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Túpac Katari

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Túpac Katari
Katari depicted in anonymous watercolor from c. 1784–1806 in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.[1]
Born
Julián Apasa Nina

c. 1750
Sica Sica, Real Audiencia of Charcas (now Bolivia)
DiedNovember 15, 1781(1781-11-15) (aged 30–31)
NationalityAymara
Other namesCatari, Túpaj Katari

Túpac Katari or Catari (also Túpaj Katari) (c. 1750 – November 13, 1781), born Julián Apasa Nina, was the indigenous Aymara leader of a major insurrection in colonial-era Upper Peru (now Bolivia), laying siege to La Paz for six months. His wife Bartolina Sisa and his sister Gregoria Apaza participated in the rebellion by his side.[2] The rebellion was ultimately put down by Spanish loyalists and Katari was executed by quartering.

Biography

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Two variations of Tupac Katari's Wiphala

Katari was born Julián Apasa in the jurisdiction of Sicasica and later moved to the nearby town of Ayoayo. He was born a peasant and worked as a trader of coca and baize.[3]

A member of the Aymara, Apasa took the name "Tupac Katari" to honor two earlier rebel leaders: Tomás Katari, and Túpac Amaru, executed by the Spanish in 1572. Katari's uprising was simultaneous with the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, whose cacique leader claimed to be a descendant of the earlier Túpac Amaru. Túpac Katari had no traditional claim to leadership similar to that of Túpac Amaru II, which may well have prompted Katari to associate himself with earlier leaders. Katari claimed authority from Túpac Amaru and proclaimed himself viceroy of the region. (Katari means "serpent, large snake" in Aymara; Amaru means the same in Quechua, the language of Tupac Amaru. Tupac means "brilliant, resplendent" in both languages.)[4]

He raised an army of some 40,000 and laid siege to the city of La Paz in 1781. Katari and his wife Bartolina Sisa set up court in El Alto and maintained the siege from March to June and from August to October. Sisa was a commander of the siege, and played the crucial role following Katari's capture in April. The siege was broken by the Spanish colonial troops who advanced from Lima and Buenos Aires.[5] During the siege, 20,000 people died.[6]

Katari laid siege again later in the year, this time joined by Andrés Túpac Amaru, nephew of Túpac Amaru II, but Katari lacked adequate forces to be successful.

By August 5th, Túpac Katari and his forces had besieged the city, and a few weeks later they were joined by forces led by Andrés Túpac Amaru. In mid-September, another cousin of the Inca rebel leader, Miguel Bastidas Túpac Amaru, arrived to help prosecute the siege before it was finally broken by Spanish loyalists led by Josef Reseguín on October 17, 1781. As the royalist noose tightened, Túpac Katari was captured and was executed on November 13. Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru was captured at Marcapata in Quispicanchis on March 15, 1782. Having no alternatives to survive, Miguel Bastidas Túpac Amaru obtained a pardon by assisting the Spanish in suppressing what was left of the rebellion.[7]

Katari had a reputation as a fierce and often violent leader. Other leaders in the rebel camps testified to his "homicides and enormous violence"; he was known not only for violence toward his enemies but also those who fought on his side, executing people for having "spoken against him, stolen his property, acted in an overweening fashion, challenged his authority, or humiliated him".[8]

On his death on November 15, 1781, Katari's final words were, according to oral tradition, "Nayawa jiwtxa nayjarusti waranqa waranqanakawa kutanipxa." This is translated from Aymara as "I die but will return tomorrow as thousand thousands".[9]

Rebellion

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Plan of the city of La Paz in 1781.

As part of the uprising, Túpac Katari formed an army of forty thousand men and surrounded twice for a time, in 1781 the Spanish city of La Paz.[10] The two attempts, however, ended in failure due to political and military maneuvers by the Spanish, as well as alliances with indigenous leaders against Túpac Katari. Eventually all the leaders of the rebellion were arrested and executed, including Túpac Katari's wife, Bartolina Sisa, and his sister, Gregoria Apaza.[11]

This indigenous uprising at the end of the 18th century was the largest geographically and with the most support. It took the affected viceroyalties two years to suffocate it.

The rebels besieged the city of La Paz from March 13, 1781, for one hundred and nine days without success, due to resistance and the support of troops sent from Buenos Aires. In this context, Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui took advantage of the low morale of the rebels to offer amnesty to those who surrendered, which gave many fruits, including some leaders of the movement. Túpac Katari, who had not accepted the amnesty and went to Achacachi to reorganize his dispersed forces, was betrayed by some of his followers and was captured by the Spanish on the night of November 9, 1781.[12]

During the second siege, Andrés Túpac Amaru, a nephew of Túpac Amaru II and romantically linked to Gregoria Apaza, Túpac Katari's younger sister, joined the Tupac Katari rebels.[citation needed]

As a moral reward for the efforts and sacrifices that the Spanish of the city of La Paz had to endure, through the royal decree of May 20, 1784, the city of La Paz was awarded the title of "noble, courageous and faithful" (faithful to the king of Spain, it is understood).[13]

Legacy

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Monument of Túpac Katari, in the town of Peñas

For his effort, his betrayal, defeat, torture and brutal execution, Túpac Katari is remembered as a hero by modern indigenous movements in Bolivia, who call their political philosophy Katarismo. A Bolivian guerrilla group, the Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army, also bears his name.

In Bolivia, on July 15, 2005, former President Eduardo Rodriguez Veltze declared (through Law No. 3102) "National Aymara Hero and Heroine to Julián Apaza and Bartolina Sisa."[14]

In Argentina, as part of the Bicentennial celebrations, a Gallery of South American Patriots was inaugurated on May 25, 2010, in which Bolivia is represented by portraits of Túpac Katari, Pedro Domingo Murillo and Bartolina Sisa. The pictorial sample is located in the so-called "Hall of the Bicentennial Heroes", in the Casa Rosada.[15]

The first Bolivian telecommunications satellite, Túpac Katari 1, whose purpose is to support educational initiatives and maintain state security, bears his name.[16][17]

Since 2019, his appearance has been incorporated into the new design of the 200 Bolivian banknote.

See also

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Further reading

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  • del Valle de Siles, María Eugenia, Historia de la rebelión Túpac Catari, 1781–1782. (1900)
  • Fisher, Lillian Estelle, The Last Inca Revolt, 1780–1783. 1966.
  • O'Phelan Godoy, Rebellions and Revolts in Eighteenth-Century Peru and Upper Peru. 1985.
  • Paredes, M. Rigoberto, Túpac Catari: Apuntes biográficos (1897, 1973).
  • Robin, Diana; Jaffe, Ira (1999). Redirecting the Gaze: Gender, Theory, and Cinema in the Third World. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791439937.
  • Stern, Steve J., ed. Resistance, Rebellion, and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World, 18th to 20th Centuries. 1987.
  • Valencia Vega, Alipio, Julián Tupaj Katari, caudillo de la liberación india. 1950

References

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  1. ^ Amigo, Roberto; Escobar, Ticio; Majluf, Natalia (2015). Un viajero virreinal. Acuarelas inéditas de la sociedad rioplatense (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Hilario. Artes, Letras & Oficios. p. 169. ISBN 9789873392511.
  2. ^ Kendall W. Brown, "Túpac Catari (Julián Apaza)" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 280. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
  3. ^ Thomson, Sinclair. (2002). We alone will rule : native Andean politics in the age of insurgency. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-299-17790-4. OCLC 49512082.
  4. ^ Thompson, Sinclair (2002). We Alone Will Rule: Native Andean Politics in the Age of Insurgency, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 190.
  5. ^ Hylton, Forrest (2007). Revolutionary horizons: Popular struggle in Bolivia. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-070-3.
  6. ^ "Rebellions". History Department, Duke University. February 22, 1999. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  7. ^ Robins, Nicholas A. "Symbolic Discourse and Exterminatory Movements: The 1680 and 1696 Pueblo Revolts of New Mexico and the 1780-1782 Great Rebellion of Peru and Upper Peru". Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies. p. 10.
  8. ^ Thomson, Sinclair (2003). We alone will rule native andean politics in the age of insurgency. Univ. of Wisconsin Pr. p. 193. ISBN 0-299-17794-7. OCLC 1074951244.
  9. ^ Robin & Jaffe 1999, p. 199
  10. ^ "The prophecy of Túpac Katari – New Cold War: Know Better". newcoldwar.org. December 5, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  11. ^ Eve (August 11, 2014). "TÚPAC KATARI | Notas Historicas de Bolivia". TÚPAC KATARI | Notas Historicas de Bolivia. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  12. ^ Fischer, Eva (August 8, 2018). "From rebellion to democracy: The many lives of Túpac Katari". History and Anthropology. 29 (4): 493–516. doi:10.1080/02757206.2017.1401536. ISSN 0275-7206. S2CID 148833834.
  13. ^ "Túpac Catari (Julián Apaza) (c. 1750–1781) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  14. ^ "Bartolina Sisa: an Aymara fighter against the Spanish Empire". Peoples Dispatch. September 5, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  15. ^ Diario 26. "Galería de los Patriotas Latinoamericanos abrió ante siete presidentes". Diario26. Retrieved January 4, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Semana (December 20, 2013). ""Túpac Katari" el satélite boliviano". Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  17. ^ "Infobae América". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved January 4, 2022.
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