Suicide legislation: Difference between revisions
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Historically laws against suicide and [[mercy killing]] have developed from [[religious doctrine]], for example, the claim that only [[God]] has the right to determine when a person will die.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The case for physician assisted suicide: not (yet) proven|author=B. Steinbock|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|year=2005|url=http://jme.bmj.com/content/31/4/235.full}}</ref> |
Historically laws against suicide and [[mercy killing]] have developed from [[religious doctrine]], for example, the claim that only [[God]] has the right to determine when a person will die.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The case for physician assisted suicide: not (yet) proven|author=B. Steinbock|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|year=2005|url=http://jme.bmj.com/content/31/4/235.full}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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In [[Classical Athens|ancient Athens]], a person who had committed suicide (without the approval of the state) was denied the honours of a normal burial. The person would be buried alone, on the outskirts of the city, without a headstone or marker.<ref>[[Plato]]. ''Laws'', [http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/laws.9.ix.html Book IX]</ref> A criminal ordinance issued by [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] in 1670 was far more severe in its punishment: the dead person's body was drawn through the streets, face down, and then hung or thrown on a garbage heap. Additionally, all of the person's property was confiscated.<ref>[[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim, Émile]] (1897). ''[[Suicide (book)|Suicide]]''. New York: The Free Press (reprint, 1997), 327. ISBN 0-684-83632-7.</ref> |
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Even in modern times, legal penalties for committing suicide have not been uncommon. By 1879, English law had begun to distinguish between suicide and [[homicide]], though suicide still resulted in forfeiture of estate. Also, the deceased were permitted daylight burial in 1882.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} |
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==Assisted suicide== |
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{{Main|Assisted suicide}} |
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In many [[jurisdictions]] it is a [[crime]] to assist others, directly or indirectly, in taking their own lives. In some jurisdictions, it is also illegal to encourage them to do so. Sometimes an exception applies for physician assisted suicide (PAS), under strict conditions. |
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==Laws in individual jurisdictions== |
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===Australia (Victoria)=== |
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In the [[Australia]]n state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], while suicide itself is no longer a crime, a survivor of a [[suicide pact]] can be charged with [[manslaughter]], as well as second degree murder. Also, it is a crime to counsel, [[incitement|incite]], or aid and abet another in attempting to commit suicide, and the law explicitly allows any person to use "such force as may reasonably be necessary" to prevent another from committing suicide. |
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===Canada=== |
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Suicide is no longer a crime in Canada as it was removed from the Criminal Code of Canada in 1972 by the Parliament of Canada.<ref>http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/suicide</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}<!-- The thecanadianencyclopedia.com is a tertiary source, not a secondary source, but a site compiling secondary sources, like Wikipedia. Please provide a secondary source instead. --> The law against assisted suicide, including physician-assisted suicide, was declared constitutional in 1993 by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''[[Rodriguez v. British Columbia (Attorney General)]]''. On June 15, 2012 a lower court, the BC Supreme Court ruled that the criminal offence prohibiting physician-assisted suicide was unconstitutional on the grounds that denying disabled people the right to assisted suicide was contrary to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantee of equality under Section 15.<ref>[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/SC/12/08/2012BCSC0886.htm ''Carter v. Canada (Attorney General)'']</ref> It is expected that the BC and federal government will appeal that ruling on the basis that the issue has already been decided by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Rodriguez case, however.<ref>http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2012/06/15/bc-assisted-suicide-ruling.html</ref> |
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===India=== |
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In [[India]], attempted suicide is an offense punishable under Section 309 of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. Section 309 reads thus: |
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''Attempt to commit suicide. "Whoever attempts to commit suicide and does any act towards the commission of such offence, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine, or with both." |
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A Division Bench of the [[Supreme Court of India]] in ''P. Rathinam v. Union of India'' (AIR 1994 SC 1844) held that the right to live of which Article 21 speaks of can be said to bring in its trail the right not to live a forced life, and therefore, section 309 violates Article 21. This decision was, however, subsequently overruled in ''Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab'' (AIR 1996 SC 946) by a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, holding that Article 21 could not be construed to include within it the ‘right to die’ as a part of the [[fundamental right]] guaranteed therein; therefore, it was ruled that it could not be validly stated that section 309 is violative of Article 21.<ref>http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/report210.pdf</ref> |
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In 2008 the Law Commission of India submitted a review to the government to repeal section 309. The Law Commission said "The |
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Supreme Court in Gian Kaur focused on constitutionality of section 309. It did not go into the wisdom of retaining or continuing the same |
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in the statute." The Commission has resolved to recommend to the Government to initiate steps for repeal of the anachronistic law |
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contained in section 309, IPC, which would relieve the distressed of his suffering. |
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Suicide rate in India, is above "[[List of countries by suicide rate|the average world suicide rate ]]." |
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===Ireland=== |
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Attempted suicide is not a criminal offence in Ireland and, under Irish law, self-harm is not generally seen as a form of attempted suicide. It was decriminalised in 1993.<ref>http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/act/pub/0011/index.html</ref> Assisted suicide and [[euthanasia]] are, however, illegal. This is currently being challenged at the High Court, as of December 2012. |
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===Netherlands=== |
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In the [[Netherlands]], being present and giving moral support during someone's suicide is not a crime; neither is supplying general information on suicide techniques. However, it is a crime to participate in the preparation for or execution of a suicide, including supplying lethal means or instruction in their use. ([[Physician-assisted suicide]] may be an exception. See [[Euthanasia in the Netherlands]].) |
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===New Zealand=== |
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As with many other western societies, [[New Zealand]] currently has no laws against suicide in itself, as a personal and unassisted act. However, as with comparable societies, there are still legislative sanctions against 'assisting or abetting' the suicides of others, under Section 179 of the Crimes Act 1961. (For further details, see [[Euthanasia in New Zealand]].) |
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===North Korea=== |
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North Korea has a peculiar deterrent for suicides. Although law cannot punish a dead person, in North Korea relatives of a criminal (including a suicide victim) might be penalized, as a form of [[collective punishment]]. {{citation needed|date=July 2012}} |
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===Norway=== |
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Suicide or attempted suicide is not illegal in Norway.<ref>[http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/otprp/2008-2009/otprp-nr-22-2008-2009-/6/5/1.html?id=540447 Justis- og politidepartementet: Ot.prp. nr. 22 (2008-2009) Om lov om endringer i straffeloven 20. mai 2005 nr. 28]. Chapter 6.5.1, page 183.</ref> |
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===Romania=== |
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Suicide itself is not illegal in Romania, however encouraging or facilitating the suicide of another person is a criminal offense and is punishable by up to 10 years in prison, depending on circumstances.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cjo.ro/coduri-de-drept/codul-penal#Infractiuni%20contra%20persoanei | title=Penal Code of Romania, art. 179 | accessdate=January 29, 2013}}</ref> |
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===Russian Federation=== |
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In Russia, a person whose [[mental disorder]] “poses a direct (imminent?) danger to themselves”{{Verify source|date=November 2012}} can be [[Involuntary commitment|put into a psychiatric hospital]]. |
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Inciting someone to suicide by threats, cruel treatment, or systematic humiliation is punishable by up to 5 years in prison. (Article 110 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) |
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[[Federal law of Russian Federation no. 139-FZ of 2012-07-28]] prescribes censorship of information about methods of suicide on the Internet. According to a website created by the [[Pirate Party of Russia]], some pages with suicide jokes have been blacklisted, which may have led to blocking of an IP address of [[Wikia]].<ref>http://rublacklist.net/</ref><ref>{{Cite news |
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|url = http://hitech.newsru.com/article/02nov2012/rupirtsvscnsr |
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|title = Пиратская партия России обещает открыть доступ к "неправомерно заблокированным" сайтам из "черного списка" |
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|language = ru |
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|publisher = [[NEWSru.com]] |
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|date = 2012-11-02 |
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|accessdate = 2013-01-16 |
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}}</ref> See also: [[Dumb_Ways_to_Die#Controversy_and_censorship_in_Russia]]. |
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===Singapore=== |
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In [[Penal Code (Singapore)|Singapore]], a person who attempts to commit suicide can be imprisoned for up to one year.<ref>Singapore Penal Code(Cap 224, Rev Ed 2008), s 309</ref> |
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===South Africa=== |
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South African courts, including the [[Appellate Division (South Africa)|Appellate Division]], have ruled that suicide and attempted suicide are not crimes under the [[Roman-Dutch law]], or that if they ever were crimes, they have been abrogated by disuse. Attempted suicide was from 1886 to 1968 a crime in the [[Transkei]] under the Transkeian Territories Penal Code.<ref>{{cite book |last=Milton |first=John |title=South African Criminal Law and Procedure: Common-law crimes |year=1996 |publisher=Juta |location=Cape Town |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-7021-3773-0 |pages=353–354}}</ref> |
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===United Kingdom=== |
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====England and Wales==== |
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{{See also|Felo de se}} |
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Laws against suicide (and attempted suicide) prevailed in English [[common law]] until 1961. English law perceived suicide as an immoral, criminal offence against God and also against the Crown.<ref>{{citation|title=Constitutional Aspects of Physician-Assisted Suicide After Lee v. Oregon|author=SM Canick|publisher=Am. JL & Med.|year=1997|url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/amlmed23§ion=9}}</ref> It first became illegal in the 13th century. Until 1822, in fact, the possessions of somebody who committed suicide could even be forfeited to the Crown.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14374296 ''When suicide was illegal''], BBC</ref> |
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Suicide ceased to be a criminal offence with the passing of the [[Suicide Act 1961]]; the same Act made it an offence to assist in a suicide. With respect to [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]] the simple act of suicide is lawful but the consequences of committing suicide might turn an individual event into an unlawful act, as in the case of Reeves v Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis [2000] 1 AC 360,<ref>[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199899/ldjudgmt/jd990715/reeves01.htm House of Lords Judgment - Commissioners of Police for the Metropolis v. Reeves]</ref> where a man in police custody hanged himself and was held equally liable with the police (a cell door defect enabled the hanging) for the loss suffered by his widow; the practical effect was to reduce the police damages liability by 50%. In 2009, the House of Lords ruled that the law concerning the treatment of people who accompanied those who committed assisted suicide was unclear, following [[Debbie Purdy]]'s case that this lack of clarity was a breach of her human rights. (In her case, as a sufferer from multiple sclerosis, she wanted to know whether her husband would be prosecuted for accompanying her abroad where she may eventually wish to commit assisted suicide, if her illness progressed.) As a result, this law is expected to be revised.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/jul/30/debbie-purdy-assisted-suicide-legal-victory guardian.co.uk/society/2009/jul/30/debbie-purdy-assisted-suicide-legal-victory]</ref> |
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====Scotland==== |
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Suicide directly involving only the deceased person is not by itself a criminal offence under Scots Law and has not been in recent history. However, attempting suicide might be a [[Breach of the peace]] if it is not done as a private act; this is routinely reported in the case of persons threatening suicide in areas frequented by the public. The Suicide Act 1961 applies only to England and Wales but under [[Scots Law]] a person who assists a suicide might be charged with [[murder]], [[culpable homicide]], or no offence depending upon the facts of each case. Despite not being a criminal offence, consequential liability upon the person attempting suicide (or if successful, his/her estate) might arise under civil law where e.g. it parallels the civil liabilities recognised in the (English Law) Reeves case mentioned above. |
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===United States=== |
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Historically, various states listed the act of suicide as a felony, but these policies were sparsely enforced. In the late 1960s, eighteen U.S. states lacked laws against suicide.<ref>{{citation|volume=6|publisher=Washburn L.J.|pages=395|date=1966-1967|title=Medical-Legal Aspects of Suicide|author=Litman, Robert E.|url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wasbur6§ion=41}}</ref> By the late 1980s, thirty of the fifty states had no laws against suicide or suicide attempts but every state had laws declaring it to be a felony to aid, advise |
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or encourage another person to commit suicide.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Approaches and commonalities of suicide|author=ES Shneidman|publisher=Suicide and its prevention}}</ref> By the early 1990s only two states still listed suicide as a crime, and these have since removed that classification.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} In some U.S. states, suicide is still considered an unwritten "[[common law crime]]," as stated in [[Blackstone's Commentaries]]. (So held the [[Virginia Supreme Court]] in 1992. ''Wackwitz v. Roy'', 418 S.E.2d 861 (Va. 1992)). As a common law crime, suicide can bar recovery for the late suicidal person's family in a lawsuit unless the suicidal person can be proven to have been "of unsound mind." That is, the suicide must be proven to have been an involuntary act of the victim in order for the family to be awarded monetary damages by the court. This can occur when the family of the deceased sues the caregiver (perhaps a jail or hospital) for negligence in failing to provide appropriate care.<ref>[http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/33/2/176 On Sound and Unsound Mind: The Role of Suicide in Tort and Insurance Litigation], ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law'', 2005</ref> Some American legal scholars look at the issue as one of personal liberty. According to [[Nadine Strossen]], former President of the [[ACLU]], "The idea of government making determinations about how you end your life, forcing you...could be considered [[cruel and unusual punishment]] in certain circumstances, and [[Justice Stevens]] in a very interesting opinion in a [[Right to Die|right-to-die]] [case] raised the analogy."<ref>[[n:ACLU President Strossen on religion, drugs, guns and impeaching George Bush#Gun rights|Interview with Nadine Strossen]], David Shankbone, ''[[Wikinews]]'', October 30, 2007.</ref> |
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Physician-assisted suicide is legal in some states.<ref>http://www.nightingalealliance.org/pdf/state_grid.pdf</ref> For the terminally ill, it is legal in the state of [[Oregon]] under the [[Oregon Death with Dignity Act]]. In Washington state, it became legal in 2009, when a law modeled after the Oregon act, the [[Washington Death with Dignity Act]] was passed. A patient must be diagnosed as having less than six months to live, be of sound mind, make a request orally and in writing, have it approved by two different doctors, then wait 15 days and make the request again. A doctor may prescribe a lethal dose of a medication but may not administer it.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2009/03/05/washingtons-physician-assisted-suicide-law-takes-effect/tab/article/ | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Jacob | last=Goldstein | title=Washington's Physician-Assisted Suicide Law Takes Effect | date=March 5, 2009}}</ref> |
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In many jurisdictions, medical facilities are empowered or required to commit anyone whom they believe to be suicidal for evaluation and treatment.<ref>See [[Code 5150|California Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150]], for example.</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Suicide]] |
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[[Category:Statutory law]] |
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Revision as of 00:42, 15 October 2013
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Suicide has historically been treated as a criminal matter in many parts of the world. However, the decriminalisation of individual suicides have occurred in western societies, although the act is still stigmatised and discouraged. In other contexts, such as ancient Rome or medieval Japan, suicide was seen as a defiant act of extreme personal freedom against perceived or actual tyrants.
While a person who has completed suicide is beyond the reach of the law, there can still be legal consequences in the cases of treatment of the corpse or the fate of the person's property or family members. The associated matters of assisting a suicide and attempting suicide have also been dealt with by the laws of some jurisdictions.
Historically laws against suicide and mercy killing have developed from religious doctrine, for example, the claim that only God has the right to determine when a person will die.[1]
- ^ B. Steinbock (2005). "The case for physician assisted suicide: not (yet) proven". Journal of Medical Ethics.