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Suphannabhum Kingdom
แคว้นสุพรรณภูมิ (Thai)
Kwaen Suphannabhum
Before 807 –1438
Suphannabhum is located in Thailand
Suphanburi
Suphanburi
Uthong
Uthong
Location of Suphanburi, the center of Suphannabhum (red pog), and the preceding Mueang Uthong (blue pog)
Map
The present map of Suphan Buri shows the old moat on the west side of the city-state of Suphannabhum. The eastern moat has been destroyed. Its total size before the formation of Ayutthaya Kingdom was 1900x3600 meters and it straddled the Tha Chin River in a north-south direction.[1]
Capital
Monarch 
• 807–867
Kong
• 1408–1424 (last)
Chao Ai Phraya
Historical eraPost-classical era
• Foundation of old Kanchanaburi
807
• Foundation of Suphan Buri
877
• Lavo seized Suphannabhum
928/929
• Suphannabhum/ Haripuñjaya seized Lavo
1052
• Tributary of Sukhothai
1283–1298
• Joined federation with Lavo and formed Ayutthaya Kingdom
1351
• Claimed Ayutthaya throne
1370
• Lost Ayutthaya to Lavo
1388
• Reclaimed Ayutthaya
1424
• Annexed to Ayutthaya
1438
1569
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Lavo
Phetchaburi
Dvaravati
Ayutthaya Kingdom
Today part ofThailand
Ancient ruin in Wat Phra Roob [th], Mueang Suphan Buri, dates to the Dvaravati period.

Suphannabhum or Suvarnabhumi; later known as Suphan Buri (Thai: สุพรรณภูมิ or สุพรรณบุรี) was a Siamese city-state, that emerged in the early "Siam proper" which stretched from present-day west central Thailand to the north of the Kra Isthmus, with key historical sites at Uthong,[2]: 4–6  Nakhon Pathom,[3]: 140 [4] Suphan Buri,[5]: 40  and Ban Don Ta Phet [th].[6] The kingdom is referred to as Xiān in the Chinese records since 1349,[5]: 40  but according to the archaeological evidence, it was speculated to have emerged around the mid-12th century.[7]: 276–7 

Suphannabhum became the center of Xiān, succeeding Phip Phli [th], no later than 1349, when Xiān was defeated by Luó hú (Lavo) and the tribute sent to China under the name of Xiānluó hú (Siam-Lavo or Ayutthaya Kingdom) was led by Xiān's King of Su-men-bang, in which Su-men-bang has been identified with Suphanburi.[5]: 40  Since then, it was one of the states under the mandala confederatin of Ayutthaya Kingdom and was completely merged to the Ayutthaya in 1438.[7]: 282 

Under the name of Xiānluó hú or Xiānluó, the state performed 41 tributary missions to the Chinese court during the Hongwu era, 33 in the name of Xiānluó hú and as Xiānluó for the remaining.[5]: 40 [8]: 70  In the era of Ankorian king Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218), an inscription called Prasat Phra Khan (จารึกปราสาทพระขรรค์) was made. Among others, the name Suvarnapura is mentioned, which has been identified with Suphanburi.[9]

History

[edit]

According to the local legends, Suphannabhum is the succeeding state of an ancient port city of Mueang Uthong,[10][11] which evolved into complex state societies around 300 C.E.[12]: 300, 302, 306–307  Since the river leading to the sea was dried up in places, shallow, and consequently not navigable, and also due to some pandemics, Uthong lost its influence as the trading hub; the city was then abandoned around the 11th century and the people then moved to resettle in the present day Suphanburi.[10][11][13]: 6, 27–9  This timeline corresponds with that the Tambralinga's king Sujita seized Lavo and was said to conquer the Mons of the Menam Valley and the upper Malay peninsula in the 10th century,[14]: 283 [13]: 16  the 9-year civil wars in the Angkor in the early 11th century, which led to the devastation of Lavo,[15] as well as the Pagan invasion of Lavo around the mid-10th century.[13]: 41 [16]: 4  All of these are probably the causes of the fall of Mueang Uthong.[14]: 283 [13]: 41 

Dvaravati period: Suvarnabhumi

[edit]
Main articles: Dvaravati, Chin Lin, and Suvarnabhumi

This region has been claimed to be the legendary Suvarnabhumi by several local scholars.[17][18] Numerous ruins and artifacts from the Dvaravati period have been discovered around the area. However, contemporary documents from this period are sparse; the available material consists primarily of local chronicles and legends.[13]: 12–3 

Paul Wheatley suggests that the city-state of Chin Lin which was mentioned in the Chinese archives of the Liang dynasty as the state that was Fan Man, the Great King of Funan Kingdom, attempt to conquer in the 4th century CE, might be located in west central Thailand, since the word "Chin Lin" 金鄰/金邻 means "Land of Gold" or "Suvarnabhumi"; as mentioned in the archive, it was a state located approximately 2,000 li (800 kilometers) west of the Funan Kingdom, which corresponded to the area where is now central Thailand.[19]: 116–117 [20]

According to the Northern Chronicle [th], the region's political center from the 9th to 12th centuries was located at the old Kanchanaburi city ruins but local legends suggest it was in the old town Nakhon Pathom (formerly known as Nakhon Chaisri),[21]: 56–60  which has been speculated to be the center of Dvaravati.[22]: 281  As per Chalerm Kanchanakam's calculations based on the text provided in the Yonok Chronicle [th], which states that Phraya Phan, the founder of Suphan Buri, ascended to rule Haripuñjaya in 913,[23]: 530  it is estimated that Suphan Buri was founded around 877–883.[24]

George Cœdès proposed Mueang Uthong as the center of the Dvaravati civilization.[25]: 18 

Post-Dvaravati: Suphannabhum

[edit]

After the end of the ancient maritime-oriented port era and the decline of Dvaravati, Suphannabhum then emerged around the mid-12th century following the prosperity of Lavo Kingdom and the Ankorian during the reign of Jayavarman VII and the influx of people from the north.[7]: 276–7  This has been supported by several ancient ruins in the area that dates before the Ayutthaya period;[26]: 4  two of them are the Ankorian Bayon style and the other two are the Indian Pala-Sena architects, which are also found in Lavo, Pagan, and Haripuñjaya.[7]: 276–7  According to the Northern Chronicle [th], the city of Suphanburi existed before the mid-12 century since King Katae (กาแต), who was of the Mon's Pagan Saw Lu lineage and ruled Kanchanaburi (some versions say Nakhon Chaisri) from 1165 to 1205, ordered his relative to build a temple in Phanthumburi (พันธุมบุรี) and renamed the city to Songphanburi (สองพันบุรี; present-Suphanburi).[21]: 60 

Suphannabhum gradually controlled the economy of all Tha Chin Rivers and raised its power until being annexed to the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1283, as recorded in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription.[26] : 3  However, after the death of Sukhothai's Ram Khamhaeng in 1298, several tributary states of Sukhothai, which included Suphannabhum, began to break away rapidly.[27] Via Royal intermarriage, Suphannabhum united with the eastern neighboring Lavo Kingdom, to establish a confederated polity seat in Ayodhya in 1351. Suphannabhum gained recognition in the mid-13th century when the state leaders named ‘Khun Laung Pao Ngouy’ (later Ayutthaya's Borommarachathirat I) and ‘Jao Nakhon In’ (later Ayutthaya's Intharacha) extended their political economy influence to Ayutthaya.[7]: 272–3 

In the early Ayutthaya period, Suphannabhum was ruled by the Ayutthaya's crown princes.[28] It was demoted to the frontier city and was completely annexed to Ayutthaya in 1438.[7]: 282  Since then, Suphannabhum has been completely restricted in terms of both economics and politics, particularly in terms of trade with China and establishing relations with other cities, because it was determined to have relations only with the capital, acting as a military base and producing tribute for the capital. These transformed Suphannabhum into an agricultural area to supply Ayutthaya for export.[16]: 5–6 

Loe Thai
□
Uthong□Baromaraja IPrincessLithai
RamesuanThong LanSri ThephahuratIntharacha IPrincessLuethai
RamrachaChao Sam PhrayaDeviSaileuthai
TrailokPhaya RamBoromapan

Left chart shows the royal intermarriage between the Suphannabhum dynasty of Suphan Buri and the Uthong dynasty of Lavo Kingdom, which led to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.[26]: 4–6  The close connection between the Suphannabhum dynasty and the Sukhothai dynasty has also been observed.[29]

  Uthong dynasty of Lavo
  Suphannabhum dynasty of Suphanburi
  Phra Ruang (Sukhothai) dynasty of Sukhothai

Suphannabhum clan origin

[edit]

The origin of the Suphannabhum dynasty remains unclear. Previous scholars believed that the first king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, later called by modern historians King Uthong, once ruled the city of Uthong,[13]: 1, 10  but the theory has been proven to be false.[13]: 103  It was expected that Khun Laung Pho Ngouy, who was later known as the 3rd Ayutthaya' king Borommarachathirat I – the first king from Suphannabhum clan, might have lineage from Sukhothai as he married a princess in Sukhothai's Loe Thai and royal intermarriages between his descendants and the Sukhothai dynasty happened multiple times.[29] Furthermore, political movements and architectural styles in Suphanburi during the Ayutthaya period demonstrate a tight relationship between these two dynasties. The kinship between the royal families of Suphanburi and Sukhothai probably existed for a long time, at least since the reign of the Sukhothai's king Ramkhamhaeng.[30]

Local legends say Khun Laung Pho Ngouy is a descendant of Khun In (ขุนอิน), while the Ayutthaya Kingdom's 1st king, Uthong, is a descendant of Khun Kham Phong (ขุนคำผง) founder of Singhanavati's capital Yonok Nahaphan. Both Khun In and Khun Kham Phong are two of seven sons of Khun Borom,[31] a legendary progenitor of the Southwestern Tai-speaking peoples.[32] Simon de la Loubère's record, Du royaume de Siam, refers to the first Siamese king as a descendant of Chaiyasiri,[33][34][35][36] son of a legendary King Phrom of the Singhanavati clan.[37]

The early era of the Suphannabhum dynasty and its relations with other royal families in the lower Chao Phraya Valley from the 10th century to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom is shown below.

  King of Suphannabhum
  King of Phetchaburi
  King of Lavo's Ayodhya–Phetchaburi
  King of Ayutthaya–Suphannabhum
  King of Lavo's Lopburi
  King of Lavo's Ayodhya (formerly "Mueang Nong Son" or "Mueang Wat Derm")
  King of Ayutthaya
  King of Nakhon Si Thammarat
  King of Lavo's Ayodhya–Lopburi
  King of Lavo's Ayodhya–Suphannabhum
  King of Ayutthaya–Phetchaburi
Timeline and family tree of Thai monarchs in the lower Chao Phraya Valley from the 10th century to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom
Invented Chula SakaratKakapat/Sakkorndam
(กากะพัตร/สักกรดำ)[21]: 25 
King of Takkasila
(Ayodhyapura?)
r. 566–638
Ramaraj
(รามราช)
King of Ramburi[38]
(Ayodhyapura?)
r. 648?–?		Camadevi
(จามเทวี)[38]
Queen of Haripuñjaya
r. 622–629		Kalavarnadishraj
(กาฬวรรณดิศราช)[21]: 25 
King of Takkasila (Ayodhyapura?)
r. 638–648
King of Lavo
r. 648–700		Founder of Lavo
Continue to the Camadevi dynasty of HaripuñjayaSeveral generationsContinue to the Lavo dynasty of Lavo KingdomFall of Ayodhyapura
From Mueang Bang Than (บางทาน), Kamphaeng Phet[21]: 30 Uchitajakraphad
(อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ)
r. ?–927/928
Later King of Haripuñjaya		Continue to the Lavo dynasty of HaripuñjayaKong
กง[21]: 55–59 
r. 807[39]–867[40]
Maha Phutthasakorn
(พระมหาพุทธสาคร)
Founder of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 934–964[21]: 30 [a]		Tambralinga conquered of Lavo in 927/928, Lavo' king Uchitajakraphad fled to HaripuñjayaPhan
พาน/พาลราช
r. 867[40]–916[23]: 530 
Also King of Haripuñjaya
(r. 913–916)[23]: 530 
Kottabong
โคตรตะบอง
Ruler of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 964–983[21]: 30–31 		Sujita
(สุชิตราช/ชีวกะ/วรราช)
King of Tambralinga
(r. ?–1003?)
King of Lavo
(r. 927/928)		Lavo led by Sujita seized Suphannabhum, Chadachota and Thamikaraj fled to Tak and Haripuñjaya.[23]: 191 Unknown[23]: 191 
Potentially, Phansa
(พระพรรษา)[21]: 59 
r. 913–1003?
or 916–1006?		Several generations
Usurper
Sinthapomarinthra Kraek
(สินทพอมรินทร แกรก)[23]: 65 
Ruler of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 983–1042 (59 yrs)[21]: 33 		Devastation of Lavo due to the 1002–1010 Angkorian Civil WarsKampoch
(กัมโพช)
r. 927/928–?		Lavo attacked Haripuñjaya in 930/931 but failed.[41]920s–1050s Lower Chao Phraya Valley's political turmoil
Narai of Lavo claimed the throne and moved the Lavo seat to "Mueang Wat Derm" then renamed the city "Ayodhya"Angkorin king, Suryavarman I, destroyed Lavo's Lavapura in 1002.Sri Lakshmi Pativarman
(ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน)
r. 1006–1052?
(Appointed by Suryavarman I)		Suphannabhum[42] and Haripuñjaya[23]: 532  seized Lavo in 1052Rambandit
(รามบัณฑิตย์)[21]: 59–60 
r. 40 yrs		Internal political turmoil
Pagan dynastyUnknown originThamikaraj[23]: 191 
(อาทิตตะราช/อาทิตยธรรมิกราช)
King of Haripuñjaya		Aong In
(องค์อินทร์)[21]: 60 
r. 1128?–1163?
Anawrahta
King of Pagan
r.1044-1077		Agga Mahethi
(แก้วประพาฬ)[43]
1015-1080		Singhanavati dynasty[44]: 46–84 Patima
Sudhaduangchan
(ปฏิมาสุดาดวงจันทร์)[45]		Chadachota
(จันทรโชติ)[43]
r.1052-1069		1058 Pagan invasion of Lavo and lower Chao Phraya basin[45]
Saw Lu
King of Pagan
r. 1077-1084		Pangkharaj [th]
King of Singhanavati
r. 915–?		1087 Pagan invasion of Lavo and lower Chao Phraya basin[45]Lavo's capital was shifted to AyodhayaNarai[45]
(นารายณ์)
r.1082–1087
(No heir)		Supojarat
(สุพจราช)[21]: 17–19 
King of Si Satchanalai
Several generationsDhukkhita [th]
King of Singhanavati		Phrom
Ruler of Wiang
Chai Prakan		Kaewsupha
(แก้วสุภา)
Princess of Wiang Chai Narai		Sridham Tripiṭaka
ศรีธรรมไตรปิฏก[21]: 17–19 
King of Chiang Saen		Pathumdevi
(ปทุมเทวี)[21]: 17–19 
Katae
(กาแต)
r. 1163–1203		Fall of SinghanavatiChaiyasiri
Ruler of Wiang Chai
Prakan and Nacontai
r. 1089–1107		Chatisakorn
(ชาติสาคร)[21]: 21 
Ruler of Chiang Rai[21]: 24 		1087–1089 Ayodhya's civil wars[46]
Chaisiri
(ชัยศิริ)[47]
Ruler of Phetchaburi
r. 1188–1214		Soi La/U Thong I[47]
(พระยาสร้อยหล้า/อู่ทอง)
r. 1203–1205		Suladevi
(สุลเทวี)[21]: 23 
Princess of Si Satchanalai		Kraisornrat
(ไกรศรราช)[21]: 21 
r. 1106–1115?
Also King of Si Satchanalai		Luang[48]
(พระเจ้าหลวง)
r. 1089–1111
Sri Thammasokkarat
(ศรีธรรมโศกราช)
r. 1115?–1181		Unknown
(Mon)		Sai Nam Peung
(สายน้ำผึ้ง)[49]
r. 1111–1165		Phra Ratchadevi
(พระราชเทวี)[49]
Probably fled to Nakhon Si Thammarat due to the political pressure from the AngkorNo male heir[21]: 64 Dhammikaraja
(ธรรมิกราชา)[50]
r. 1165–1205
Narupatidnavarman
(Later Indravarman II)
r. 1181?–1218
(Appointed by Jayavarman VII)		Pprappanom
Tteleiseri[51]: 166–7 
(พนมทะเลศรี)
Ruler of Phetchaburi
r. 1214–?		Unknown[21]: 63–4 [52]
Princess of U Thong		Uthong II[45]
Ex-ruler of Thep Nakhon Chaisiri
Ex-king of Uthong
r. 1205–1253		Thonglanrach
(ท้องลันราช)[21]: 60–61 
Ruler of Sukandhakiree
(Phetchaburi)[51]: 167 
(สุคันธคีรี)
r. ?–1289
From Wiang Phang Kham[53]Ai (อ้าย)[45]
Ruler of Mueang Nakhon
(Ligor?)		Yi (ยี่)[45]
Ruler of Tanintharyi		Sam (สาม)[45]
Ruler of Phetchaburi
r. early 1300s
1st Tritrueng [th] King
King of Phraek Si Racha
(Name unidentified)		Revival of Ligor by PhetchaburiPatthasucharat
(พัตตาสุจราช)[21]: 65–66 
King of Si Satchanalai		Chaithat
(ชัยทัต)[45]		Unknown
Princess[45]		Chaisena (ชัยเสน)[45]
Ayodhya:
r. 1253–1289
Sukandhakiree:
r. 1289–?
Sadieng Thong
Princes of Tritrueng [th][54]		Phanomwang[54]
Ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat
r. 1342–?		Boromtrilok
(บรมไตรโลก)[21]: 65–66 		Dhammatrilokthi
(ธรรมไตรโลกฒิ)[45]
King of Si Satchanalai		Suwanracha
(สุวรรณราชา)[45]
r. 1289–1301		Potentially "Gan-mu-ding" in the Chinese record in 1295
2nd Tritrueng [th] King
Ex-king of Phraek Si Racha
r. 1283–1319[55]		Sontra
Ruler of Na Tranom		U Thong III
(พระเจ้าอู่ทอง)
r. ?–1335?		Thammaraja
(ธรรมราชา)[45]
r. 1301–1310		Kalaya Devi
(กัลยาเทวี)[45]
Kuman
Ruler of Tathong [th]		U Thong IV
(พระยาอู่ทอง)
r. 1335?–1351		Boromracha
(บรมราชา)[45]
r. 1310–1344		Sunantha Devi
(สุนันทาเทวี)[45]
Son Sai
(สนไส้/จันทรเทวีศรีรัตนฉายา)[55]		Sri Maharacha[56]
Ex-ruler of Sa U Lao[57]
King of Nakhon Si Thammarat		Unknown[52]
Princess of U Thong		Ramathibodi I (Uthong V)
King of Ayodhya
(r. 1344–1351)
1st king of Ayutthaya
r. 1351–1369
Sukhothai dynastySri Thammasokaraj
dynasty of Nakhon
Si Thammarat		Ramesuan
2nd king of Ayutthaya
1st: r. 1369–1370
2nd: 1388–1395
Lavo dynasty
of Ayutthaya
Maha Thammaracha II
King of Sukhothai
r. 1368–1399		Daughter of Loe Thai
(Sukhothai Kingdom)		Pha Ngua[58]
3rd king of Ayutthaya
Ex-ruler of Suphannabhum
r. 1370–1388		Unknown
Princess
Phra Ruang dynasty of SukhothaiSuphannabhum
dynasty of Ayutthaya
Note
  1. ^ Calculated from the text given in the chronicle: "สิ้น 97 ปีสวรรคต ศักราชได้ 336 ปี พระยาโคดมได้ครองราชสมบัติอยู่ ณ วัดเดิม 30 ปี"[21]: 30  which is transcribed as "...at the age of 97, he passed away in the year 336 of the Chula Sakarat. Phraya Kodom reigned in the Mueang Wat Derm for 30 years...".

List of rulers

[edit]
Rulers Clan Reign Notes/Contemporary events
Romanized name Thai name
Kong กง c. 807–867 Founder of old Kanchanaburi (807)
Phan พาน c. 867–916
Phansa พรรษา c. 913–1003? or 916–1006?
  • Son of the previous
  • Lavo led by Tambralinga's king Sujita seized Suphannabhum
Rambandit รามบัณฑิตย์ r. 40 yrs Joined forces with Haripuñjaya and retook Lavo (1052)
Political Insurgency
Aong In องค์อินทร์ r. 1128?–1163? Descendent of Kalavarnadishraj (Founder of Lavo)
Katae กาแต Pagan 1163–1203
Soi La/Uthong I[a] พระยาสร้อยหล้า Singhanavati 1203–1205
  • Son or younger brother of Chaiyasiri/Chaisiri.
  • Younger brother of Phanom Thalesri (พระพนมทะเลศรี), King of Phip Phli [th]
  • No male heir
Uthong II Lavo 1205–? Also king of Lavo's Ayodhya (r.1205–1253)
Rulers after the reign of Uthong II remain unknown.
Suphan Buri was a tributary state of the Sukhothai Kingdom from 1283–1298.[26]
Phra Chao Uthong (Uthong III)[b] พระเจ้าอู่ทอง Suphannaphum ?–1335?
Phraya Uthong (Uthong IV)[b] พระยาอู่ทอง Suphannaphum 1335?–1351
Foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351)
Khun Laung Pho Ngouy (formerly Wattidet[7]: 274 ) ขุนหลวงพ่องั่ว/วัตติเดช Suphannaphum 1351–1370 Later became the 3rd Ayutthaya's king, Borommarachathirat I. (r.1370–1388)
Sri Thephahurat [th]?[60]: 31–2  ศรีเทพาหูราช? Suphannaphum 1370–1374
Chao Nakhon In
Zhao Lu-qun Ying		 เจ้านครอินทร์ Suphannaphum 1374–1408
Sent several tributes to China, sometimes in the name of Suphanburi.
  • An emissary Zhao Xi-li Zhi from Xiānluó visit China in 1374.[28]
  • The crown prince, Zhao Lu-qun Ying, as Xiānluó's envoy, visit China in 1377.[63]
  • King Can-lie Bao Pi-ya Si-li Duo-luo-lu of Xiānluó sent Ya-la-er Wen-zhi-li and others to present the tribute to China in 1379.[61]
  • Ya-la-er Wen-zhi-li was sent by the crown prince to China in 1389.[62]
  • The minister Nai Po-lang-zhi-shi-ti and others were sent by the crown prince to China in January 1396.[64]
  • Death of Xiānluó's king Can-lie Bao Pi-ya Si-li Duo-luo-lu. In 8 February 1396, Zhao Da and Zhu Fu were sent by China to offer sacrifices for the deceased king and authenticate Zhao Lu-qun Ying as the successor.[65]
  • Zhao Lu-qun Ying as the Su-men-bang Prince sent envoy to China in 1398.[66]
Chao Ai Phraya เจ้าอ้ายพระยา Suphannaphum 1408–1424
Notes
  1. ^ Based on legend.
  2. ^ a b U Thong is a title used to refer to the kings or rulers of Mueang Uthong of Lavo-Suphanburi,[13]: 30  similar to the titles Phra Ruang (พระร่วง), the rulers of the Sukhothai Kingdom, and Phra Chao Sri Thammasokaraja (พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช) of the Sri Thammasokaraja Kingdom.[59]: 39 

Art

[edit]
Main article: U Thong Style
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ชุมชนโบราณ เมืองโบราณ อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์". culturalenvi.onep.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
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