Syllidae

Syllidae
	Syllis gracilis micrograph, showing the distinctive barrel-shaped proventricle
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Annelida
Clade:	Pleistoannelida
Subclass:	Errantia
Order:	Phyllodocida
Suborder:	Nereidiformia
Family:	Syllidae; Grube 1850
Synonyms
	Levidoridae

Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms,^[2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle.^[3]^[4]

Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea, and are especially abundant in shallow water.^[3]^[5]

They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders.^[6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.^[7]

The proventricle, Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development.^[4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals.^[8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.^[9]

Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan.^[10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.

Subfamilies

Anoplosyllinae
Autolytinae
Eusyllinae
Exogoninae
Syllinae
- Syllis
  - Syllis aciculigrossa (San Martín, 1990)
  - Syllis adamantea (Treadwell, 1914)
  - Syllis albae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
  - Syllis albanyensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984)
  - Syllis alosae San Martín, 1992
  - Syllis alternata Moore, 1908
  - Syllis amica Quatrefages, 1866
  - Syllis amicarmillaris Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
  - Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
  - Syllis antoniae Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
  - Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)
  - Syllis augeneri Haswell, 1920
  - Syllis barbata San Martín, 1992
  - Syllis bella Chamberlin, 1919
  - Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)
  - Syllis benguellana Day, 1963
  - Syllis boggemanni San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
  - Syllis botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)
  - Syllis brasiliensis McIntosh, 1885
  - Syllis breviarticulata Grube, 1857
  - Syllis brevicirrata McIntosh, 1908
  - Syllis brevicirris Hansen, 1882
  - Syllis broomensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)
  - Syllis caeca Monro, 1933
  - Syllis castroviejoi Capa, San Martín & López, 2001
  - Syllis cerina Grube, 1878
  - Syllis cirrita Lee & Rho, 1994
  - Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982)
  - Syllis compacta Gravier, 1900
  - Syllis corallicola Verrill, 1900
  - Syllis cornuta Rathke, 1843
  - Syllis crassicirrata (Treadwell, 1925)
  - Syllis cruzi Núñez & San Martín, 1991
  - Syllis curticirris Monro, 1937
  - Syllis danieli San Martín, 1992
  - Syllis deleoni Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
  - Syllis edensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)
  - Syllis elongata (Johnson, 1901)
  - Syllis ergeni Çinar, 2005
  - Syllis erikae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)
  - Syllis fasciata Malmgren, 1867
  - Syllis ferrani Alós & San Martín, 1987
  - Syllis filidentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
  - Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982)
  - Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
  - Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981)
  - Syllis glandulata Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
  - Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974)
  - Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
  - Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840
  - Syllis guidae Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008
  - Syllis heterochaeta Moore, 1909
  - Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863
  - Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)
  - Syllis joaoi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
  - Syllis jorgei San Martín & López, 2000
  - Syllis kabilica Ben-Eliahu, 1977
  - Syllis karlae San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
  - Syllis kas Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018
  - Syllis komodoensis Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
  - Syllis krohnii Ehlers, 1864
  - Syllis lagunae Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008
  - Syllis latifrons Grube, 1857
  - Syllis licheri Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004
  - Syllis limbata Grube, 1880
  - Syllis longesegmentata Grube, 1857
  - Syllis lunaris (Imajima, 1966)
  - Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
  - Syllis luteoides (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
  - Syllis macroceras Grube, 1857
  - Syllis macrodentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
  - Syllis magdalena Wesenberg-Lund, 1962
  - Syllis magnapalpa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
  - Syllis marceloi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
  - Syllis marugani Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006
  - Syllis maryae San Martín, 1992
  - Syllis mauretanica (Licher, 1999)
  - Syllis mayeri Musco & Giangrande, 2005
  - Syllis mercedesae Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012
  - Syllis mexicana (Rioja, 1960)
  - Syllis microoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
  - Syllis monilaris Savigny in Lamarck, 1818
  - Syllis mytilorum Studer, 1889
  - Syllis nigra Augener, 1925
  - Syllis nigrescens Grube, 1878
  - Syllis nigricirris Grube, 1863
  - Syllis nigriscens Grube, 1878
  - Syllis nigropunctata Haswell, 1886
  - Syllis notocera Ehlers, 1905
  - Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
  - Syllis obscura Grube, 1857
  - Syllis onkylochaeta Hartmann-Schröder, 1991
  - Syllis ortizi San Martín, 1992
  - Syllis parapari San Martín & López, 2000
  - Syllis parturiens Haswell, 1920
  - Syllis pectinans Haswell, 1920
  - Syllis picta (Kinberg, 1866)
  - Syllis pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919)
  - Syllis pilosa Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
  - Syllis pontxioi San Martín & López, 2000
  - Syllis profunda Cognetti, 1955
  - Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852
  - Syllis prolixa Ehlers, 1901
  - Syllis pseudoarmillaris Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
  - Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881)
  - Syllis quadrifasciata Fischli, 1900
  - Syllis quaternaria Moore, 1906
  - Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879
  - Syllis riojai (San Martín, 1990)
  - Syllis robertianae McIntosh, 1885
  - Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879)
  - Syllis rubicunda Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
  - Syllis rudolphi Delle Chiaje, 1841
  - Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
  - Syllis sclerolaema Ehlers, 1901
  - Syllis setoensis (Imajima, 1966)
  - Syllis sol San Martín, 2004
  - Syllis stenura Blanchard in Gay, 1849
  - Syllis tamarae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
  - Syllis tiedemanni Delle Chiaje, 1841
  - Syllis torquata Marion & Bobretzky, 1875
  - Syllis tripantu Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
  - Syllis truncata Haswell, 1920
  - Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)
  - Syllis umbricolor Grube, 1878
  - Syllis unzima Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
  - Syllis valida Grube, 1857
  - Syllis variegata Grube, 1860
  - Syllis villenai Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
  - Syllis violacea Grube, 1870
  - Syllis vittata Grube, 1840
  - Syllis vivipara Krohn, 1869
  - Syllis warrnamboolensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)
  - Syllis westheidei San Martín, 1984
  - Syllis yallingupensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
  - Syllis ypsiloides Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
- Ramisyllis
  - Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby, Schroeder & Aguado, 2012
  - Ramisyllis kingghidorahi M. Teresa Aguado, et al. 2022

References

^ Gil, J., Musco, L. (2015). Read G, Fauchald K (eds.). "Syllidae Grube, 1850". World Polychaeta database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ "Necklace-worms -- KnowBC - the leading source of BC information". www.knowbc.com. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
^ ^a ^b Fukuda, Marcelo V. "Syllidae". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b Lamb, Andy; Hanby, Bernard P. (2005). Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Canada: Harbour Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 1-55017-361-8.
^ San Martín, Guillermo; Worsfold, Tim M. (2015). "Guide and keys for the identification of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from the British Isles (reported and expected species)". ZooKeys (488): 1–29. doi:10.3897/zookeys.488.9061. PMC 4389122. PMID 25878521.
^ Sigvaldadottir, Elin; Mackie, Andrew S.Y.; Helgason, Gudmundur V.; Reish, Donald J.; Svavarsson, Jorundur; Steingrimsson, Sigmar A.; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur (2013). Advances in Polychaete Research. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 288. ISBN 978-94-017-0655-1.
^ van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; Márquez-Guzmán, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-Velázquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (29 September 2016). "Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12980. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712980V. doi:10.1038/ncomms12980. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5056424. PMID 27680661. S2CID 1903911.
^ Weidhase, Michael; Beckers, Patrick; Bleidorn, Christoph; Aguado, M. Teresa (2016-10-04). "On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 196. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0770-5. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5050598. PMID 27716025.
^ "Syllidae : Brief Summary". eol.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
^ Marshall, Michael (2 March 2012). "Zoologger: the worm that looks like a tree". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[worms-1] Gil, J., Musco, L. (2015). Read G, Fauchald K (eds.). "Syllidae Grube, 1850". World Polychaeta database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

[2] "Necklace-worms -- KnowBC - the leading source of BC information". www.knowbc.com. Retrieved 2023-02-02.

[eol-3] Fukuda, Marcelo V. "Syllidae". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

[:0-4] Lamb, Andy; Hanby, Bernard P. (2005). Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Canada: Harbour Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 1-55017-361-8.

[5] San Martín, Guillermo; Worsfold, Tim M. (2015). "Guide and keys for the identification of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from the British Isles (reported and expected species)". ZooKeys (488): 1–29. doi:10.3897/zookeys.488.9061. PMC 4389122. PMID 25878521.

[Sigvaldadottir-6] Sigvaldadottir, Elin; Mackie, Andrew S.Y.; Helgason, Gudmundur V.; Reish, Donald J.; Svavarsson, Jorundur; Steingrimsson, Sigmar A.; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur (2013). Advances in Polychaete Research. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 288. ISBN 978-94-017-0655-1.

[7] van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; Márquez-Guzmán, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-Velázquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (29 September 2016). "Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12980. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712980V. doi:10.1038/ncomms12980. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5056424. PMID 27680661. S2CID 1903911.

[8] Weidhase, Michael; Beckers, Patrick; Bleidorn, Christoph; Aguado, M. Teresa (2016-10-04). "On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 196. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0770-5. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5050598. PMID 27716025.

[9] "Syllidae : Brief Summary". eol.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.

[Marshall-10] Marshall, Michael (2 March 2012). "Zoologger: the worm that looks like a tree". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

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