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'''The Website Is Now Hacked By Fairly Group Bangladesh''' |
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{{citations missing|date=January 2012}} |
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{{redirect|Hindi}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name=Standard Hindi |
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|nativename= {{lang|hi|मानक हिन्दी}} ''Mānak Hindī'' |
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|image=Word Hindi in Devanagari.svg |
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|imagesize= |
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|imagecaption=The word "Hindi" in [[Devanagari script]] |
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|states=[[India]]<br>Significant communities in [[South Africa]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Nepal]]<!--not Mauritius, Suriname, etc. unless you have refs for Manak Hindi--> |
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|speakers=180 million<ref name="Ethnologue, Hindi"/> |
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|date=1991 |
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|speakers2=(see also [[Hindi-Urdu]]) |
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|familycolor=Indo-European |
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|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] |
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|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] |
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|fam4=[[Central zone]] |
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|fam5=[[Western Hindi]] |
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|fam6=[[Khariboli]] |
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|fam7=[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] |
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|script=[[Devanagari]] |
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|nation={{IND|India}} |
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|agency=[[Central Hindi Directorate]] (India)<ref>Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of [[Devanagari]] script and Hindi spelling in [[India]]. Source: [http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction]</ref> |
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|iso1=hi |
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|iso2=hin |
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|iso3=hin |
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|linglist=hin-hin |
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|lingua=59-AAF-qf |
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|notice=Indic}} |
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'''Standard Hindi''', or more precisely '''Modern Hindi''', also known as '''Manak''' (meaning standard) '''Hindi''' ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|hi|मानक हिन्दी}}), '''High Hindi''', '''Nagari Hindi''', and '''Literary Hindi''', is a [[Standard language|standardised]] and [[Sanskritisation|sanskritised]] [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] of the [[Hindi-Urdu language]] derived from the ''[[Khariboli]]'' dialect of [[Delhi]] and [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]. It is an [[Official languages of India#Official languages of the Union|official language]] of the [[Republic of India]]. |
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'''BSF kills another Bangladeshi |
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Colloquial Hindi is [[mutually intelligible]] with another register of Hindi-Urdu called [[Urdu]]. Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts which rely on educated vocabulary. Due to religious nationalism and communal tensions, speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert that they are distinct languages, despite the fact that native speakers generally cannot tell the colloquial languages apart. The combined population of [[Hindi-Urdu]] speakers is the fourth largest in the world.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size ''Ethnologue'', "Statistical Summaries: by language size"]</ref> However, the number of native speakers of Standard Hindi is unclear. According to the 2001 Indian census,<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Census of India]</ref> 258 million people in India reported their [[first language|native language]] to be "Hindi". However, this includes large numbers of speakers of [[Hindi dialects]] besides Standard Hindi; as of 2009, the best figure ''Ethnologue'' could find for Khariboli Hindi was a 1991 citation of 180 million.<ref name="Ethnologue, Hindi">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hin ''Ethnologue'', "Hindi"]</ref> |
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Sat, Jan 21st, 2012 1:45 pm BdST''' |
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Benapole, Jan 21 (bdnews24.com) -- Amid ongoing criticism over the torture of a Bangladeshi cattle trader, the Indian Border Security Force shot dead a Bangladeshi at the Dhannokhola border on Saturday morning. |
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Three others were also wounded in the incident, Atiar Rahman, nayeb subedar of Dhannokhola Camp of the Bangladesh Border Guard, told bdnews24.com. |
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He said 22-year-old Rasheduzzaman, a cattle trader, was injured after the BSF opened fire at Mathpara Urshi area around 5am. He later succumbed to injuries after he reached Bangladesh territory. |
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==Official status== |
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{{Refimprove|date=July 2007}} |
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The [[Constitution of India]], adopted in 1950, declares Hindi in the [[Devanagari]] script as the [[official language]] of India. It should be noted that English continues to be used as an Official language of India along with Hindi. Hindi is also enumerated as one of the twenty-two languages of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which entitles it to representation on the Official Language Commission.<ref>[http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/in00002_.html#A344_ Article 344(1)] of the Constitution of India</ref> The Constitution of India has stipulated the usage of [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] to be the two languages of communication for the [[Government of India|Central Government]]. Most of government documentation is prepared in three languages: English, Hindi, and the official state language. |
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"We have contacted the BSF and protested the killing. But they deny that they have killed him," he said. |
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It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the central government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351),<ref name=eighthschedule>[http://india.gov.in/govt/documents/hindi/PARTXVII.pdf PDF (in Hindi & English) from india.gov.in to confirm the claims on rajbhasha]</ref> with state governments being free to function in languages of their own choice. However, widespread resistance movements to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, of especially the people living in south [[India]] (such as the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]]) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act (1963), which provided for the continued use of English, indefinitely, for all official purposes. Therefore, English is still used in official documents, in courts, etc. However, the constitutional directive to the central government to champion the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced the policies of the Union government. |
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Rasheduzzaman is the son of Mosharraf Hossain of Matipukur village under Jessore's Sharsha Upazila. Benapole land port police recovered his body and sent it to Jessore Sadar Hospital's morgue. |
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At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following states in India: [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] and [[Delhi]]. Each of these states may also designate a "co-official language"; in Uttar Pradesh for instance, depending on the political formation in power, sometimes this language is Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of co-official language in several states. |
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The injured--'Hamidur', 27, 'Bahauddin', 30, and Monirul Islam, 32 -- have been treated locally. |
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==History== |
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[[Image:Hindi Indoarisch.png|thumb|right|[[Hindi languages|Eastern and Western Hindi]] (red). Hindi-Urdu is one of the Western Hindi languages.]] |
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{{see|History of Hindustani}} |
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The dialect upon which Standard Hindi is based is ''[[khariboli]]'', the vernacular of [[Delhi]] and the surrounding western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and southern [[Uttarakhand]] region. This dialect acquired [[prestige (sociolinguistics)|linguistic prestige]] in the [[Mughal Empire]] (17th century) and became known as ''[[Urdu]]'', "the language of the court." After [[Independence of India|independence]], the [[Government of India]] set about standardising Hindi as a separate language from Urdu, instituting the following conventions:{{Or|date=August 2011}} |
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*standardization of grammar: In [[1954]], the Government of India set up a committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi; The committee's report was released in 1958 as "A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi" |
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*standardization of the orthography, using the [[Devanagari]] script, by the Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture to bring about uniformity in writing, to improve the shape of some Devanagari characters, and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages. |
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*standardization of vocabulary, replacing most of the more learned Persian loan words with new coinages from Sanskrit. (See [[#Sanskritization|below]].) |
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BSF's atrocities along the border recently came under the spotlight again after a video showing a 22-year-old Bangladeshi, Habibur Rahman, being stripped, kicked and beaten by them. |
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==Alphabet and vocabulary== |
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{{further|[[Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) word etymology]]}} |
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NDTV and some other Indian TV channels aired the video on Wednesday. |
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The everyday spoken Hindi language in most areas is one of several varieties of [[Hindi-Urdu language|Hindi-Urdu]]{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}, whose vocabulary contains many words drawn from [[Persian language|Persian]] and Arabic{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}. In addition, spoken Hindi includes words from [[English language|English]] and other languages as well. Hindi is used as the sole official state language in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], [[Bihar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]], [[Chattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]] etc. Other states like Punjab, West Bengal, Orissa speak/use Hindi beside of their regional/state language. All over North, Central, East & West Indians use Hindi vastly. However, the literary registers differ substantially in borrowed vocabulary{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}; in highly formal situations, the languages are barely intelligible to speakers of the other{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}. Hindi has looked to Sanskrit for borrowings from at least the 19th century, and Urdu has looked to Persian and Arabic for borrowings from the eighteenth century. On another dimension, Hindi is associated with the Hindu community and Urdu with the Muslim community though this is much more a twentieth century phenomenon when the political impetus to actively distinguish Hindi from Urdu gathered pace amongst the educated Hindus driving this change. Prior to this it was the norm for both educated Hindu and Muslim Indians to be fluent in Urdu. |
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Habibur told bdnews24.com on Thursday that he fell victim to the torture of BSF while returning to Bangladesh with cattle through Khanpur border of Paba upazila in Rajshahi district on Dec 9 last year. |
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There are five principal categories of words in Standard Hindi: |
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*'''''Tatsam''''' (तत्सम / ''same as that'') words: These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit (except for the absence of final case inflections).<ref name = "sirysq">Masica, p. 65</ref> They include words inherited from Sanskrit via [[Prakrit]] which have survived without modification (e.g. Hindustani ''nām''/Sanskrit ''nāma'', "name"; Hindustani ''Suraj''/Sanskrit ''Surya'', "sun"),<ref>Masica, p. 66</ref> as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times (e.g. ''prārthanā'', "prayer").<ref>Masica, p. 67</ref> Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Among nouns, the ''tatsam'' word could be the Sanskrit uninflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension. |
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*'''''Ardhatatsam''''' (अर्धतत्सम) words: These are words that were borrowed from Sanskrit in the middle Indo-Aryan or early New Indo-Aryan stages.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} Such words typically have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed. |
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*'''''Tadbhav''''' (तद्भव / ''born of that'') words: These are words which are spelled differently from Sanskrit but are derivable from a Sanskrit prototype by phonological rules (e.g. Sanskrit ''karma'', "deed" becomes [[Pali]] ''kamma'', and eventually Hindi ''kām'', "work").<ref name = "sirysq"/> |
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*'''''Deshaj''''' (देशज) words: These are words that were not borrowings but do not derive from attested Indo-Aryan words either. Belonging to this category are [[onomatopoetic]] words. |
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*'''''Videshī''''' (विदेशी) words: these include all words borrowed from sources other than Indo-Aryan. The most frequent sources of borrowing in this category have been Persian, Arabic, Portuguese and English. |
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The Indian border forces suspended eight personnel over the matter and said that an investigation was ongoing. |
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Similarly, Urdu treats its own vocabulary, borrowed directly from Persian and Arabic, as a separate category for morphological purposes. |
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In 2010, human rights group Odhikar and the New York-based Human Rights Watch reported that the BSF had killed some 1,000 Bangladeshis over the last decade. |
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Hindi, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been purged and replaced by ''tatsam'' words, is called ''Shuddha Hindi'' (pure Hindi). Chiefly, the proponents of ''[[Hindutva]]'' ideology ("Hindu-ness") are vociferous supporters of ''Shuddha Hindi''. |
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The continued killing grabbed media attention after publication of a photograph showing the body of 15-year-old Felani, shot dead by BSF troops on Jan 7 last year while returning to Bangladesh with her father, dangling on a barbed fence. |
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Excessive use of ''tatsam'' words creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in native Hindi. The educated middle class of India may be able to pronounce such words, but others have difficulty. Persian and Arabic vocabulary given 'authentic' pronunciations cause similar difficulty. |
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The Indian government expressed regret and sympathy and requested Bangladesh to motivate people to follow the legal routes in crossing the border. In a two-day home secretary-level meeting, India also promised to ease tension on the borders and stop killing of Bangladeshis. |
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==Literature== |
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{{Main|Hindi literature}} |
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The BSF, guarding the over 4,000 kilometres of porous border with Bangladesh, recently armed its troops with "non-lethal" weapons to reduce causalities and fatal injuries to Bangladeshi nationals attempting to cross over into this country. |
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Hindi literature, is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being ''[[Bhakti]]'' (devotional – Kabir, Raskhan); ''Shringar'' (beauty – [[Keshav]], [[Bihari language|Bihari]]); ''Veer-Gatha'' (extolling brave warriors); and ''Adhunik'' (modern). |
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But the border force's killings along the border have been ceaseless. |
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Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of [[Bhakti]] movement and the composition of long, epic poems. It was not written in the current dialect but in other [[Hindi languages]], particularly in [[Avadhi]] and [[Braj Bhasha]], but later also in [[Khariboli]]. During the [[British Raj]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] became the prestige dialect. Hindustani with heavily [[Sanskrit]]ized vocabulary or ''Sahityik'' Hindi (Literary Hindi) was popularized by the writings of [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati]], [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]] and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular among the educated people. [[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]], written by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi. The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was [[Munshi Premchand]], who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. |
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The last death was that of three young men on Dec 17. |
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The ''Dwivedi Yug'' ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], who played a major role in establishing the Modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love. |
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In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as ''[[Chhayavaad]]'' (''shadowism'') and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as ''Chhayavaadi''. [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']], [[Mahadevi Varma]] and [[Sumitranandan Pant]], are the four major ''Chhayavaadi'' poets. |
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''Uttar Adhunik'' is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the [[Chhayavaad]]i movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes. |
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==Sample text== |
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{{see also|Urdu#Examples}} |
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The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of the Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (by the United Nations): |
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:{{lang|hi|'''अनुच्छेद}} 1''' — {{lang|hi|सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त है। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये।}} |
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Transliteration ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]): |
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:{{Unicode|''Anucched 1 — Sabhī manuṣyoṃ ko gaurav aur adhikāroṃ ke māmle meṃ janmajāt svatantratā aur Ṣamāntā prāpt hai. Unheṃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unheṃ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhiye''.}} |
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Transcription ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]): |
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:{{IPA|ənʊtʃʰːeːd̪ eːk — səbʱiː mənʊʃjõː koː ɡɔːɾəʋ ɔːr əd̪ʱɪkaːɾõ keː maːmleː mẽː dʒənmədʒaːt̪ sʋət̪ənt̪ɾət̪aː pɾaːpt̪ hɛː. ʊnʱẽ bʊd̪ʱːɪ ɔːɾ ənt̪əɾaːt̪maː kiː d̪eːn pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ɔːɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊnʱẽː bʱaːiːtʃaːɾeː keː bʱaːʋ seː bəɾt̪aːʋ kəɾnə tʃaːhɪeː}}. |
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Gloss (word-to-word): |
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:Article 1 — All human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom and equality acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should. |
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Translation (grammatical): |
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:Article 1 — All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
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==Sanskritization== |
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{{refimprove|date=November 2011}} |
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Under the Indian government's encouragement, the officially sponsored version of the ''Khari-boli'' dialect{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} has undergone a sea-change after it was declared the language of central government functioning in 1950. A major change has been the [[Sanskritization]] of [[Hindi]] (introduction of Sanskrit vocabulary in Khariboli). Three factors motivated this conscious bid to sanskritize [[Hindi]], being: |
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*The independence movement inculcated a nationalistic pride in India's ancient culture, including its ancient classical language [[Sanskrit]]; |
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*Independence was accompanied by partition along religious lines, with Muslim-majority areas seceding to form [[Pakistan]], and a partial rejection of [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] influence in the Hindu-majority areas; [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], the [[Pakistan]]i [[Urdu]] writer opposed to [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] divide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000123/spectrum/books.htm |title=Books: Indian male is dissected and found wanting |author=Himmat Singh Gill |publisher=[[The Tribune]] Spectrum |date=2000-01-23 |accessdate=2007-03-24 |quote=''... Sukrita Kumar elsewhere commenting on how the division of the Hindi and Urdu languages took place in free India, quotes Sadat Hasan Manto actively protesting this divide, and believes that, 'the increased Sanskritization of Hindi was probably a move towards establishing a distinct identity of the Hindi language ...''}}</ref> |
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*The people of [[south India|south]] and east India were averse to the dominance of the language and culture of [[north India]] in the affairs of the country. The Hindu populations of these regions did not identify with Hindi itself or with the [[Mughal era|Mughal]] (Persian, Turkic) cultural influences that had shaped Hindi, but they were more receptive to Sanskrit. Sanskritization was thus viewed as a means to make Hindi more palatable in practice. |
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In its non-Sanskritized form, the Khariboli-based dialect is the ''normal'' and principal dialect{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} used in the [[Hindi cinema]]. It is almost exclusively used in contemporary Hindi television serials, songs, education, and of course, in normal daily speech in almost all the urban regions of north India, wherever Hindi is also the state language{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}. The rural dialect varies from region to region. |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|India|Languages}} |
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* [[Hindi-Urdu]] (covers phonology, grammar, and orthography) |
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* [[Hindi literature]] |
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* [[History of Hindustani]] |
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* [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]] |
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* [[Hinglish]] |
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* [[Languages of India]] and [[Languages with official status in India]] |
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* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]] |
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* The [[Wiktionary:Category:Hindi language|list of Hindi words]] and [[Wiktionary:Category:Hindi derivations|list of words of Hindi origin]] at [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary |
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==References== |
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<!--See http://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes |
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for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> |
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===Notes=== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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*Bhatia, Tej K. ''Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners''. London, UK & New York, NY: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-11087-4 (Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), 0415110890 (Book & Cassette Course) |
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*{{Citation |
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| last= Gordon |
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| first= Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) |
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| year= 2005 |
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| chapter= Hindi |
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| chapter-url= http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hin |
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| title= [[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |
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| place= Dallas |
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| publisher= [[SIL International]] |
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| edition= 15th |
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}}. |
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*[[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson, G. A.]] ''Linguistic Survey of India'' Vol I-XI, Calcutta, 1928, ISBN 81-85395-27-6 |
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*McGregor, R. S. (1977), ''Outline of Hindi Grammar'', 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford-Delhi, ISBN 0-19-870008-3 (3rd ed.) |
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*{{Citation |
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| last= Masica |
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| first= Colin |
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| authorlink= Colin Masica |
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| year= 1991 |
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| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages |
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| place= Cambridge |
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| publisher= Cambridge University Press |
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| isbn= 9780521299442 |
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| url= http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages |
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}}. |
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*{{Citation |
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| first= Manjari |
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| last= Ohala |
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| chapter= Hindi |
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| editor= [[International Phonetic Association]] |
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| year= 1999 |
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| title= Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |
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| publisher= Cambridge University Press |
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| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=33BSkFV_8PEC&pg=PA100&vq=%22manjari+ohala%22&dq=%22handbook+of+the+international+phonetic+association%22 |
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| pages= 100–103 |
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| isbn= 9780521637510 |
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}}. |
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*{{Citation |
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| last= Shapiro |
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| first= Michael C. |
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| year= 2001 |
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| chapter= Hindi |
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| editor1-last= Garry |
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| editor1-first= Jane |
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| editor2-last= Rubino |
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| editor2-first= Carl |
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| title= An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present |
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| publisher= New England Publishing Associates |
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| pages= 305–309 |
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}}. |
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*{{Citation |
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| last= Shapiro |
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| first= Michael C. |
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| year= 2003 |
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| chapter= Hindi |
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| url= http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA250&dq=indo-aryan |
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| editor1-last= Cardona |
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| editor1-first= George |
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| editor2-last= Jain |
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| editor2-first= Dhanesh |
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| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages |
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| publisher= Routledge |
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| isbn= 9780415772945 |
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| pages= 250–285 |
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}}. |
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*{{Citation |
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| last1= Snell |
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| first1= Rupert |
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| last2= Weightman |
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| first2= Simon |
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| year= 1989 |
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| title= [[Teach Yourself]] Hindi |
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| publisher= McGraw-Hill |
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| edition= 2003 |
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| isbn= 9780071420129 |
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}}. |
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*Taj, Afroz (2002) ''[http://www.ncsu.edu/project/hindi_lessons/ A door into Hindi]''. Retrieved November 8, 2005. |
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*Tiwari, Bholanath ([1966] 2004) ''हिन्दी भाषा (Hindī Bhasha)'', Kitab Pustika, Allahabad, ISBN 81-225-0017-X. |
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===Dictionaries=== |
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* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iDtbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English|author=John Thompson Platts|editor=|year=1884|publisher=H. Milford|edition=reprint|location=LONDON|page=|isbn=|pages=1259|volume=|accessdate=2011-07-06}}Oxford University |
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*{{Citation |
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| last= McGregor |
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| first= R.S. |
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| year= 1993 |
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| title= Oxford Hindi–English Dictionary |
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| publisher= Oxford University Press, USA |
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| edition= 2004 |
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}}. |
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==Further reading== |
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*Bhatia, Tej K ''A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition''. Leiden, Netherlands & New York, NY : E.J. Brill, 1987. ISBN 90-04-07924-6 |
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==External links== |
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{{InterWiki|code=hi}} |
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* {{dmoz|World/Hindi|Hindi}} |
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* [http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php The Union: Official Language] |
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* [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Official Unicode Chart for Devanagari (PDF)] |
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* [http://www.fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Hindi USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Hindi basic course] |
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{{Languages of India}} |
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{{Indo-Iranian languages}} |
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Revision as of 10:25, 15 February 2012
The Website Is Now Hacked By Fairly Group Bangladesh
BSF kills another Bangladeshi
Sat, Jan 21st, 2012 1:45 pm BdST
Benapole, Jan 21 (bdnews24.com) -- Amid ongoing criticism over the torture of a Bangladeshi cattle trader, the Indian Border Security Force shot dead a Bangladeshi at the Dhannokhola border on Saturday morning.
Three others were also wounded in the incident, Atiar Rahman, nayeb subedar of Dhannokhola Camp of the Bangladesh Border Guard, told bdnews24.com.
He said 22-year-old Rasheduzzaman, a cattle trader, was injured after the BSF opened fire at Mathpara Urshi area around 5am. He later succumbed to injuries after he reached Bangladesh territory.
"We have contacted the BSF and protested the killing. But they deny that they have killed him," he said.
Rasheduzzaman is the son of Mosharraf Hossain of Matipukur village under Jessore's Sharsha Upazila. Benapole land port police recovered his body and sent it to Jessore Sadar Hospital's morgue.
The injured--'Hamidur', 27, 'Bahauddin', 30, and Monirul Islam, 32 -- have been treated locally.
BSF's atrocities along the border recently came under the spotlight again after a video showing a 22-year-old Bangladeshi, Habibur Rahman, being stripped, kicked and beaten by them.
NDTV and some other Indian TV channels aired the video on Wednesday.
Habibur told bdnews24.com on Thursday that he fell victim to the torture of BSF while returning to Bangladesh with cattle through Khanpur border of Paba upazila in Rajshahi district on Dec 9 last year.
The Indian border forces suspended eight personnel over the matter and said that an investigation was ongoing.
In 2010, human rights group Odhikar and the New York-based Human Rights Watch reported that the BSF had killed some 1,000 Bangladeshis over the last decade.
The continued killing grabbed media attention after publication of a photograph showing the body of 15-year-old Felani, shot dead by BSF troops on Jan 7 last year while returning to Bangladesh with her father, dangling on a barbed fence.
The Indian government expressed regret and sympathy and requested Bangladesh to motivate people to follow the legal routes in crossing the border. In a two-day home secretary-level meeting, India also promised to ease tension on the borders and stop killing of Bangladeshis.
The BSF, guarding the over 4,000 kilometres of porous border with Bangladesh, recently armed its troops with "non-lethal" weapons to reduce causalities and fatal injuries to Bangladeshi nationals attempting to cross over into this country.
But the border force's killings along the border have been ceaseless.
The last death was that of three young men on Dec 17.