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Wihtwara

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Wihtwara
534-686
The location of the Isle of Wight within the United Kingdom
The location of the Isle of Wight within the United Kingdom
Religion
Anglo-Saxon paganism, Anglo-Saxon Christianity
GovernmentMonarchy
• 534–544
Wihtgar (first; possibly legendary)
• ?–686
Arwald (last)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Sub-Roman Britain
Lordship of the Isle of Wight
Today part of

Wihtwara (Old English: Wihtware or Wihtsætan) were the Early Medieval inhabitants of the Isle of Wight, a 147-square-mile (380 km2) island off the south coast of England. Writers such as Bede attribute their origin to Jutes who migrated to the island during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. They formed an independent kingdom at points in the Early Middle Ages, with their last king Arwald dying as the last heathen Anglo-Saxon king. After this point, the island was controlled from Great Britain.

Name

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The term Wihtware translates from Old English as "the people of the Isle of Wight", with the suffix -ware denoting a people group, as in Cantware ("the people of Kent").[1][2][3] In the Old English translation of Bede's work, the term Wihtsætan is used instead, possibly as it was the more common name by which the group was known at the time of writing. It has been suggested that the suffixes -sæta and -ware may have had a slight semantic difference, with the latter being used more for political purposes and in reference to groups with a fixed location. Consequently, the loss of political independence of the Wihtware may have led to a change over time in name.[1] Other synonyms include Latin: Uictuarii and possibly Wihtgara, a group mentioned in the Tribal Hidage as having 800 hides of land.[4]

Early Middle Ages

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Founding

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Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People writes that the Jutes settled Wight as part of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, along with the part of Great Britain opposite the island, and Kent. While his accounts reflect later geopolitics and have limited historical accuracy, a 'Jutish' material culture has been identified in these regions. Similarities in culture and genetics further support the migration of people at this time to Britain from continental northern Europe such as modern day Denmark and northern Germany.[5][6]

Asser's biography of Alfred the Great lists Wihtgar and Stuf as two earliest kings of Wight and nephews of Cerdic, founder of the Kingdom of Wessex, making them ancestors of Alfred the Great's mother Osburh.[7][8] The account further describes how Wihtgar and Stuf were of Jutish and Gothic origin and set about exterminating the island's native Briton inhabitants, either killing them or driving them into exile.[9] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives a similar account in which Wihtgar and Stuf were kinsmen of Cerdic; Wihtgar and Stuf received the island from Cerdic's son Cynric in 534, with the death of Wihtgar taking place in 544.[10] Scholars have suggested that Wihtgar may have been fictitious: that is, the central figure of a founding myth invented retrospectively, to justify the name of the island, with Wiht deriving from the Latin name of the island, Vecta.[7][11]

Conquest and Annexation

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According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in 661 Wulfhere of Mercia conquered the Isle of Wight and gave the overlordship to his godson, King Æthelwealh of Sussex, to convert the islanders to Christianity.[12] Bede, however, records that the island was converted after an invasion in 686 by King Cædwalla of Wessex,[13] which the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states was conducted together with his brother Mul of Kent.[14] The final Jutish king of the Wihtwara, Arwald, was purportedly killed while resisting Cædwalla.[7][15] Arwald's two younger brothers, after attempting to escape Cædwalla, were captured, baptised, then executed by him.[13]

Later Middle Ages

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After the Norman Conquest the Isle of Wight was given to the de Redvers family in 1101 who were known as "Lords of the Isle of Wight". However the last of them was Izabel de Forz (also known as Isabella de Fortibus; 1237–1293), who was known informally as the "Queen of the Isle of Wight". Forz was visited shortly before her death by King Edward Longshanks (known later as Edward I), who said later that she had sold the Isle of Wight to him for 6,000 marks. The village of Queens Bower is said to be named after her.[citation needed]

In 1444, Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick a favourite of King Henry VI was given the title (or perhaps nickname) of King of the Isle of Wight. Beauchamp died shortly afterwards and the title was not used again.[16][17] The closest existing title at that time - the Lordship of the Isle of Wight - was held by the uncle of King Henry VI, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, after being bestowed it in 1434.[18]

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Kökeritz 1943, pp. 185–186.
  2. ^ Bosworth 2014a.
  3. ^ Bosworth 2014b.
  4. ^ Kökeritz 1943, pp. 188–189.
  5. ^ Higham & Ryan 2013, pp. 73, 75, 77.
  6. ^ Gretzinger et al. 2022.
  7. ^ a b c Yorke 2004b.
  8. ^ Yorke 2004a.
  9. ^ Asser, Life of King Alfred.
  10. ^ Swanton 2000, pp. 14–17.
  11. ^ Baker & Brookes 2013, p. 57.
  12. ^ Swanton 2000, pp. 32–34.
  13. ^ a b Bede 1910.
  14. ^ Swanton 2000, pp. 38–39.
  15. ^ Venning 2013.
  16. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 338.
  17. ^ DoNB, p. 28, vol. 4.
  18. ^ GLOUCESTER.

Bibliography

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Primary

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  • Bede (1910). Lionel C. Jane (ed.). Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation . Vol. IV.16. Translated by John Stevens – via Wikisource.
  • Swanton, Michael, ed. (2000). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (2nd ed.). Orion Publishing Group. pp. 14–17.
  • Asser (1906) [893]. Life of King Alfred. Translated by Cook, Albert. Ginn & Company. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  • Eddius Stephanus Vita Dunstani

Secondary

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