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South American common toad

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South American common toad
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Rhinella
Species:
R. margaritifera
Binomial name
Rhinella margaritifera
(Laurenti, 1768)
Synonyms

Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768)

The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama.[2] It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.[1][2]

Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.[1]

Member species

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As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized.[3]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor, Débora Silvano, Luis A. Coloma, Enrique La Marca, Santiago Ron, Marinus Hoogmoed (2010). "Rhinella margaritifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T54701A11185916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T54701A11185916.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  3. ^ Lavilla, E. O.; Caramaschi, U.; Langone, J. A.; Pombal Jr., J. P. & de Sá, R. O. (2013). "The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae)". Zootaxa. 3646 (3): 251–264. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3646.3.4. hdl:11336/7220. PMID 26213763.