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Torsten Carleman

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Torsten Carleman
Born(1892-07-08)8 July 1892
Visseltofta
Died11 January 1949(1949-01-11) (aged 56)
Stockholm
NationalitySwedish
Alma materUppsala University
Known forCarleman linearization
Carleman matrix
Carleman's condition
Carleman's inequality
Carleman's theorem
Denjoy–Carleman theorem
Denjoy–Carleman–Ahlfors theorem
Carleman kernel
Carleman formulae
Mean ergodic theorem
AwardsBjörkénska priset (1941)
Peccot Lectures (1922)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsLund University
Stockholm University
Mittag-Leffler Institute
Doctoral advisorErik Albert Holmgren
Doctoral studentsÅke Pleijel
Hans Rådström

Torsten Carleman (8 July 1892, Visseltofta, Osby Municipality – 11 January 1949, Stockholm), born Tage Gillis Torsten Carleman, was a Swedish mathematician, known for his results in classical analysis and its applications. As the director of the Mittag-Leffler Institute for more than two decades, Carleman was the most influential mathematician in Sweden.

Work

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The dissertation of Carleman under Erik Albert Holmgren, as well as his work in the early 1920s, was devoted to singular integral equations. He developed the spectral theory of integral operators with Carleman kernels, that is, kernels K(x, y) such that K(y, x) = K(x, y) for almost every (x, y), and

for almost every x.[1][2]

In the mid-1920s, Carleman developed the theory of quasi-analytic functions. He proved the necessary and sufficient condition for quasi-analyticity, now called the Denjoy–Carleman theorem.[3] As a corollary, he obtained a sufficient condition for the determinacy of the moment problem.[4] As one of the steps in the proof of the Denjoy–Carleman theorem in Carleman (1926), he introduced the Carleman inequality

valid for any sequence of non-negative real numbers ak.[5]

At about the same time, he established the Carleman formulae in complex analysis, which reconstruct an analytic function in a domain from its values on a subset of the boundary. He also proved a generalisation of Jensen's formula, now called the Jensen–Carleman formula.[6]

In the 1930s, independently of John von Neumann, he discovered the mean ergodic theorem.[7] Later, he worked in the theory of partial differential equations, where he introduced the Carleman estimates,[8] and found a way to study the spectral asymptotics of Schrödinger operators.[9]

In 1932, following the work of Henri Poincaré, Erik Ivar Fredholm, and Bernard Koopman, he devised the Carleman embedding (also called Carleman linearization), a way to embed a finite-dimensional system of nonlinear differential equations du⁄dt = P(u) for u: Rk → R, where the components of P are polynomials in u, into an infinite-dimensional system of linear differential equations.[10][11]

In 1933 Carleman published a short proof of what is now called the Denjoy–Carleman–Ahlfors theorem.[12] This theorem states that the number of asymptotic values attained by an entire function of order ρ along curves in the complex plane going outwards toward infinite absolute value is less than or equal to 2ρ.

In 1935, Torsten Carleman introduced a generalisation of Fourier transform, which foreshadowed the work of Mikio Sato on hyperfunctions;[13] his notes were published in Carleman (1944). He considered the functions f of at most polynomial growth, and showed that every such function can be decomposed as f = f+ + f−, where f+ and f− are analytic in the upper and lower half planes, respectively, and that this representation is essentially unique. Then he defined the Fourier transform of (f+, f−) as another such pair (g+, g−). Though conceptually different, the definition coincides with the one given later by Laurent Schwartz for tempered distributions.[13] Carleman's definition gave rise to numerous extensions.[13][14]

Returning to mathematical physics in the 1930s, Carleman gave the first proof of global existence for Boltzmann's equation in the kinetic theory of gases (his result applies to the space-homogeneous case).[15] The results were published posthumously in Carleman (1957).

Carleman supervised the Ph.D. theses of Ulf Hellsten, Karl Persson (Dagerholm), Åke Pleijel and (jointly with Fritz Carlson) of Hans Rådström.

Life

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Carleman was born in Visseltofta to Alma Linnéa Jungbeck and Karl Johan Carleman, a school teacher.[6] He studied at Växjö Cathedral School, graduating in 1910.

He continued his studies at Uppsala University, being one of the active members of the Uppsala Mathematical Society. Kjellberg recalls:

He was a genius! My older friends in Uppsala used to tell me about the wonderful years they had had when Carleman was there. He was the most active speaker in the Uppsala Mathematical Society and a well-trained gymnast. When people left the seminar crossing the Fyris River, he walked on his hands on the railing of the bridge.[16]

From 1917 he was docent at Uppsala University, and from 1923 — a full professor at Lund University. In 1924 he was appointed professor at Stockholm University. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1926 and of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters in 1934.[17] From 1927, he was director of the Mittag-Leffler Institute and editor of Acta Mathematica.[6]

From 1929 to 1946 Carleman was married to Anna-Lisa Lemming (1885–1954),[18] the half-sister[19] of the athlete Eric Lemming who won four golden medals and three bronze at the Olympic Games.[20] During this period he was also known as a recognized fascist, anti-semite and xenophobe. His interaction with William Feller before the former departure to the United States was not particularly pleasant, at some point being reported due to his opinion that "Jews and foreigners should be executed".[21]

Carlson remembers Carleman as: "secluded and taciturn, who looked at life and people with a bitter humour. In his heart, he was inclined to kindliness towards those around him, and strove to assist them swiftly."[6] Towards the end of his life, he remarked to his students that "professors ought to be shot at the age of fifty."[22]

During the last decades of his life, Carleman abused alcohol, according to Norbert Wiener[23][24] and William Feller.[25] His final years were plagued by neuralgia. At the end of 1948, he developed the liver disease jaundice; he died from complications of the disease.[6][24]

Selected publications

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  • Carleman, T. (1926). Les fonctions quasi analytiques (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. JFM 52.0255.02.
  • Carleman, T. (1944). L'Intégrale de Fourier et Questions que s'y Rattachent (in French). Uppsala: Publications Scientifiques de l'Institut Mittag-Leffler. MR 0014165.
  • Carleman, T. (1957). Problèmes mathématiques dans la théorie cinétique des gaz (in French). Uppsala: Publ. Sci. Inst. Mittag-Leffler. MR 0098477.
  • Carleman, Torsten (1960), Pleijel, Ake; Lithner, Lars; Odhnoff, Jan (eds.), Edition Complete Des Articles De Torsten Carleman, Litos reprotryk and l'Institut mathematique Mittag-Leffler

Notes

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  1. ^ Dieudonné, Jean (1981). History of functional analysis. North-Holland Mathematics Studies. Vol. 49. Amsterdam–New York: North-Holland Publishing Co. pp. 168–171. ISBN 0-444-86148-3. MR 0605488.
  2. ^ Ahiezer, N. I. (1947). "Integral operators with Carleman kernels". Uspekhi Mat. Nauk (in Russian). 2 (5(21)): 93–132. MR 0028526.
  3. ^ Mandelbrojt, S. (1942). "Analytic functions and classes of infinitely differentiable functions". Rice Inst. Pamphlet. 29 (1). MR 0006354.
  4. ^ Akhiezer, N. I. (1965). The Classical Moment Problem and Some Related Questions in Analysis. Oliver & Boyd. MR 0184042.
  5. ^ Pečarić, Josip; Stolarsky, Kenneth B. (2001). "Carleman's inequality: history and new generalizations". Aequationes Mathematicae. 61 (1–2): 49–62. doi:10.1007/s000100050160. MR 1820809. S2CID 121175099.
  6. ^ a b c d e Carlson, F. (1950). "Torsten Carleman". Acta Math. (in French). 82 (1): i–vi. doi:10.1007/BF02398273. MR 1555457.
  7. ^ Wiener, N. (1939). "The ergodic theorem". Duke Math. J. 5 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-39-00501-6. MR 1546100. Zbl 0021.23501.
  8. ^ Kenig, Carlos E. (1987). "Carleman estimates, uniform Sobolev inequalities for second-order differential operators, and unique continuation theorems". Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. 1, 2 (Berkeley, Calif., 1986). Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc. pp. 948–960. MR 0934297.
  9. ^ Clark, Colin (1967). "The asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for elliptic boundary value problems". SIAM Rev. 9 (4): 627–646. Bibcode:1967SIAMR...9..627C. doi:10.1137/1009105. MR 0510064.
  10. ^ Kowalski, Krzysztof; Steeb, Willi-Hans (1991). Nonlinear dynamical systems and Carleman linearization. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc. p. 7. ISBN 981-02-0587-2. MR 1178493.
  11. ^ Kowalski, K (1994). Methods of Hilbert spaces in the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 981-02-1753-6. MR 1296251.
  12. ^ Torsten Carleman (April 3, 1933). "Sur une inégalité différentielle dans la théorie des fonctions analytiques". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. 196: 995–7.
  13. ^ a b c Kiselman, Christer O. (2002). "Generalized Fourier transformations: The work of Bochner and Carleman viewed in the light of the theories of Schwartz and Sato". Microlocal analysis and complex Fourier analysis (PDF). River Edge, NJ: World Sci. Publ. pp. 166–185. MR 2068535.
  14. ^ Singh, U. N. (1992). "The Carleman-Fourier transform and its applications". Functional analysis and operator theory. Lecture Notes in Math. Vol. 1511. Berlin: Springer. pp. 181–214. MR 1180762.
  15. ^ Cercignani, C. (2008), 134 years of Boltzmann equation. Boltzmann's legacy, ESI Lect. Math. Phys., Zürich: Eur. Math. Soc., pp. 107–127, doi:10.4171/057-1/8, MR 2509759
  16. ^ Kjellberg, B. (1995). "Mathematicians in Uppsala — some recollections". In A. Vretblad (ed.). Festschrift in honour of Lennart Carleson and Yngve Domar. Proc. Conf. at Dept. of Math. (in Swedish). Uppsala: Uppsala Univ. pp. 87–95.
  17. ^ Societas Scientiarum Fennica Årsbok – Vuosikirja 1934-1935. Helsingfors: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. 1935. p. 17.
  18. ^ Swedish Death Index, which is a Windows based digital data base, shows different dates (1940 and 1946) of their divorce; Maligranda (2003) lists the year of divorce as 1940. Her original name was Anna Lovisa Lemming, born July 20, 1885.
  19. ^ Thus according to the Swedish Church birth records. Note that several sources, including Maligranda (2003), state that she was the daughter of Eric Lemming.
  20. ^ Webpage of the Swedish Olympic Committee Archived 2012-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard (2009). Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: Individual fates and global impact. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4. MR 2522825.
  22. ^ Gårding, Lars (1998). Mathematics and mathematicians. Mathematics in Sweden before 1950. History of Mathematics. Vol. 13. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. p. 206. ISBN 0-8218-0612-2. MR 1488153.
  23. ^ "He died of drink.... During meetings he was often a bit drunk, and afterwards in Paris I saw him come to Mandelbrojt's apartment for an advance on the travel money due him, red-eyed, with a three-day beard." Wiener, Norbert (1956). I am a mathematician: The later life of a prodigy (later republished by MIT Press ed.). Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday and Co. pp. 317–318. ISBN 9780026273008. MR 0077455.
    The mathematician Szolem Mandelbrojt was an uncle of Benoit Mandelbrot.
  24. ^ a b Maligranda, Lech (2003), "Torsten Carleman", The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland, retrieved 13 December 2011
  25. ^ Siegmund-Schultze, R. (2009). "Alternative (non-American) host countries". Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: Individual fates and global impact. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1400831401. MR 0252285.
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