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{{for|other monuments to freedom|Monument of Liberty}}
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{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Statue of Liberty National Monument
| iucn_category =
| image = Statue of Liberty, NY.jpg
| base_width = 300px
| caption = Statue of Liberty
| locator_x =
| locator_y =
| location = [[Liberty Island]], [[New York]],<ref name=whereliberty>{{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/stli/faqs.htm |title = Frequently Asked Questions | accessdate = 2007-03-22 | publisher = National Park Service}}</ref> U.S.
| nearest_city = [[New York City|New York]]<ref>[http://law.onecle.com/new-york/new-york-city-administrative-code/ADC02-202_2-202.html New York City Administrative Code Section 2-202 Division into boroughs and boundaries thereof - Division Into Boroughs And Boundaries Thereof.], Lawyer Research Center. Accessed July 22, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-show_geoid=Y&-tree_id=4001&-_showChild=Y&-context=dt&-errMsg=&-all_geo_types=N&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-redoLog=false&-transpose=N&-search_map_config=|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=0.021322492709908183|dh=0.012115860287740017|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-74.03690863547648|cy=40.6940066243844|zl=2|pz=2|bo=318:317:316:314:313:323:319|bl=362:393:358:357:356:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=04000US36&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=15000US360610001009&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=100$10000US360610001009000&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Liberty Island: Block Group 9, Census Tract 1, New York County, United States Census Bureau], accessed July 22, 2008</ref>
| area = {{convert|12|acre|km2|lk=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/stli/|title=Statue of Liberty National Monument|date=2007-12-31|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref>
| overall height = 93 m
| established = Statue dedicated October 28, 1886; National Monument established October 15, 1924
| visitation_num = 4,235,595 (includes [[Ellis Island|Ellis Island NM]])
| visitation_year = 2005
| governing_body = [[National Park Service]]
}}

{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS = Statue of Liberty
| Image =
| State Party = {{USA}}
| Type = Cultural
| Criteria = i, vi
| ID = 307
| Region = Europe and North America
| Year = 1984
}}

'''''Liberty Enlightening the World''''' ({{lang-fr|La liberté éclairant le monde}}), commonly known as the '''''Statue of Liberty''''' ({{lang-fr|Statue de la Liberté}}), was presented to the United States by the people of France in 1886. Standing on [[Liberty Island]] in [[New York Harbor]], it welcomes visitors, [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]], and returning Americans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/05/content_8496225.htm|title=Crown of Statue of Liberty may reopen to public soon|date=2008-07-05|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> The [[copper#Architecture|copper]]-clad [[statue]], dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] and is a gesture of friendship from France to the United States.<ref name="National Park Service">{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/stli/prod02.htm|title=Statue of Liberty|date=2006-04-28|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> [[Frédéric Bartholdi|Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]] sculpted the statue<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/index.htm|title=Statue of Liberty National Monument - History & Culture|date=2006-10-05|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> and obtained a [[United States patent law|U.S. patent]] for its structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blliberty.htm|title=Statue of Liberty - Frederic Auguste Bartholdi|last=Bellis|first=Mary|publisher=[[About.com]]|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> [[Gustave Eiffel|Alexandre Gustave Eiffel]] (designer of the [[Eiffel Tower]]) engineered the internal structure. [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]] was responsible for the choice of [[copper]] in the statue's construction and adoption of the [[repoussé and chasing|repoussé]] technique, where a [[malleability|malleable]] metal is [[hammered]] on the reverse side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cr4.globalspec.com/blogentry/6055/June-17-1885-The-Statue-of-Liberty-Arrives|title=June 17, 1885: The Statue of Liberty Arrives|date=2008-06-17|publisher=CR4|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref>

The statue is of a robed woman holding a torch, and is made of a sheeting of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel (originally [[puddle iron|puddled iron]]) with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in [[metal leaf#Gold Leaf|gold leaf]] (originally made of copper and later altered to hold glass panes.) It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal with a foundation in the shape of an irregular eleven-pointed star. The statue is {{ftm|151}} tall, but with the pedestal and foundation, it is {{ftm|305}} tall.

Worldwide, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/statue_of_liberty/|title=Statue of Liberty|work=HTML|accessdate=2006-06-20}}</ref> and was, from 1886 until the [[jet age]], often one of the first glimpses of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. Visually, the Statue of Liberty appears to draw inspiration from [[Charles Borromeo#Legacy|il Sancarlone]] or the [[Colossus of Rhodes]].

The statue is the central part of ''Statue of Liberty [[U.S. National Monument|National Monument]]'', administered by the [[National Park Service]].

==Symbolism==
The [[classical antiquity|classical]] appearance (Roman [[stola]], sandals, facial expression) derives from [[Libertas]], ancient Rome's goddess of freedom from slavery, oppression, and tyranny. Her raised right foot is on the move. This symbol of [[Liberty]] and [[Freedom]] is not standing still or at attention in the harbor, it is moving forward, as her left foot tramples broken [[fetters|shackles]] at her feet, in symbolism of the United States' wish to be free from oppression and tyranny.<ref> [http://www.statueofliberty.org/Fun_Facts.html Fun Facts]</ref> The seven spikes on the crown represent the [[Seven Seas]] and [[continent|seven continents]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/life/symbceleb/statue_liberty.html|title=Portrait of the USA: The Statue of Liberty|author=USIA|accessdate=2006-05-29}}</ref> Her torch signifies [[enlightenment (concept)|enlightenment]]. The tablet in her hand represents knowledge and shows the date of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], July 4, 1776.

The general appearance of the statue’s head approximates the Greek Sun-god [[Apollo]] or [[Helios]] as preserved on an ancient marble tablet (today in the Archaeological Museum of Corinth, [[Corinth]], [[Greece]]) - [[Apollo]] was represented as a [[solar deity]], dressed in a similar robe and having on its head a "radiate crown" with the seven spiked rays of the [[Helios]]-[[Apollo]]'s sun rays, like the Statue's nimbus or [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]]. The ancient [[Colossus of Rhodes]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]], was a statue of Helios with a radiate crown. The Colossus is referred to in the 1883 sonnet ''[[The New Colossus]]'' by [[Emma Lazarus]]. Lazarus' poem was later engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the Statue of Liberty in 1903.

The statue, also known affectionately as "Lady Liberty", has become a symbol of freedom and democracy. She welcomed arriving immigrants, who could see the statue as they arrived in the United States. There is a version of the statue in France given by the United States in return.

==History==
[[Image:Frederic Auguste Bartholdi1898.jpg|thumb|right|Frédéric Bartholdi]]
Discussions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and sympathetic writer of the history of the United States, [[Édouard René de Laboulaye]]. French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion. The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil which was shaking France at the time. The [[French Third Republic]] was still considered as a "temporary" arrangement by many, who wished a return to [[monarchism]], or to some form of representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic across the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians.

The first model, on a small scale, was built in 1870. This first statue is now in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg]] in [[Paris]].

A second model, also on a small scale, was further brought to [[Maceió]], a city in the Northeast of Brazil. This model is in front of Maceió's first city hall, built in 1869, which is now a museum.

While on a visit to [[Egypt]] that was to shift his artistic perspective from simply grand to colossal, Bartholdi was inspired by the project of the [[Suez Canal]] which was being undertaken by Count [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]], who later became a lifelong friend of his. He envisioned a giant lighthouse standing at the entrance to the canal and drew plans for it. It would be patterned after the Roman goddess [[Libertas]], modified to resemble a robed Egyptian peasant, a fallaha, with light beaming out from both a headband and a torch thrust dramatically upward into the skies. Bartholdi presented his plans to the Egyptian Khedive, [[Isma'il Pasha]], in 1867 and, with revisions, again in 1869, but the project was never commissioned because of financial issues the country was going through.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/content.asp?catid=85&contenttypeid=35#1511 |title=Statue of Liberty National Park: History |accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref>
[[Image:U.S. Patent D11023.jpeg|thumb|right|Bartholdi's design patent]]

It was agreed that in a joint effort, the American people were to build the base, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States. In France, public donations, various forms of entertainment including notably performances of ''La liberté éclairant le monde'' (Liberty enlightening the world) by soon-to-be famous composer [[Charles Gounod]] at [[Palais Garnier|Paris Opera]], and a charitable lottery were among the methods used to raise the 2,250,000 [[franc]]s ($250,000). In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and [[Boxing|prize fights]] assisted in providing needed funds.

Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. [[Gustave Eiffel]] (designer of the [[Eiffel Tower]]) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Eiffel delegated the detailed work to his trusted [[structural engineer]], [[Maurice Koechlin]].

Bartholdi had initially planned to have the statue completed and presented to the United States on July 4, 1876, but a late start and subsequent delays prevented it. However, by that time the right arm and torch were completed. This part of the statue was displayed at the [[Centennial Exposition]] in [[Philadelphia]], where visitors were charged 50 cents to climb the ladder to the balcony. The money raised this way was used to start funding the pedestal.

On June 30, 1878, at the [[Exposition Universelle (1878)|Paris Exposition]], the completed head of the statue was showcased in the garden of the [[Trocadéro]] palace, while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars.

Back in America, the site, authorized in New York Harbor by an act of Congress, 1877, was selected by General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], who settled on Bartholdi's own choice, then known as Bedloe's Island (named after [[Isaac Bedloe]]), where there was already an early 19th century star-shaped fortification named [[Fort Wood]]. [[United States Ambassador to France|United States Minister to France]] [[Levi P. Morton]] hammered the first nail in the construction of the statue.
[[Image:Pedestal for Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty.jpg|thumb|left|Richard Morris Hunt's pedestal under construction in June 1885]]

On February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a [[design patent]], {{US patent |D11023}}, on "a statue representing Liberty enlightening the world, the same consisting, essentially, of the draped female figure, with one arm upraised, bearing a torch, and while the other holds an inscribed tablet, and having upon the head a diadem, substantially as set forth." The patent described the head as having "classical, yet severe and calm, features," noted that the body is "thrown slightly over to the left so as to gravitate upon the left leg, the whole figure thus being in equilibrium," and covered representations in "any manner known to the glyptic art in the form of a statue or statuette, or in alto-relievo or bass-relief, in metal, stone, terra-cotta, plaster-of-paris, or other plastic composition."<ref> {{cite book|title=The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790–1920|first=B. Zorina|last=Khan|id=ISBN 0-521-81135-X|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} p. 299 [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN052181135X&id=6pgH9pNB2FAC&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&vq=bartholdi&dq=bartholdi+%22design+patent%22+liberty&sig=Lf9s8dGn8PaWVumqMCNcC0s6sGc]</ref>

The financing for the statue was completed in France in July 1882.

Fund-raising for the pedestal, led by [[William M. Evarts]], was going slowly, so [[Hungary|Hungarian-born]] publisher [[Joseph Pulitzer]] (who established the [[Pulitzer Prize]]) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, ''The World,'' to support the fund raising effort in 1883. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich, who had failed to finance the pedestal construction, and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/11/hh11d.htm | title=National Park Service Historical Handbook: Statue of Liberty | accessdate=2007-05-19 |date=2000-09-25}}</ref> His campaign was an important contribution to the effort, but ultimately Senator Evarts and the American Committee he headed raised the majority of funds for the pedestal.

The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884.

The cornerstone of the pedestal, designed by American architect [[Richard Morris Hunt]], was laid on August 5, 1884, but the construction had to be stopped by lack of funds in January 1885. It was resumed on May 11, 1885 after a renewed fund campaign by Joseph Pulitzer in March 1885. Thirty-eight of the forty-six courses of masonry were yet to be built.
[[Image:Liberty's Light a Lure to Death.jpg|thumb|left|Used as a lighthouse, the original torch fatally disoriented birds]]

The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate ''Isère''. To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. (The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in [[Philadelphia]] in 1876, and thereafter at [[Madison Square]] in New York City.)

Financing for the pedestal was completed on August 11, 1885 and construction was finished on April 22, 1886. When the last stone of the pedestal was swung into place the masons reached into their pockets and showered into the mortar a collection of [[silver]] coins.

Built into the pedestal's massive masonry are two sets of four iron girders, connected by iron tie beams that are carried up to become part of Eiffel's framework for the statue itself. Thus ''Liberty'' is integral with her pedestal.

The statue, which was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, was then re-assembled in four months. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Grover Cleveland]] in front of thousands of spectators. (Cleveland, as Governor of the State of New York, had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to building of the pedestal.)<ref>"On This Day, The New York Times, May 2, 1885, "Harper's Weekly featured a cartoon about construction of the Statue of Liberty"</ref>

The Statue of Liberty functioned as a [[lighthouse]] from 1886 to 1902.<ref name="Lighthouse Museum">{{cite web|url=http://www.lighthousemuseum.org/nylights/slibrty.htm|title=Lighthouses of New York Harbor: Statue of Liberty|last=Crowley|first=Jim|publisher=National Lighthouse Museum|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> At that time the U.S. Lighthouse board was responsible for its operation. There was a lighthouse keeper and the electric light could be seen for 24 miles (39&nbsp;km) at sea. As a lighthouse, it is the first to use electricity;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/h_lighthousefacts.asp|title=What are some interesting facts about lighthouses?|date=2008-07-22|publisher=[[United States Coast Guard]]|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> there was also an electric plant on the island to generate power for the light.<ref name="Lighthouse Museum"/>

In 1913 a group of young pilots graduated from the Moissant School of Aviation based on Long Island. One of the graduates, the Mexican pilot [[Juan Pablo Aldasoro]] was selected to perform the first flight above the Statue of Liberty. All of the graduates later on became members of the [[Early Birds of Aviation]].

[[Image:Come unto me, ye opprest.jpg|thumb|right|Political cartoon of the [[First Red Scare]] depicting a monstrous "European [[Anarchism|Anarchist]]" attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty.]]

In 1916, [[floodlight]]s were placed around the base of the statue.<ref>{{Citation | title = Statue of Liberty to be Flood-Lighted | journal = [[Electrical Experimenter]] | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = pg 237 | date = August 1916 | url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Electrical_Experimenter_Aug_1916_pg237.png}}</ref> Also in 1916, the [[Black Tom explosion]] caused $100,000 worth of damage ($1.9 million in 2007 dollars) to the statue, embedding shrapnel and eventually leading to the closing of the torch to visitors. The same year, [[Gutzon Borglum]], sculptor of [[Mount Rushmore]], modified the original copper torch by cutting away most of the copper in the flame, retrofitting glass panes and installing an internal light.<ref>''[http://libertystatepark.org/statueofliberty/sol9.shtml The Torch Redesigned]''</ref> After these modifications, the torch severely leaked rainwater and snowmelt, accelerating corrosion inside the statue. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] rededicated the Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary (October 28, 1936).

In 1956, through an act of Congress, Bedloe's Island was officially renamed Liberty Island, though Liberty Island had been used informally since the turn of the century.

As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, along with Ellis Island and Liberty Island, was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on October 15, 1966.<ref>[http://www.nr.nps.gov/nrloc1.htm NRIS Search by location<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In 1972, President Richard M. Nixon dedicated the American Museum of Immigration, housed in structural additions to the base of the pedestal on top of what was Fort Wood.<ref>Statue of Liberty Construction; [http://corrosion-doctors.org/Landmarks/statue-construction.htm]</ref>

In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was added to the list of [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=307 Statue of Liberty - UNESCO World Heritage Centre<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In 2007, the Statue of Liberty was one of 20 finalists in a competition to name the [[New Seven Wonders of the World]].

===Inspiration for the face===
Unsubstantiated sources cite different models for the face of the statue. One indicated the then-recently widowed [[Isabella Eugenie Boyer]], the wife of [[Isaac Singer]], the sewing-machine industrialist. "She was rid of the uncouth presence of her husband, who had left her with only his most socially desirable attributes: his fortune and -- his children. She was, from the beginning of her career in Paris, a well-known figure. As the good-looking French widow of an American industrialist she was called upon to be Bartholdi's model for the Statue of Liberty."<ref>(Ruth Brandon, ''Singer and the Sewing Machine: A Capitalist Romance'', p. 211)</ref> Another source believed that the "stern face" belonged to Bartholdi's mother, Charlotte Bartholdi (1801–1891), with whom he was very close.<ref>(Leslie Allen, "Liberty: The Statue and the American Dream," p. 21)</ref> National Geographic magazine also pointed to his mother, noting that Bartholdi never denied nor explained the resemblance.<ref>(Alice J. Hall, "Liberty Lifts Her Lamp Once More," July 1986.)
</ref>

==Physical characteristics==
[[Image:Statue of Liberty interior.jpg|thumb|Interior view of the statue upwards, now closed to public access]]
[[Image:Freiheitsstatue NYC full.jpg|thumb|Aerial view]]

The interior of the statue used to be open to visitors. They arrived by ferry and could climb the circular single-file stairs (limited by the available space) inside the metallic statue, exposed to the sun out in the harbor (the interior reaching extreme [[temperature]]s, particularly in summer months), and about 30 people at a time could fit up into the crown. This provided a broad view of New York Harbor (it faces the ocean) through 25 windows, the largest approximately 18" (46&nbsp;cm) in height. The view did not, therefore, include the skyline of New York City. The wait outside regularly exceeded 3 hours, excluding the wait for ferries and ferry tickets.

The green-blue coloration is caused by chemical reactions, which produced copper salts and created the current hue. Most copper statues in the outside elements, left to their own, will eventually turn this color in a process called [[patina]]tion.<ref>[http://www.finishing.com/189/80.shtml Finishing.com - WHY IS THE STATUE OF LIBERTY GREEN]</ref>

There are 354 steps inside the statue and its pedestal, with 25 windows in the [[crown (headgear)|crown]] which comprise the jewels beneath the seven rays of the [[Diadem (personal wear)|diadem]]. The [[tablet]] which the statue holds in her left hand reads, in [[Roman numerals]], "July 4, 1776" the day of the adoption of the [[US Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].

The Statue of Liberty was engineered to withstand heavy winds. Winds of 50 miles per hour cause the Statue to sway 3 inches (7.62 cm) and the torch to sway 5 inches (12.7 cm). This allows the Statue to move rather than break in high [[wind load]] conditions.
{| class= "wikitable"
! Feature !! Imperial !! Metric
|-
| Height from base to torch || 151 ft 1 in || 46 m
|-
| Foundation of pedestal to torch || 305 ft 1 in || 93 m
|-
| Heel to top of head || 111 ft 1 in || 34 m
|-
| Length of hand || 16 ft 5 in || 5 m
|-
| Index finger || 8 ft 0 in || 2.44 m
|-
| Circumference at second joint || 3 ft 6 in || 1.07 m
|-
| Head from chin to cranium || 17 ft 3 in || 5.26 m
|-adrain
| Head thickness from ear to ear || 10 ft 0 in || 3.05 m
|-
| Distance across the eye || 2 ft 6 in || 0.76 m
|-
| Length of nose || 4 ft 6 in || 1.48 m
|-
| Right arm length || 42 ft 0 in || 12.8 m
|-
| Right arm greatest thickness || 12 ft 0 in || 3.66 m
|-
| Thickness of waist || 35 ft 0 in || 10.67 m
|-
| Width of mouth || 3 ft 0 in || 0.91 m
|-
| Tablet, length || 23 ft 7 in || 7.19 m
|-
| Tablet, width || 13 ft 7 in || 4.14 m
|-
| Tablet, thickness || 2 ft 0 in || 0.61 m
|-
| Height of granite pedestal || 89 ft 0 in || 27.13 m
|-
| Height of foundation || 65 ft 0 in || 19.81 m
|-
|Weight of copper used in Statue<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/statue-statistics.htm National Park Service - Statue of Liberty Statistics]</ref> || 60,000 pounds || 27.22 tons
|-
|Weight of steel used in Statue || 250,000 pounds || 113.4 tons
|-
|Total weight used in Statue || 450,000 pounds || 204.1 tons
|-
|Thickness of copper sheeting || 3/32 of an inch || 2.4 mm
|}{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

==Origin of the copper==
[[Image:Face of Statue of Liberty 2.jpg|thumb|right|Full-size replica of the face of the Statue, seen as part of the exhibit in one of the corridors of the Statue's [[pedestal]]. Note the retention of the original copper color.]]

Historical records make no mention of the source of the copper used in the Statue of Liberty. In the village of [[Visnes]] in the municipality of [[Karmøy]], [[Norway]], tradition holds that the copper came from the French-owned Visnes Mine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gonorway.no/norway/township.php?ID=7635f8113ab4aa0|accessdate=2006-05-29|title=Karmøy Kommune}} (Tourism website) "Visnes Mining Museum: The copper mines at Visnes were in operation until as recently as 1972. The copper for the Statue of Liberty in New York was extracted here."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copper.org/education/c-facts/c-liberty.html|title=Copper Facts|author=Copper Development Association|accessdate=2006-05-29}} A U. S. copper industry website. "The Statue of Liberty contains 179,000 pounds of copper. It came from the Visnes copper mines on Karmoy Island near Stavanger, Norway, and was fabricated by French artisans."</ref> Ore from this mine, refined in France and [[Belgium]], was a significant source of European copper in the late nineteenth century. In 1985, [[Bell Labs]] used emission spectrography to compare samples of copper from the Visnes Mines and from the Statue of Liberty, found the spectrum of impurities to be very similar, and concluded that the evidence argued strongly for a Norwegian origin of the copper. Other sources say that the copper was mined in [[Nizhny Tagil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianamericanbusiness.org/EN/web_CONTENT/articles/2005.01.20/group_05/2_articl/articl.shtml|title=Statue of Liberty Made of Russian Copper?}}</ref> The copper sheets were created in the workshops of the Gaget-Gauthier company, and shaped in the Ateliers Mesureur in the west of Paris in 1878. Funding for the copper was provided by Pierre-Eugène Secrétan.

==Liberty centennial==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2006}}
{{seealso|Liberty Weekend}}
[[Image:Nancy Reagan reopens Statue of Liberty 1986.jpg|thumb|upright|First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] re-opens the statue to the public]]

The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a [[cause marketing]] campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an [[American Express]] card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the Statue of Liberty restoration project. In 1984, the statue was closed so that a $62&nbsp;million renovation could be performed for the statue's [[century|centennial]]. [[Chrysler]] chairman [[Lee Iacocca]] was appointed by President Reagan to head the commission overseeing the task (but was later dismissed "to avoid any question of conflict" of interest).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE1D61239F937A25751C0A960948260&sec=travel&pagewanted=all|title=Iacocca and Secretary of Interior Clash Over Statue Panel Ouster|date=1986-02-14|author=Robert Pear|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2006-06-06}} "Interior Secretary [[Donald P. Hodel]] … dismissed Mr. Iacocca on Wednesday from the commission 'to avoid any question of conflict' of interest arising from Mr. Iacocca's simultaneous service as head of a private foundation that has raised $233&nbsp;million for restoration of the statue and Ellis Island. The foundation also awards contracts for the restoration work."</ref> Workers erected [[scaffolding]] around the statue, obscuring it from public view until the [[Liberty Weekend|rededication]] on July 3, 1986 — the scaffolding-clad statue can be seen in the 1984 film ''[[Desperately Seeking Susan]]'', in the 1985 film ''[[Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins]]'', and in the 1985 film ''[[Brewster's Millions]].'' Inside work began with workers using [[liquid nitrogen]] to remove seven layers of paint applied to the interior of the copper skin over the decades. That left two layers of [[tar]] originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with [[sodium bicarbonate|baking soda]] removed the tar without further damaging the copper. Larger holes in the copper skin had edges smoothed then mated with new copper patches.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Each of the 1,350 shaped iron ribs backing the skin had to be removed and replaced. The iron had experienced [[galvanic corrosion]] wherever it contacted the copper skin, losing up to 50% of its thickness. Bartholdi had anticipated the problem and used an [[asbestos]]/[[pitch (resin)|pitch]] combination to separate the metals, but the insulation had worn away decades before. New bars of [[stainless steel]] bent into matching shapes replaced the iron bars, with [[polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]] film separating them from the skin for further insulation and friction reduction.

The internal structure of the upraised right arm was reworked. The statue was erected with the arm offset 18" (0.46&nbsp;m) to the right and forward of Eiffel's central frame, while the head was offset 24" (0.61&nbsp;m) to the left, which had been compromising the framework. Theory held that Bartholdi made the modification without Eiffel's involvement after seeing the arm and head were too close. Engineers considered reinforcements made in 1932 insufficient and added diagonal bracing in 1984 and 1986 to make the arm structurally sound.

Besides the replacement of much of the internal iron with stainless steel and the structural reinforcement of the statue itself, the restoration of the mid-1980s also included the replacement of the original torch with a replica, replacing the original iron stairs with new stairs, installing a newer elevator within the pedestal, and upgrading climate control systems. The Statue of Liberty was reopened to the public on July 5, 1986.

In 1987 Representative [[Frank J. Guarini]], a Democrat from New Jersey, and [[Gerald McCann]], who was [[Mayor of Jersey City]], sued [[New York City]], contending that New Jersey had ownership over the [[Liberty Island]] because they are in the New Jersey portion of the [[Hudson River]]. The federally owned islands are about 2,000 feet away from [[Jersey City]] and over two miles from [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=New Jerseyans' Claim To Liberty Island Rejected |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DE1E3FF935A35753C1A961948260 |quote=The Supreme Court today refused to strip the Statue of Liberty of its status as a New Yorker. The Court, without comment, turned away a move by a two New Jerseyans to claim jurisdiction over the landmark for their state. |work=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=October 6, 1987 |accessdate=2008-07-27 }}</ref>

===New torch===
[[Image:NYC old torch.jpg|thumb|right|Original torch, replaced in 1986]]
A new torch replaced the original in 1986, which was deemed beyond repair because of the extensive 1916 modifications. The 1886 torch is now in the monument's lobby museum. The new torch has [[gold plating]] applied to the exterior of the "flame," which is illuminated by external lamps on the surrounding balcony platform.

==Aftermath of 9/11==
{{main|Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks}}
[[Liberty Island]] closed on [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001]]; the island reopened in December, the monument reopened on August 3, 2004, but the statue has remained closed. The National Park Service claims that the statue is not shut because of a terrorist threat, but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including inadequate evacuation procedures. The museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitors but are only accessible if visitors have a "Monument Access Pass" which is a reservation that visitors must make in advance of their visit and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day (with a total of 15000 visitors to the island daily). The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of [[Gustave Eiffel|Eiffel]]'s iron framework.

Visitors to Liberty Island and the Statue are subject to restrictions, including personal searches similar to the security found in [[airport security|airport]]s.

The Statue of Liberty had previously been threatened by terrorism, according to the FBI. On February 18, 1965, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) announced it had uncovered a plot by three commandos from the [[Black Liberation Front]], who were allegedly connected to [[Cuba]], and a female co-conspirator from [[Montreal]] connected with the [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ), seeking [[independence]] for [[Quebec]] from Canada, who were sent to destroy the statue and at least two other national monuments — the [[Liberty Bell]] in [[Philadelphia]] and the [[Washington Monument]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

In June 2006, a bill, S. 3597, was proposed in [[United States Senate|Senate]] which, if approved, could re-open the crown and interior of the Statue of Liberty to visitors.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?r109:@OR+(+@1(S.+3597)++) | title=Introduction of Bills and Joint Resolutions—(Senate—June 29, 2006) | accessdate=2006-08-17 |date=2006-06-29 | publisher=Library of Congress Congressional Record | pages=S6786 }}</ref> In July 2007, a similar measure was proposed in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/home/gpoxmlc110/h2982_ih.xml | title=Save the Statue of Liberty Act (H.R.2982 — July 10, 2007) | accessdate=2007-12-06 |date=2007-07-10 | publisher=Library of Congress Congressional Record}}</ref>

On August 9, 2006 [[National Park Service]] Director [[Fran P. Mainella]], in a letter to Congressman [[Anthony D. Weiner]] of [[New York]] stated that the crown and interior of the statue would remain closed indefinitely. The letter stated that "the current access patterns reflect a responsible management strategy in the best interests of all our visitors."<ref>"Statue of Liberty's Crown to Stay Closed" Associated Press, August 9, 2006</ref> Critics contend that closing the Statue of Liberty indefinitely is an overreaction, and that safe access could easily be resumed under tighter security measures.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

==Jumps==
At 2:45 p.m. on February 2, 1912, [[steeplejack]] Frederick R. Law successfully performed a [[BASE jumping|parachute jump]] from the observation platform surrounding the torch. It was done with the permission of the army captain administering the island. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that he "fell fully seventy-five feet [23&nbsp;m] like a dead weight, the parachute showing no inclination whatsoever to open at first", but he then descended "gracefully", landed hard, and limped away.<ref>"Parachute Leap Off Statue of Liberty; Steeplejack Had First Thought of Jumping Off the Singer Building. Steers With His Arms And Lands Safely on Stone Coping 30&nbsp;feet from Water's Edge—He Won't Talk About It." The New York Times, February 3, 1912, p. 4</ref>

The first [[suicide]] took place on May 13, 1929. The ''Times'' reported a witness as saying the man, later identified as Ralph Gleason, crawled out through one of the windows of the crown, turned around as if to return, "seemed to slip" and "shot downward, bouncing off the breast of the statue in the plunge." Gleason was killed when he landed on a patch of grass at the base, just a few feet from a workman who was mowing the grass.<ref>"Youth Plunges Off Statue of Liberty Crown, 200 Feet High, in First Suicide at That Spot." The New York Times, May 14, 1929, p. 1</ref>

On August 23, 2001, French stuntman [[Thierry Devaux]] [[Parasailing|parasailed]] onto the monument and got hung up on the statue's torch in a bungled attempt to [[bungee jumping|bungee jump]] from it. He was not hurt and was charged with four [[misdemeanor]] offenses including trespassing. [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/08/23/statue.parasail/]

==Inscription==
The interior of the pedestal contains a bronze plaque inscribed with the poem "[[The New Colossus]]" by [[Emma Lazarus]]. It has never been engraved on the exterior of the pedestal, despite such depictions in editorial cartoons.<ref>e.g. {{cite web|url=http://www.freedaily.com/cartoons/000606statuecartoon.html|date=[[2000-06-02]]|accessdate=2006-05-28|author=Barry Shelton|title=New Statue of Liberty}}</ref>

<center>{{quotation|
''Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,<br />''
''With conquering limbs astride from land to land; <br />''
''Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand <br />''
''A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame <br />''
''Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name <br />''
''Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand <br />''
''Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command <br />''
''The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. <br />''
''"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she <br />''
''With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, <br />''
''Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,<br />''
''The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.<br />''
''Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,<br />''
''I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"''}}
</center>

The bronze plaque in the pedestal contains a typographical error: the comma in "Keep, ancient lands" is missing, causing that line to read "'Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!' cries she", and noticeably altering its meaning.

==Replicas and derivative works==
[[Image:paris.seine.liberty.500pix.jpg|right|thumb|The French Statue of Liberty on the river Seine in Paris, France. Given to the city in 1889, it faces southwest, downstream along the Seine.]]
{{main|Replicas of the Statue of Liberty}}
Hundreds of other Statues of Liberty have been erected worldwide.

[[Boy Scouts of America]] placed a small-scale replica of the Statue of Liberty at the Gentry Building in [[Columbia, Missouri]] in 1950. Located at the Parks & Recreation Administration Offices, at 7th and Broadway, the plaque notes that the statue was dedicated as a pledge of everlasting fidelity and loyalty. The local project was a component of the Scouts' national 40th anniversary celebration which had Strengthen the Arm of Liberty as its theme. More than 200 replicas were placed nationally as a result. [http://www.visitcolumbiamo.com/web/popup/description.php?id=257]

There is also a replica statue in the middle of the Susquehanna River near [[Harrisburg, PA]]. The statue is almost entirely white as viewed from US-322 East and West going past the river. Another replica, in the city of [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri]], stands at the entrance of Capaha Park.

There is a sister statue in Paris and several others elsewhere in France, including one in [[Frédéric Bartholdi|Bartholdi's]] home town of [[Colmar]], erected in 2004 to mark the centenary of Bartholdi's death; they also exist in Austria, Germany, Italy, Japan, China, Brazil and Vietnam; one existed in Hanoi during French colonial days. There are replicas in theme parks and resorts, including the [[New York-New York Hotel & Casino]] in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] on [[Las Vegas Strip|the Strip]], replicas created as commercial advertising, and replicas erected in U.S. communities by patriotic benefactors, including no less than two hundred donated by Boy Scout troops to local communities. During the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square protest of 1989]], Chinese student demonstrators in [[Beijing]] built a 10&nbsp;m image called the [[Goddess of Democracy]], which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally dissimilar to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being "too openly pro-American."<ref name="goddess">Tsao Tsing-yuan. "The Birth of the Goddess of Democracy." In Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry, 140–147. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1994.</ref> At around the same time, a copy of this statue was made and displayed on [[Connecticut Avenue]] in [[Washington, DC]], in a small park across the street from the Chinese Embassy.

==In popular culture==
{{main|The Statue of Liberty in popular culture}}
<!--

This is a representative sample only, illustrating the width, the kinds of media, and the period of time over which it's been a popular icon. Include only particularly important or interesting items here. Routine appearances in movies, video games, etc. should go in the main article, "The Statue of Liberty in popular culture."

--->
[[Image:New York quarter, reverse side, 2001.jpg|right|thumb|The Statue of Liberty is part of the New York [[50 State Quarters|State Quarter]]]]

[[Image:LineartPresRev.png|right|thumb|The Statue of Liberty is on the reverse of all [[Presidential $1 Coin Program|Presidential $1 coins]]]]

The Statue of Liberty quickly became a popular icon, featured in scores of posters, pictures, motion pictures, and books. A 1911 O. Henry story relates a fanciful conversation between "Mrs. Liberty" and another statue;<ref>Henry, O., ''Sixes and Sevens,'' "The Lady Higher Up." [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2851/2851-h/2851-h.htm Project Gutenberg text]</ref> it figured in 1918 Liberty Loan posters. During the 1940s and 1950s, pulp Science Fiction magazines featured Lady Liberty surrounded by ruins or by the sediments of the ages.

It has been in dozens of motion pictures. It is a setting in the 1942 [[Alfred Hitchcock]] movie ''[[Saboteur (film)|Saboteur]],'' which featured a climactic confrontation at the statue. Half submerged in the sand, the Statue provided the apocalyptic revelation at the end of 1968's ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]''. The statue became a character in the 1989 film, ''[[Ghostbusters II]]'', in which it comes to life and helps defeat the evil villain, and was the setting for the climax of the first ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'' film. In the 2004 movie ''[[The Day After Tomorrow]]'', the statue gets frozen, and in the 2008 movie ''[[Cloverfield]]'', it is decapitated by a giant monster; its head lands in a Manhattan street. In the film, ''[[National Treasure: Book of Secrets]]'', the sister statue in Paris provides a clue that leads treasure hunter Ben Gates ([[Nicholas Cage]]) closer to discovering a lost city of gold.

It was the subject of a 1978 [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] prank in which Lady Liberty appeared to be standing submerged in a frozen-over local lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Liberty on Lake Mendota|url=http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/Hoaxipedia/Lady_Liberty_on_Lake_Mendota/accessdate=2008-03-05}}</ref> It has appeared on New York and New Jersey license plates, is used as a logo for the [[National Hockey League|NHL]]'s [[New York Rangers]] and the [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]]'s [[New York Liberty]], and it was the subject of magician [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]]'s largest vanishing act.<ref>Poundstone, William. (1986). Bigger Secrets. Houghton Mifflin</ref>

The statue is often used as a comparative measurement (usually referring to height rather than length) in books and documentaries.

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[Libertas]]
*[[Goddess of Democracy]]
*[[Ellis Island]]
*[[Marianne]]
*[[Franco-American relations]]
*[[List of statues]]
*[[List of statues by height]]
*[[Statues and Sculptures in New York City]]
*[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia Pictures logo]]
*[[Statue of Liberty play]], a [[trick play]] in [[American football]]
</div>
{{commons|Statue of Liberty}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*Holdstock, Robert, editor. ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction''. London: Octopus books, 1978.
*Moreno, Barry. ''The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
*Vidal, Pierre. ''Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi 1834–1904: Par la Main, par l'Esprit.'' Paris: Les créations du pélican, 2000.
*Smith, V. Elaine, "Engineering Miss Liberty's Rescue." Popular Science, June 1986, page 68.
{{refend}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0502.html Harper's Weekly cartoon on construction of the Statue of Liberty pedestal] (NY Times 5/2/1885 On This Day citation)
*[http://www.nps.gov/stli/ Statue of Liberty National Monument] The official Historical Site handbook.
*[http://www.nyharborparks.org/visit/stli.html Statue of Liberty National Monument] Visitor information.
*[http://www.StatueOfLiberty.info StatueOfLiberty.info] All about the Statue of Liberty—French—English.
*[http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/statueofliberty/ PBS documentary about statue of liberty]
*[http://statueofliberty.org Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation] Fun facts, children's picture contest, and other information on the foundation.
*[http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/liberty/libertyfacts.htm Statue of Liberty Facts]
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1916/statue-liberty.htm The Statue of Liberty] article by [[Alexandra Kollontay]], 1916.
* [http://www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/LM002-STATUEOFLIBERTY.htm Historical Information and Photographs]
* [http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/DivTs/Palestine/2006/No95/thisweekinpalestine/index.php.htm# A Palestinian version of the Statue of Liberty on the cover of "This Week in Palestine" (Ramallah), No. 95, March 2006]
* [http://www.dcpages.com/gallery/Statue-of-Liberty-and-Ellis-Island/ Gallery Images of the Statue of Liberty]
* {{Structurae|id=s0000068|title=Statue of Liberty}}

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Revision as of 15:16, 10 October 2008

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