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Tapas

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This article is about the Spanish dish. For the Filipino cured beef dish, see Tapa (Filipino cuisine). For the Indian religious/spiritual practice, see Tapas (Indian religions). For other uses, see Tapa (disambiguation).
Tapas
Tapas in Barcelona, Spain
CourseAppetiser or snack
Place of originSpain
Serving temperatureHot or cold
Main ingredientsVarious
Tapas bar and restaurant at Plaza Mayor, Madrid

Tapas (Spanish: [ˈtapa]) are appetisers or snacks in Spanish cuisine. They can be combined to make a full meal and are served cold (such as mixed olives and cheese) or hot (such as chopitos, which are battered, fried baby squid; or patatas bravas, spicy potatoes). In some bars and restaurants in Spain and across the globe, tapas have evolved into a sophisticated cuisine. In some Central American countries, such snacks are known as bocas. In parts of Mexico, similar dishes are called botanas.

An individual appetizer (or single order of an item) is a tapa.

History

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The word "tapas", a plural, is derived from the Spanish verb tapar, "to cover", a cognate of the English "top".[1] Multiple theories for the term's use for appetizers exist.

One theory holds that in pre-19th-century Spain few innkeepers at posadas, albergues or bodegas offering meals and rooms for travellers could write and few travellers read, so guests were offered a sample of the dishes available on a "tapa" (“pot cover” in Spanish).[2]

In another theory, offered by the Joy of Cooking, the original tapas were thin slices of bread or meat which sherry drinkers in Andalusian taverns used to cover their glasses between sips.[3] This was a practical measure meant to prevent fruit flies from hovering over the sweet sherry (see below for more explanations). The meat used to cover the sherry was normally ham or chorizo, which are both very salty and activate thirst. Because of this, bartenders and restaurant owners created a variety of snacks to serve with sherry, thus increasing their alcohol sales.[4] The tapas eventually became as important as the sherry.[5]

Tapas have evolved through Spanish history by incorporating new ingredients and influences. Most of the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Romans in 218[6] B.C., who introduced more extensive cultivation of the olive and irrigation methods following their arrival.[7] The discovery of the New World brought the introduction of tomatoes, sweet and chili peppers, maize (corn), and potatoes, which were readily accepted and easily grown in Spain's microclimates.[citation needed]

It has also been claimed that tapas originated in the south of Spain during the time of the Spanish Inquisition as a means of publicly identifying conversos, Jews who had converted to Christianity. Since tapas often consist in part of ham or other non-kosher foodstuffs, the reluctance of the conversos to eat whatever tapas dish was offered to them could be taken as a tacit admission that they had not abandoned their Jewish faith, thus tapas were a tool of the Spanish Inquisition.[8][better source needed]

There are many tapas competitions throughout Spain. Beginning in 2005 the city of Valladolid in Northwest Spain has hosted a national tapas competition each November.[9] Interest in this event outside of Spain spurred the International School of Culinary Arts[10] to hold an International Tapas Competition for Culinary Schools, starting in 2009.[11] Various schools from around the world come to Spain annually to compete in it for the best tapa concept.[citation needed]

Origin

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Though the primary meaning of tapa is cover or lid, in Spain it has also become a term for this style of food. The origin of this new meaning is uncertain but there are several theories:

  • The tapas tradition may have begun when king Alfonso X of Castile (1221–1284) recovered from an illness by drinking wine with small dishes between meals. After regaining his health, the king ordered that taverns would not be allowed to serve wine to customers unless it was accompanied by a small snack or "tapa".[12]
  • Another popular and more modern explanation says that King Alfonso XIII (1886–1941) stopped by a famous tavern in Cádiz (an Andalusian city) where he ordered a glass of wine. The waiter covered the glass with a slice of cured ham before offering it to the king, in order to protect the wine from the blowing beach sand, as Cádiz is a windy place. The king, after drinking the wine and eating the ham, ordered another wine con la tapa ("with the cover").[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Tapas, the Little Dishes of Spain". Living Language. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
  2. ^ Plunkett-Hodge, Kay (1 July 2016). "The history of the Spanish tapas". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
  3. ^ Rombauer, Irma S.; Becker, Marion Rombauer; Becker, Ethan (2006). Joy of Cooking. illustrated by John Norton. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0743246268. OCLC 71800771.
  4. ^ Casas, Penelope (2007). "Introduction". Tapas : the little dishes of Spain (Rev. & updated ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. xv. ISBN 978-0-307-26552-4. OCLC 70176935.
  5. ^ "The Art of Tapas". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  6. ^ https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/historyandculture/Paginas/index.aspx#:~:text=The%20first%20modern%20humans%20settled,continue%20to%20be%20felt%20today.
  7. ^ "History of Olive and Olive Oil". Spanish Food. Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
  8. ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon (15 December 2015). "Reconquest". Blood and Gold: The Making of Spain with Simon Sebag Montefiore. Episode 2. BBC Four. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-15.
  9. ^ "Concurso nacional e internacional de pinchos y tapas ciudad de Velladolid" [National and international contest of skewers and tapas city of Velladolid] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 2019-01-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. ^ "International School of Culinary Arts". International School of Culinary Arts. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017.
  11. ^ "4th International Culinary Schools Tapas Competition 2012". Escuela Internacional de Cocina. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  12. ^ Fadón, Y.V. (1999). "The History of Tapas". El mudo de las Tapas, The World of Tapas in Spain. Translated by Madeleine Lewis, 2005. Archived from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
  13. ^ "El origen de las Tapas y Alfonso XIII" [The origin of the Tapas and Alfonso XIII]. ErroresHistoricos.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
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