed to be able to travel approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) on $3 US of electricity to compress the air, Tata's Vice-President of Engineering Systems confirmed in late 2009 that vehicle range continued to be a problem.[40][41]

Electric vehicle

[edit]

Tata discussed the possibility of producing an electric version,[42] and while it showcased an electric vehicle Nano at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show,[43] no such car came onto the market.

If an EV Nano had been produced the expectations were that it would have been a highly affordable electric car[44] using lithium-ion batteries and having a range of 80 miles (130 km).[45] A Norwegian electric car specialist, Miljøbil Grenland AS, was named as a proposed partner in the project.[42]

Tata Nano CNG emax (Bi-fuel)

[edit]

The Nano CNG emax was launched in October 2013. It could run on either gasoline or compressed natural gas. Initially, it was to be sold in Delhi and parts of Maharashtra and Lucknow, where CNG was available at fuel outlets.[46] The bifuel engine was powered by both CNG and petrol. In natural gas operation, the engine delivered maximum power of 33 horsepower and 45 Nm of maximum torque. The tank had a capacity of 32 liters (8 US Gal/7 UK Gal) of CNG.[47]

Tata Super Nano

[edit]

In December 2014, Coimbatore-based JA Motorsport presented a 230 hp 1.3-liter engined version of the Nano called the 'Super Nano' at the Autocar Performance Show. Featuring a full body kit, slick tyres, a bolt-on roll cage, and smoked head and tail lamps, the Super Nano featured carbon fibre components, Recaro seats, and steering-mounted paddle shifters.[48]

European export

[edit]
The Tata Nano Europa concept car

An upscale Nano concept car called Nano Europa was shown at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show.[49] However, there was no progress towards producing or marketing this upscale specification.

Car fires

[edit]

There were reports of several fire incidents involving the Nano.[50] The company denied those were connected to the car's design or its parts and blamed "foreign electrical equipment" found on top of the exhaust system.[50] The company offered to retrofit the exhaust and electrical systems but refused to recall the cars.[50] Tata extended the warranty on the car, including those already sold, from 18 months to four years in early December 2010.[50]

Reception

[edit]

The Nano received a mixed reception from Indian consumers; reasons given included that it was still too expensive compared to a motorcycle, and the extended waiting time for delivery (a few months).[51] Although it was identified as the most affordable car,[52] a secondhand car that was more expensive when it was new gave more social status; the Nano was considered a "poor man's" vehicle, turning some people away.[53] The fires and other safety issues were also a concern.[51]

Tata Motors ended FY16 selling 21,012 Nanos, up from 16,901 in FY15.[54]

Crash safety

[edit]

In 2014, Global NCAP crash-tested an Indian-market Tata Nano at the ADAC facility in Germany in its pilot round of 64km/h front offset deformable barrier crash tests for its Safer Cars for India project (similar to Latin NCAP 2013). They also crashed the Nano in the configuration for the UN's R94 test. Tata had made it public that a version of the Nano designed for export to Europe had passed R94, and they were also expecting a four star Euro NCAP result.[55] In contrast, the Indian car failed the R94 test and scored zero stars for adult and child occupant protection in Global NCAP's tests. The Nano was not fitted with airbags, not even one for the driver, nor ABS. During the 64km/h NCAP test the passenger compartment not only became unstable but also showed extremely high levels of intrusion of the steering column and waist-level intrusion of the A-pillar, showing high risk of life-threatening injury to the driver's head, neck and chest and also indicating that less critical body regions like the knees, tibias and feet were unlikely to be recoverable. The Nano had only static two-point seatbelts for the rear seats and no child seat available for sale in India could pass the installation check, meaning that the Nano was unsuitable for safely transporting children. It achieved zero stars for child occupant protection, scoring no points across all areas of assessment.[56][57]

Sales

[edit]

At the time of launch Tata Motors planned to sell 250,000 units per year. The maximum sales ever achieved was 74,527 units during FY 2011-2012 and then sales declined rapidly year after year leading to a negligible market share of the car in the "A" segment. The product was expected to be phased out soon as dealers stopped placing orders.[58][59]

FY 2009–2010 30,000 approx[60]

FY 2010–2011 70,432[60]

FY 2011–2012 74,527[60]

FY 2012–2013 53,848[61]

FY 2013–2014 21,129[62]

FY 2014–2015 16,903[63]

FY 2016-2017 7,591[64]

FY 2017-2018 April - October 1,502

End of production

[edit]

Due to the low sales of the model (only one Nano was assembled in June 2018 against the 275 assembled in June 2017) Tata Motors announced the end of production without any direct successor. The Nano wasn't accepted by potential buyers and sales were always lower than projected.[65] The Sanand Plant now produces other hatchbacks like Tiago and Tigor.[66]

Awards

[edit]
  • 2010 Business Standard Motoring Indian car of the year[67]
  • 2010 Bloomberg UTV-Autocar car of the year[68]
  • 2010 Edison Awards, first place in the transportation category[69]
  • 2010 Good Design Awards, in the category of transportation[70]
  • 2014 India's Most Trusted hatchback car, according to The Brand Trust Report 2014 edition[71][72]

In the media

[edit]
  • Small Wonder: The Making of Nano–a book about the creation of the Tata Nano[73]
  • A Megafactories episode on this vehicle
  • From Bollywood to Hollywood in Jay Leno's garage. YouTube channel.[74]
  • Das Billigste Auto der Welt - Tata Nano. YouTube channel.[75]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Manufacturing: Sanand". Tata Motors. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  2. ^ Patton, Phil (11 February 2010). "A Tata Nano Takes Manhattan". The New York Times.
  3. ^ "Analysis - Tata Motors' future models under the microscope". Just-Auto.com. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Official specifications for Tata Nano". Tata Motors.
  5. ^ Chang, Richard S. "Tata Nano: The World's Cheapest Car".
  6. ^ "Tata Motors Shuts Down Loss Making Small Car Tata Nano Production". Pixr8. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017.
  7. ^ "Nano a loss-making product, says Tata Motors". Hindustan Times. 4 November 2016.
  8. ^ "Tata Motors to continue Tata Nano production for now". Overdrive. 27 September 2017.
  9. ^ "Tata Nano sales to continue in spite of no demand". The Hans India. 29 September 2017.
  10. ^ "Air Asia Case Puts Spotlight Once Again on Cyrus Mistry's 'Legacy Hotspots'". The Wire. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  11. ^ "Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization". Ahmedabad: Tata Motors. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  12. ^ a b Meredith, Robyn (19 April 2007). "The Next People Car". Forbes. Yahoo! – ABC News Network. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  13. ^ a b Bijoy, Kumar Y. (12 April 2009). "Tata Nano – Nano second to none!". Business Standard. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "Bodacious Tata: India Delivers World's Cheapest Car". Spiegel Online International. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  15. ^ "Tata Motors unveils the People's Car". Green Car Congress. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Tata Nano may expand market by 65%: CRISIL- Automobiles-Auto-News By Industry-News". The Economic Times. 12 January 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  17. ^ Nair, Avinsh (26 April 2012). "Two years on, Tata Nano sales yet to hit top gear". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  18. ^ "Tata Nano sends used car prices tumbling in India". The Motor Report. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  19. ^ "Nanomania overwhelms Indian car market". Autocar. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  20. ^ "Why Ratan Tata thinks Nano has 'enormous potential'". 13 July 2012.
  21. ^ "Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization". Ahmedabad: Tata Motors. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  22. ^ a b "Nano wars: Tata threatens to make the world's cheapest car somewhere else". The Economist. 28 August 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  23. ^ For initial delay, see Rain, political unrest delay Tatas' dream car Rediff.com, 3 August 2007
  24. ^ Kurczewski, Nick (23 March 2009). "Tata Nano Launched in Mumbai". The New York Times. Wheels Blog. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  25. ^ For only first customers receiving ₹ 100,000, see Krishnan, Janaki (16 July 2009). "Tata Motors to deliver first Nano on Friday". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Many Indians were of the opinion that Tata just managed to offer offered a four-wheeled auto-rickshaw for a price of INR 2,00,000.
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  27. ^ Uhlig, Mark (20 October 1990). "Mexico City Journal; Miss the VW Bug? It Lives Beyond the Rio Grande". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  28. ^ "National Geographic - Megafactories - Season 1, Episode "Tato Nano"". www.natgeotv.com. 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2024. Sir Ratan Tata is a man on a mission: to make India's roads safer by getting people off motorbikes and into the world's cheapest car - the Tata Nano. In India it's common to see a family of four ride together on a motorbike. On bad roads in Monsoon rain that's a lethal way to commute. Tata envisages the Nano as a 'people's car' - India's answer to the Model T. But to bring his car to the people he must overcome some formidable challenges. Design issues and skyrocketing costs threaten to blow out the car's $2200 price tag, and violent protests force him to dismantle and shift his 3 billion dollar Megafactory 2100km across India.
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  39. ^ "2015 Tata GenX Nano Launched; Prices Start at 1.99 Lakh". CarAndBike.com. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  40. ^ a b TaMo’s ambitious ‘Air Car’ faces starting trouble Daily News and Analysis, 25 November 2009.
  41. ^ Hall, Kenneth (10 July 2008). "Tata Nano could come with optional air-powered engine". MotorAuthority. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  42. ^ a b "Tata plans E-Nano, electric version of Rs 1-lakh car". domain-b.com. 20 August 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  43. ^ "World's cheapest EV: Tata Nano electrifies Geneva show". USA Today. 4 March 2010.
  44. ^ "Let Tata's Nano be electric". Merinews.com. Retrieved 8 June 2009.[permanent dead link]
  45. ^ "World's cheapest EV: Tata Nano electrifies Geneva show — Drive On: A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive". USA Today. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  46. ^ "Tata Motors Introduces Bi-Fuel Version of Nano Minicar". The Wall Street Journal, Santanu Choudhury
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  56. ^ "Tata Nano safety under scrutiny after dire crash test results". Guardian. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  57. ^ "Tata Nano falls short of global crash test standards – video". Guardian. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  58. ^ "Tata Nano likely to be phased out soon as dealers stop placing orders". DNA India. 26 November 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  59. ^ "Bidding farewell to 'cheapest car': Tata Nano likely to be phased out soon". TimesNowNews. 26 November 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  60. ^ a b c Nair, Avinash (26 April 2012). "Two years on, Tata Nano sales yet to hit top gear". The Indian Express. Ahmedabad. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  61. ^ "Popularity continues to elude Nano, sales down 88%". Hindustan Times. 5 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  62. ^ "Sales of Tata Nano, world's cheapest car, set to hit six-year lows". The Indian Express. 5 March 2015.
  63. ^ Aggarwal, Yogita (1 March 2014). "7 Reasons Why Tata Nano Did Not Take Off as Expected". letuspublish.com. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  64. ^ Kumar, Arjun (25 April 2017). "Tata Nano Sales At An All Time Low, 174 Units Sold In March". MotorBeam. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
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  66. ^ "Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization". Ahmedabad: Tata Motors. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  67. ^ "BS Motoring Jury Award 2010: Tata Nano". Business Standard. 26 December 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  68. ^ "Nano, Pulsar among winners of Bloomberg UTV-Autocar awards". The Financial Express. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  69. ^ "Edison Awards 2010 honoring innovation in the development and launch of new products and services". Edisonawards.com. 2 April 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  70. ^ "Tata Nano shines! Wins global design award". Rediff.com. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  71. ^ "The Brand Trust Report 2014". Trust Research Advisory.
  72. ^ "Tata Nano again tops 'most trusted automobile' list". The Hindu Business Line. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  73. ^ "Ratan Tata didn't want Nano stitched like shirt around button: Book". dna. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  74. ^ From Bollywood to Hollywood, Leno Takes Stock of Tata Nano
  75. ^ Das Billigste Auto der Welt - Tata Nano - [Doku/HD], 4 April 2014, retrieved 4 March 2024 – via YouTube
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