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Tarabai

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Tarabai
Regent of the Maratha Empire
Maharani of Kolhapur
Maharani Tarabai
Tarabai, as depicted by Baburao Painter c. 1928
Regent of the Maratha Empire
ReignMarch 1700 – 12 January 1708, 1710 – 2 August 1714
MonarchShivaji II
Queen Consort of the Maratha Empire
Reign11 March 1689 – 3 March 1700
PredecessorJankibai
SuccessorRajasbai
Bornc. 1675
Satara, Maratha Empire (Present day Maharashtra, India)
Died9 December 1761(1761-12-09) (aged 85–86)
Satara, Maratha Empire (present-day Maharashtra, India)
SpouseRajaram (married c. 1683, died 1700)
IssueShivaji II
HouseMohite (by birth)
Bhosale (by marriage)
FatherHambirrao Mohite
ReligionHinduism

Maharani Tarabai Bhosale[a] (née Mohite)[1] was the regent of the Maratha Empire from 1700 until 1708. She was the queen of Rajaram I, and daughter-in-law of the kingdom's founder Shivaji I. She is acclaimed for her role in keeping alive the resistance against Mughal rule in Konkan, and acting as the regent of the Maratha Empire during the minority of her son, Shivaji II. She defeated Mughal forces of Aurangzeb in several battles and expanded the Maratha Empire.

Family and early life

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Tarabai came from Mohite clan. She was the daughter of Hambirrao Mohite, Commander-in-Chief of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha kingdom. Hambirrao's sister Soyarabai was the queen of Shivaji and the mother of his younger son Rajaram I. Tarabai married Rajaram at the age of 8 in 1682, becoming his second wife.

After the death of his half-brother and predecessor Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, Rajaram ruled the Maratha Kingdom from 1689 to 1700, when his first wife Jankibai was the queen consort. On Rajaram's death in March 1700, Tarabai proclaimed her infant son, Shivaji II (later known as Shivaji I of Kolhapur) as Rajaram's successor and herself as the regent.[2]

Tarabai In Command

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See also: Mughal–Maratha Wars § Marathas under Tarabai
A 1927 depiction of Tarabai in battle by noted Marathi painter M. V. Dhurandhar

As the regent, Tarabai took charge of the war against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's forces. Tarabai was skilled in cavalry movement and made strategic movements herself during wars. She personally led the war and continued the fight against the Mughals. A truce was offered to the Mughals in such a way that the Mughal emperor promptly rejected it, and Tarabai continued the Maratha resistance.

After the Battle of Satara, Aurangzeb contested for every inch of Deccan region at great cost of life and money. Aurangzeb drove west, deep into Maratha territory notably conquering Satara (the Maratha capital) the Marathas expanded eastwards into Mughal lands Hyderabad. Aurangzeb waged continuous war in the Deccan for more than two decades with no resolution and thus lost about a fifth of his army.

Signs of strain were showing in the Mughal camp in late 1701. Asad Khan, Julfikar Khan's father, counselled Aurangzeb to end the war and turn around. The expedition had already taken a giant toll, much larger than originally planned, on the empire and it looked possible that 175 years of Mughal rule might crumble due to being involved in a war that was not winnable.[citation needed]

By 1705, Marathas had crossed the Narmada River and made small incursions in Malwa, retreating immediately. With his 8000 men, Dabhade attacked and defeated Mahomed Khan's forces numbering almost fourteen thousand. This left entire Gujarat coast wide open for Marathas. They immediately tightened their grip on Mughal supply chains. By 1705 end, Marathas had penetrated Mughal possession of Central India and Gujarat. Nemaji Shinde defeated Mughals on the Malwa plateau.

In 1706, Tarabai was captured by Mughal forces for a brief period of 4 days, but she escaped after the Mughal camp - in which she was being held - was ambushed by the Marathas. In 1706, Mughals started retreating from Maratha dominions.[citation needed] The Maratha country was relieved at the news of the death of Aurangzeb, who died at Ahmadnagar and buried at Khuldabad near Aurangabad, Maharashtra in 1707.[3]

Of the years 1700–1707, Jadunath Sarkar, a prominent Indian historian, especially of the Mughal dynasty, has opined: "During this period, the supreme guiding force in Maharashtra was not any minister but the dowager queen Tarabai. Her administrative genius and strength of character saved the nation in that awful crisis."[4]

Conflict with Shahu

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Equestrian statue of Tarabai in Kolhapur

In order to divide the Maratha forces, the son of Aurangzeb , Azam Shah on the advice of his general Zulfikar Khan released Shahu I, Sambhaji's son and Tarabai's nephew, on certain conditions. Shahu immediately challenged Tarabai and her son Shivaji II for leadership of the Maratha polity.

Tarabai at that time demanded loyalty from the Maratha generals saying that Sambhaji (Shahu's father) had lost the kingdom which Shivaji had created. Rajaram through his efforts had regained that kingdom and therefore it was not the same kingdom but a new one created by Rajaram. [5]

Shahu eventually prevailed, sidelining Tarabai, due to his legal position and Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath's diplomacy. Tarabai established a rival court in Kolhapur in 1709, and established her son Shivaji II as the first Chhatrapati of Kolhapur, known as Shivaji I of Kolhapur. However, Shivaji I of Kolhapur was deposed in 1714 by Rajaram's other widow, Rajasabai, who put her own son, Sambhaji II, on the throne. Sambhaji II imprisoned Tarabai and her son. Shivaji I of Kolhapur died in 1726. Tarabai later reconciled with Shahu I in 1730 and went to live in Satara but without any political power.[6]

Conflict with Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao

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In the 1740s, during the last years of Shahu's life, Tarabai presented to the heirless Shahu I, a young man who she claimed was her grandson, and thus, a direct descendant of Shivaji. She claimed that Rajaram had been concealed after his birth for his protection and had been raised by the wife of a soldier. Shahu, who did not have a son of his own, adopted the young man who later succeeded him as Rajaram II (also known as Ramaraja).[7]

After Shahu's death in 1749, Rajaram II succeeded him as the Chhatrapati. When Balaji Baji Rao left for the Mughal frontier, Tarabai urged Rajaram II to remove him from the post of Peshwa. When Rajaram refused, she imprisoned him in a dungeon at Satara, on 24 November 1750.[8] She also claimed that he was an impostor and she had falsely presented him as her grandson to Shahu.[6]

In early October 1750, Tarabai had met Umabai Dabhade, who also held a grudge against the Peshwa. Umabai dispatched 15,000 troops led by Damaji Rao Gaekwad in support of Tarabai. Gaekwad defeated a 20,000-strong force led by the Peshwa loyalist Trimbakrao Purandare at Nimb, a small town north of Satara. He then marched to Satara, where he was received by Tarabai. However, Trimbakrao re-formed his army and on 15 March, attacked Gaekwad's army, which was encamped on the banks of Venna River. Gaekwad was defeated in this battle and forced to retreat with heavy losses.[9]

Meanwhile, Balaji Baji Rao returned from the Mughal frontier, reaching Satara on 24 April. He stormed the Yavateshwar garrison in Satara, defeating Tarabai's forces. He surrounded the Satara fort and asked Tarabai to release Rajaram II, whose physical and mental condition had deteriorated considerably. Tarabai refused and Balaji Baji Rao left for Pune, since a siege of the well-provisioned and strong Satara fort would not be easy. Meanwhile, Damaji Gaekwad, Umabai Dabhade and their relatives were arrested by the Peshwa's men.

A section of Tarabai's troops in the Satara garrison unsuccessfully rebelled against her. She beheaded the rebel leader, Anandrao Jadhav. However, she realized that she would not be able to fight Balaji Baji Rao, and agreed to meet him in Pune for a peace agreement. Janoji Bhonsle, also a rival of Balaji Baji Rao, was in the neighbourhood of Pune with a strong army and agreed to protect her against any harm. In Pune, Balaji Baji Rao treated her respectfully and after some reluctance, Tarabai accepted Balaji Baji Rao's superiority. She agreed to dismiss her lieutenant Baburao Jadhav, whom Balaji Baji Rao disliked. In return, the Balaji Baji Rao forgave her. On 14 September 1752, the two took oaths at Khandoba temple in Jejuri, promising mutual peace. At this oath ceremony, Tarabai also swore that Rajaram II was not her grandson. Nevertheless, Balaji Baji Rao retained Rajaram II as the titular Chhatrapati and a powerless figurehead.[7][6]

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Notes

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  1. ^ Pronunciation: [t̪aːɾabaːi]

References

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  1. ^ Jadhav, Bhagyashree M (1998). "Ch. 5 – Her Contribution to Maratha History". Dr. Appasaheb Pawar a study of his life and career. Shivaji University. p. 224. hdl:10603/138357. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  2. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2021). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  3. ^ Eaton, Richard M. (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–203. ISBN 0-521-25484-1.
  4. ^ Life and letters under the Mughals, Pran Nath Chopra, p. 122
  5. ^ Kadam, Pratima S. "Chhatrapatis of Satara (From 1707–1818)."[>] (1984).
  6. ^ a b c Sumit Sarkar (2000). Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar. Popular Prakashan. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-7154-658-9.
  7. ^ a b Biswamoy Pati, ed. (2000). Issues in Modern Indian History. Popular. p. 30. ISBN 9788171546589.
  8. ^ G.S.Chhabra (2005). Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1803). Lotus Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-81-89093-06-8.
  9. ^ J. W. Bond; Arnold Wright (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. Asian Educational Services. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4.
  10. ^ Sanjit Narwekar (1994). Directory of Indian Film-makers and Films. Flicks Books. ISBN 978-0-948911-40-8.
  11. ^ "Peshwa Bajirao Review: Anuja Sathe shines as Radhabai in the period drama", India Today, 25 January 2017, archived from the original on 28 January 2017, retrieved 20 February 2017
  12. ^ स्वामिनी'मध्ये नीना कुळकर्णी साकारणार महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका, archived from the original on 16 November 2021, retrieved 16 November 2021
  13. ^ "Swarada Thigale to play the title role in Swarajya Saudamini Tararani". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
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Preceded by Regent of the
Maratha Kingdom
1700–1708 		Succeeded by
Chhatrapati Shahuji
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