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Mustafa II

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Mustafa II
Ottoman Caliph
Amir al-Mu'minin
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Mustafa II dressed in full armour
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah)
Reign6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703
PredecessorAhmed II
SuccessorAhmed III
Born6 February 1664
Edirne Palace, Edirne, Ottoman Empire
Died29 December 1703(1703-12-29) (aged 39)
Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Tomb of Turhan Sultan, New Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
ConsortsAlicenab Kadın
Afife Kadın
Saliha Kadin
Şehsuvar Kadin
Others
Issue
Among others
Names
Mustafa bin Mehmed
DynastyOttoman
FatherMehmed IV
MotherGülnuş Sultan
ReligionSunni Islam
TughraMustafa II's signature

Mustafa II (/ˈmʊstəfə/; Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى ثانى Muṣṭafā-yi sānī; 6 February 1664 – 29 December 1703) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703.

Early life

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Battle of Zenta

He was born at Edirne Palace on 6 February 1664. He was the son of Sultan Mehmed IV (1648–87) and Gülnuş Sultan, originally named Evmania,[1] who was of Greek descent.[2][3][4]

Much of Mustafa's childhood was passed in Edirne, the city of his birth. While he was in Mora Yenişehiri with his father in 1669, he began his religious education under Vani Mehmed Efendi, undergoing the bed-i besmele ceremony.[5] The writing teacher was the famous calligrapher Hâfiz Osman. In 1675, he and his brother Ahmed were circumcised and his sisters Hatice Sultan and Fatma Sultan were married.[6] The celebration lasted 20 days.[7]

Reign

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Great Turkish War

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During his reign the Great Turkish War, which had started in 1683, was still going on. After the failure of the second Siege of Vienna (1683) the Holy League had captured large parts of the Empire's territory in Europe. The Habsburg armies came as far as Niš, modern-day Serbia, before being pushed back across the Danube by 1690. Sultan Mustafa II was determined to recapture the lost territories in Hungary and therefore he personally commanded his armies. He set out from Niš with a large Ottoman Army to campaign against the Holy League.

Capture of Chios

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First, the Ottoman Navy recaptured the island of Chios after defeating the Venetian Fleet twice, in the Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695) and in the Battle of Chios (1695), in February 1695.[8][9] In June 1695, Mustafa II left Edirne for his first military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. By September 1695 the town of Lipova was captured. On 18 September 1695 the Venetian Navy was again defeated in the naval victory of Zeytinburnu. A few days later the Habsburg army was defeated in the Battle of Lugos. Afterwards the Ottoman Army returned to the capital. Meanwhile, the Ottoman fortress in Azov was successfully defended against the besieging Russian forces.[8]

As Mustafa attempted to realize his thoughts quickly, the island of Chios, which had previously fallen into the hands of the Venetians, was taken back at that time, the Crimean Tatars Shahbaz Giray entered the territory of Poland and proceeded to Lemberg (Lviv), and returned with many captives and booty. There were reports that the Venetians were influenced by the Ottoman forces on the Herzegovina front in Peloponnese. Especially the recovery of Chios was considered auspicious and was celebrated with great festivities in Edirne. Meanwhile, the tips of the people were distributed to the locals.[10]

Habsburg wars

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In April 1696 Mustafa II left Edirne for his second military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. In August 1696 the Russians besieged Azov for the second time and captured the fortress. In August 1696 the Ottoman troops defeated the Habsburg army in the Battle of Ulaş and in the Battle of Cenei. After these victories the Ottoman troops captured Timișoara and Koca Cafer Pasha was appointed as the protector of Belgrade. Afterwards the army returned to the Ottoman capital.[8]

In June 1697 Mustafa II left the capital on his third military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. However, the Ottoman Army suffered a defeat in the Battle of Zenta and Grand Vizier Elmas Mehmed Pasha died in the battle. Afterwards the Ottomans signed a treaty with the Holy League.[8]

The most traumatic event of his reign was the loss of Hungary by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.

Yet even if Ottoman power seemed to wane on one side of the empire, this did not mean that Ottoman efforts at expansion ceased. In 1700, for example, the Grand Vizier Amcazade Hüseyin boasted to a recalcitrant tribe residing in swamps near Baghdad that they ought to abide by the sultan's rule, since his grasp extended even to their marshy redoubts. The Grand Vizier added that, after all, Mustafa II was "the Lord of Water and Mud."[11]

At the end of his reign, Mustafa II sought to restore power to the Sultanate, which had been an increasingly symbolic position since the middle of the 17th century, when Mehmed IV had signed over his executive powers to the Grand Vizier. Mustafa II's strategy was to create an alternative base of power for himself by making the position of timars, the Ottoman cavalrymen, hereditary and thus loyal to him. The timars, however, were at this point increasingly an obsolete part of the Ottoman military machine.

Deposition

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The stratagem failed, the disaffected troops bound to a Georgian campaign mutinied in the capital (called the "Edirne event" by historians), and Mustafa was deposed on 22 August 1703.

Character

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Silver coin 1 kurus Mustafa II, 1695

Defined as having a red beard, a short neck, he was of medium height and majestic. Mustafa II has a miniature made by Levni. After 1699, like his father, he was interested in hunting and entertainment, engaged in literature and wrote poems with the pseudonym. A curiosity of this sultan, who had lines in the style of Celi, Nesih and Sulus was archery. Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha, who was assigned to write the history of his period. He described Mustafa's reign in his book Nusretname.[12]

Family

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With the rise of Mustafa II, the title of "Haseki Sultan" was definitively abolished, to be permanently replaced by the less prestigious and not exclusive "Kadın" (imperial consort). Mustafa II also created a new class of concubines, the "Ikbal":[13] inferior in rank to the Kadın in the hierarchy of the harem, they were initially called with the normal title of "Hatun" (woman), later modified in that, superior, of "Hanim" (lady).

Several of his concubines and consorts were married after his deposition by order of the new sultan, his brother Ahmed III.

Consorts

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Mustafa II had at least ten consorts:[14][15][16][17][18][19]

  • Alicenab Kadın (died 20 April 1699, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Darülhadis Mosque). BaşKadin (first imperial consort) until her death.
  • Afife Kadın (c. 1682 – Constantinople, after 1718). BaşKadin after Alicenab's death. Also called Hafife, Hafiten, Hafize, Hafise or Hafsa in the European chronicles, she was Mustafa's most loved consort, sentiment reciprocated, even if they were never legally married. She had a daughter in 1696 and later became the mother of five of Mustafa's eight sons.
  • Saliha Kadın (died 21 September 1739, Tırnakçı Palace, Istanbul, buried in Turhan Sultan Mausoleum, New Mosque). She was Valide Sultan of Mahmud I.
  • Şehsuvar Kadın (died 27 April 1756, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, buried in Nuruosmaniye Mosque). She was Valide Sultan of Osman III.
  • Bahtiyar Kadın. One of his first concubines, she was probably the mother of one of Mustafa's oldest daughters.
  • Ivaz Kadın. Mentioned as a Kadin in a document dated 1696/1697, she was probably the mother of one of Mustafa's oldest daughters.
  • Hatice Kadin. Before becoming a consort, she was a high-ranking harem lady-in-waiting.
  • Hüsnüşah Kadın. She died on 1 January 1700.
  • Fatma Şahin Hatun, then Hanim. Baş Ikbal (first ikbal). After Mustafa's deposition she was removed from the harem and married by order of Ahmed III.
  • Hanife Hatun, then Hanim. After Mustafa's deposition she was removed from the harem and married by order of Ahmed III. From her new husband she had a son named Ibrahim and a daughter.

Sons

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Mustafa II had at least eight sons, including five who died as infants with Afife Kadın:[20][15][21][22][23][24]

  • Mahmud I (2 August 1696 – 13 December 1754) – with Saliha Kadin. 24th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
  • Şehzade Mehmed (27 November 1698 – 3 June 1703, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Turhan Sultan's türbe, New Mosque) – with Afife Kadın. He was the favorite son of Mustafa II, who suffered his death immensely.
  • Osman III (2 January 1699 – 30 October 1757) – with Şehsuvar Kadin. 25th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
  • Şehzade Hasan (28 March 1699 – 25 May 1733). He became heir to the throne in 1730 and spent most of his life locked up in the Kafes, where he finally died.
  • Şehzade Hüseyn (16 May 1699 – 19 September 1700, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in New Mosque) – with Afife Kadın.
  • Şehzade Selim (16 May 1700 – 8 June 1702, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Turhan Sultan's turbe New Mosque) – with Afife Kadın.
  • Şehzade Ahmed (3 March 1702 – 7 September 1703, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Darülhadis Mosque) – with Afife Kadın.
  • Şehzade Suleyman (25 December 1703 – 25 December 1703, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Turhan Sultan's turbe New Mosque) – with Afife Kadın. Stillbirth. Four days after, Mustafa II died, too.

Daughters

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Mustafa II had at least twelve daughters, of which one, among the three eldest, with Afife Kadin:[25][15][26][27][28][29]

  • Ayşe Sultan (30 April 1696 – 26 September 1752, Istanbul, buried in New Mosque). Nicknamed "the eldest" to distinguish her from her cousin Ayşe Sultan "the younger", daughter of Ahmed III. She married three times, but had no children.
  • Emine Sultan (1 September 1696 –1739, Istanbul, buried in New Mosque). She married four times, but had no children.
  • Safiye Sultan (13 October 1696 – 15 May 1778, Istanbul, buried in New Mosque) - maybe with Afife Kadin.[30] She married four times and had three sons and a daughter.
  • Hatice Sultan (15 March 1698 – before 1703, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Darülhadis Mosque).
  • Rukiye Sultan (13 November 1698 – 28 March 1699, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Darülhadis Mosque).
  • Rukiye Ismihan Sultan (after April 1699 – 24 December 1703, Istanbul, buried in New Mosque). Her father promised her in wife to Maktülzade Ali Paşah, but the baby girl died before being able to celebrate the wedding.
  • Fatma Sultan (8 October 1699 – 20 May 1700, Istanbul, buried in New Mosque).
  • Ümmügülsüm Sultan (10 June 1700 – 2 May 1701, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Darülhadis Mosque).
  • Emetullah Sultan (22 June 1701 – 19 April 1727, Istanbul, buried in New Mosque) – with Şehsuvar Kadın. Also called Ümmetullah Sultan or Heybetullah Sultan. She married once and had a daughter.
  • Zeynep Sultan (10 June 1703 – 18 December 1705, Istanbul, buried in New Mosque).
  • Atike Sultan (? – ?). She died in infancy.
  • Esma Sultan (? – ?). She died in infancy.

Death

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After the new sultan's return to Istanbul, Mustafa and his princes were brought to Istanbul in the Topkapı Palace they were locked up in the Kafes. Mustafa's cage life lasted four months. He died of either sadness or an unknown cause on 29 December 1703. He was buried next to his grandmother, Turhan Hatice Sultan, in the New Mosque, Eminönü, Istanbul, Turkey.[12]

References

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  1. ^ Baker, Anthony E (1993). The Bosphorus. Redhouse Press. p. 146. ISBN 975-413-062-0. The Valide Sultan was born Evmania Voria, daughter of a Greek priest in a village near Rethymnon on Crete. She was captured by the Turks when they took Rethymnon in 1645.
  2. ^ Bromley, J. S. (1957). The New Cambridge Modern History. University of California: University Press. p. 554. ISBN 0-521-22128-5. the mother of Mustafa II and Ahmed III was a Cretan
  3. ^ Sardo, Eugenio Lo (1999). Tra greci e turchi: fonti diplomatiche italiane sul Settecento ottomano. Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. p. 82. ISBN 88-8080-014-0. Their mother, a Cretan, lady named Rabia Gulnus, continued to wield influence as the Walide Sultan - mother of the reigning sultan
  4. ^ Library Information and Research Service (2005). The Middle East. Library Information and Research Service. p. 91. She was the daughter of a Cretan (Greek) family and she was the mother of Mustafa II (1664–1703), and Ahmed III (1673–1736).
  5. ^ Sakaoğlu 2015, p. 285.
  6. ^ Uluçay 2011, p. 110.
  7. ^ Sakaoğlu 2015, p. 286.
  8. ^ a b c d Bilgi
  9. ^ Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press, 2003. p. XIIV chronology. ISBN 0810866064.
  10. ^ "Mustafa II مصطفی (ö. 1115/1703) Osmanlı padişahı (1695–1703)". İslam Ansiklopedisi. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  11. ^ Husain, Faisal (October 2014). "In the Bellies of the Marshes: Water and Power in the Countryside of Ottoman Baghdad". Environmental History. 19 (4): 638–664. doi:10.1093/envhis/emu067.
  12. ^ a b Sakaoğlu 2015, p. 294.
  13. ^ Previously, ikbal was the generic term for the sultan's favorites who had not yet had a child with him.
  14. ^ Çalık, Sıddık (1993). 1108 Numaralı Harc-ı Hassa Defterinin Transkripsiyonu ve Değerlendirmesi. pp. 278–279.
  15. ^ a b c Majer, Hans Georg (1992). Osmanlı Araştırmaları XII (The Journal of Ottoman Studies XII): The harem of Mustafa II (1695–1703). pp. 435–437, 438.
  16. ^ A. D. Alderson – The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty
  17. ^ Hans Georg Majer – The Harem of Mustafa II (1695–1703)
  18. ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu – Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları
  19. ^ M. Çağatay Uluçay – Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları
  20. ^ Çalık, Sıddık (1993). 1108 Numaralı Harc-ı Hassa Defterinin Transkripsiyonu ve Değerlendirmesi. pp. 278–279.
  21. ^ A. D. Alderson – The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty
  22. ^ Hans Georg Majer – The Harem of Mustafa II (1695–1703)
  23. ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu – Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları
  24. ^ M. Çağatay Uluçay – Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları
  25. ^ Çalık, Sıddık (1993). 1108 Numaralı Harc-ı Hassa Defterinin Transkripsiyonu ve Değerlendirmesi. pp. 278–279.
  26. ^ A. D. Alderson – The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty
  27. ^ Hans Georg Majer – The Harem of Mustafa II (1695–1703)
  28. ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu – Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları
  29. ^ M. Çağatay Uluçay – Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları
  30. ^ Afife Kadin had a daughter from Mustafa II born in 1696 and whose identity is uncertain, but it is likely that she was Safiye, because Safiye's daughter married the son of Ebu Bekr, Afife's second husband. Plus, Safiye named his first son Ebubekr.

Sources

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  • Abou-El-Haj, R. A. (1974). "The Narcissism of Mustafa II (1695–1703): A Psychohistorical Study". Studia Islamica (40): 115–131. doi:10.2307/1595336. JSTOR 1595336.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2015). Bu Mülkün Sultanları. Alfa Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-6-051-71080-8.
  • Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara: Ötüken. ISBN 978-9-754-37840-5.
[edit]
Mustafa II
Born: February 6, 1664 Died: December 29, 1703[aged 39]
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Feb 6, 1695 – August 22, 1703 		Succeeded by
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate
Feb 6, 1695 – August 22, 1703 		Succeeded by
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